SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
(Main)Machine tools - Safety - Electro discharge machines (ISO 28881:2013)
Machine tools - Safety - Electro discharge machines (ISO 28881:2013)
This International Standard specifies safety requirements and/or protective measures, applicable to EDM equipment and EDM systems, such as - manually controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines, - numerically controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines, and - numerically controlled EDM wire cutting machines intended to be adopted by persons undertaking the design, construction, installation and/or supply of such equipment. This International Standard also includes information to be provided by the manufacturer to the user. This International Standard is not applicable to arc eroding and electro-chemical machining equipment. This International Standard takes account of the precondition of the intended use as well as the reasonably foreseeable misuse, in normal workshop environments and non-explosive atmospheres, including transportation, installation, setting, maintenance, repair and dismantling for removal or disposal of EDM equipment and EDM systems. This International Standard is also applicable to auxiliary devices essential for EDM processing. This International Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events relevant to EDM equipment and EDM systems, where they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4). This International Standard is intended to apply to machines manufactured after the date of publication of this International Standard.
Werkzeugmaschinen - Sicherheit - Funkenerodiermaschinen (ISO 28881:2013)
1.1 Diese internationale Norm legt technische Sicherheitsanforderungen und Maßnahmen für die EDM Einrichtung und die EDM Anlage fest, wie:
manuell gesteuerte Senkerodier- und EDM- Bohrmaschinen
numerisch gesteuerte Senkerodier- und EDM- Bohrmaschinen
numerisch gesteuerte Drahterodiermaschinen
die von Konstrukteuren, Herstellern, Inbetriebnehmern und/oder Lieferanten von diesen Einrichtungen anzuwenden sind. Diese internationale Norm enthält auch Informationen, die dem Anwender durch den Hersteller zur Verfügung gestellt werden müssen.
1.2 Diese internationale Norm gilt nicht für Maschinen zur Lichtbogenerosion oder elektrochemischen Bearbeitung.
1.3 Die in dieser internationalen Norm enthaltenen Anforderungen beziehen die bestimmungsgemäße Verwendung unter üblichen Werkstattbedingungen in nicht explosionsfähiger Atmosphäre einschließlich Installation, Einrichten, Wartung, Reparatur und Demontage zur Standortänderung oder Entsorgung von EDM Einrichtungen mit ein.
1.4 Diese internationale Norm gilt auch für Zusatzeinrichtungen, die für die EDM Bearbeitung erforderlich sind.
1.5 Diese internationale Norm behandelt spezifische Gefährdungen, die in Abschnitt 4, Tabelle 1, und die Schutzmaßnahmen, die in Abschnitt 5, Tabelle 2, aufgelistet sind.
1.6 Diese internationale Norm gilt für Maschinen, die nach dem Erscheinungsdatum der Norm hergestellt werden.
Machines-outils - Sécurité - Machines d'électro-érosion (ISO 28881:2013)
L'ISO 28881:2012 spécifie les exigences et/ou les mesures de sécurité applicables aux équipements et aux systèmes d'usinage par électro-érosion, telles que les machines de forage par étincelage ou de perçage par électro-érosion à commande manuelle, les machines de forage par étincelage ou de perçage par électro-érosion à commande numérique et les machines de coupage par électro-érosion à fil à commande numérique qui doivent être adoptées par les personnes chargées de la conception, de la fabrication, de l'installation et/ou de la fourniture de tels équipements. Elle contient aussi les informations que le fabricant doit fournir à l'utilisateur. Elle n'est pas applicable aux machines d'érosion par arc électrique ni aux machines d'usinage électrochimique.
L'ISO 28881:2012 tient compte des conditions préalables d'utilisation normale ainsi que du mauvais usage raisonnablement prévisible, en environnement industriel normal et sans atmosphère explosive, ce qui inclut le transport, l'installation, le réglage, la maintenance, la réparation et le démontage pour évacuation ou mise au rebus des équipements et des systèmes d'usinage par électro-érosion.
Elle est également applicable aux dispositifs auxiliaires essentiels au procédé d'usinage par électro-érosion.
L'ISO 28881:2012 traite de l'ensemble des phénomènes dangereux significatifs, situations dangereuses ou événements dangereux liés aux équipements ou aux systèmes d'usinage par électro-érosion, dans les conditions d'utilisation normale ainsi que dans des conditions de mauvais usage raisonnablement prévisibles par le fabricant.
L'ISO 28881:2012 est applicable aux machines construites après sa date de publication.
Obdelovalni stroji - Varnost - Elektroerozijski stroji (EDM) (ISO 28881:2013)
Ta mednarodni standard določa varnostne zahteve in/ali zaščitne ukrepe, ki se uporabljajo za opremo in sisteme EDM, kot so – ročni EDM za potopno erozijo ali vrtalni stroji EDM, – numerični EDM za potopno erozijo ali vrtalni stroji EDM, – numerični EDM za rezanje žic, ki jih morajo prevzeti osebe, ki se ukvarjajo z načrtovanjem, gradnjo, namestitvijo in/ali dobavo te opreme. Ta mednarodni standard zajema tudi podatke, ki jih mora uporabniku priskrbeti proizvajalec. Ta mednarodni standard se ne uporablja za opremo za obločno erozijo in elektro-kemično opremo. Ta mednarodni standard upošteva predpogoj za predvideno uporabo in razumno predvidljivo napačno uporabo v normalnem delavniškem okolju in neeksplozivnih atmosferah, vključno s prevozom, namestitvijo, nastavitvijo, vzdrževanjem, popravilom in podiranjem za odstranjevanje ali odlaganje opreme in sistemov EDM. Ta mednarodni standard se uporablja tudi za pomožne naprave, ki so bistvene za obdelavo EDM. Ta mednarodni standard obravnava vsa večja tveganja, nevarne situacije ali nevarne dogodke v zvezi z opremo ali sistemi EDM, kadar se uporabljajo v skladu z njihovim namenom in pod pogoji pričakovane nepravilne uporabe, ki jih je predvidel proizvajalec (gl. točko 4). Ta mednarodni standard se uporablja za stroje, proizvedene po datumu objave tega mednarodnega standarda.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
01-november-2013
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 12957:2002+A1:2009
Obdelovalni stroji - Varnost - Elektroerozijski stroji (EDM) (ISO 28881:2013)
Machine tools - Safety - Electro discharge machines (ISO 28881:2013)
Werkzeugmaschinen - Sicherheit - Funkenerodiermaschinen (ISO 28881:2013)
Machines-outils - Sécurité - Machines d'électro-érosion (ISO 28881:2013)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 28881:2013
ICS:
25.120.40 Elektrokemijski stroji Electrochemical machines
SIST EN ISO 28881:2013 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 28881
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2013
ICS 25.080.01 Supersedes EN 12957:2001+A1:2009
English Version
Machine tools - Safety - Electro-discharge machines (ISO
28881:2013)
Machines-outils - Sécurité - Machines d'électro-érosion Werkzeugmaschinen - Sicherheit -
(ISO 28881:2013) Funkenerodiermaschinen (ISO 28881:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 28881:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
EN ISO 28881:2013 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC .4
2
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
EN ISO 28881:2013 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 28881:2013) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39 "Machine tools"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 143 “Machine tools - Safety” the secretariat of which is
held by SNV.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 12957:2001+A1:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive.
For relationship with EU Directive, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 28881:2013 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 28881:2013 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
EN ISO 28881:2013 (E)
Annex ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential Requirements of the
New Approach Directive 2006/42/EC on machinery.
Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the normative clauses of
this standard confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a presumption of conformity with the
relevant Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated EFTA regulations.
WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling
within the scope of this standard.
4
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28881
First edition
2013-08-01
Machine tools — Safety — Electro-
discharge machines
Machines-outils — Sécurité — Machines d’électro-érosion
Reference number
ISO 28881:2013(E)
©
ISO 2013
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2013
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 3
4 List of significant hazards . 7
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 9
5.1 General requirements . 9
5.2 Safety-related parts of control systems for EDM equipment and EDM systems .10
5.3 Operating modes .11
5.4 Stop functions .13
5.5 Specific requirements .14
6 Information for use .22
6.1 General .22
6.2 Marking, signs and written warnings .22
6.3 Instruction handbook .22
Annex A (informative) Examples and schematic diagrams .28
Annex B (normative) Noise-emission measurements .37
Annex C (informative) Fire protection codes for special regional cases .38
Annex D (informative) Guidelines for risk assessment on EDM equipment and EDM systems to
identify the required performance level and, if necessary, category .48
Bibliography .51
© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28881 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39, Machine tools, Subcommittee SC 10, Safety.
iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
Introduction
This International Standard has been prepared to be a Harmonized Standard to provide one means of
conforming to the Essential Safety Requirements of the Machinery Directive of the European Union and
associated EFTA regulations.
This document is a type-C standard as defined in ISO 12100:2010.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered
are indicated in the Scope of this International Standard. In addition, electro-discharge machining (EDM)
equipment and EDM systems are intended to be designed according to the principles of ISO 12100 for
hazards which are not dealt with in this International Standard.
When requirements of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or
-B standards, the requirements of this type-C standard take precedence over the requirements of
other standards for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this
type-C standard.
This International Standard defines performance level and safety categories of the safety-related parts
of the control system for EDM equipment and EDM systems as defined in ISO 13849-1:2006.
The requirements of this International Standard concern designers, manufacturers, suppliers and
importers of machines described in the Scope.
This International Standard also includes a list of informative items intended to be provided by the
manufacturer to the user.
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28881:2013(E)
Machine tools — Safety — Electro-discharge machines
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies safety requirements and/or protective measures, applicable to
EDM equipment and EDM systems, such as
— manually controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines,
— numerically controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines, and
— numerically controlled EDM wire cutting machines
intended to be adopted by persons undertaking the design, construction, installation and/or supply
of such equipment. This International Standard also includes information to be provided by the
manufacturer to the user.
This International Standard is not applicable to arc eroding and electro-chemical machining equipment.
This International Standard takes account of the precondition of the intended use as well as the
reasonably foreseeable misuse, in normal workshop environments and non-explosive atmospheres,
including transportation, installation, setting, maintenance, repair and dismantling for removal or
disposal of EDM equipment and EDM systems.
This International Standard is also applicable to auxiliary devices essential for EDM processing.
This International Standard deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events
relevant to EDM equipment and EDM systems, where they are used as intended and under conditions of
misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This International Standard is intended to apply to machines manufactured after the date of publication
of this International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3746, Acoustics — Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources using
sound pressure — Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane
ISO 4413, Hydraulic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components
ISO 4414, Pneumatic fluid power — General rules and safety requirements for systems and their components
ISO 4871, Acoustics — Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and equipment
ISO 11202, Acoustics — Noise emitted by machinery and equipment — Determination of emission sound pressure
levels at a work station and at other specified positions applying approximate environmental corrections
ISO/TR 11688-1, Acoustics — Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and equipment —
Part 1: Planning
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
ISO 13849-1:2006, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General
principles for design
ISO 13849-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation
ISO 13850, Safety of machinery — Emergency stop — Principles for design
ISO 13855, Safety of machinery — Positioning of safeguards with respect to the approach speeds of parts
of the human body
ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper
and lower limbs
ISO 14118, Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up
ISO 14122-1, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 1: Choice of fixed
means of access between two levels
ISO 14122-2, Safety of machinery – Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways
ISO 14122-3, Safety of machinery — Permanent means of access to machinery — Part 3: Stairs, stepladders
and guard-rails
IEC 60204-1:2009, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 1: General requirements
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-2: Generic standards — Immunity for
industrial environments
IEC 61000-6-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) — Part 6-4: Generic standards — Emission standard
for industrial environments
IEC 61310-1, Safety of machinery — Indication, marking and actuation — Part 1: Requirements for visual,
acoustic and tactile signals
IEC 61310-2, Safety of machinery — Indication, marking and actuation — Part 2: Requirements for marking
IEC 61558-1, Safety of power transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products — Part 1: General
requirements and tests
IEC 61800-5-2:2007, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems — Part 5-2: Safety requirements —
Functional
EN 2, Classification of fires
EN 54-1, Fire detection and fire alarm systems — Part 1: Introduction
EN 349, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 614-1, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 1: Terminology and general principles
EN 614-2, Safety of machinery — Ergonomic design principles — Part 2: Interactions between the design of
machinery and work tasks
EN 626-1, Safety of machinery — Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by
machinery — Part 1: Principles and specifications for machinery manufacturers
EN 953:2009, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of
fixed and movable guards
EN 1037:2008, Safety of machinery — Prevention of unexpected start-up
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
EN 1088, Safety of machinery — Interlocking devices associated with guards — Principles for design and selection
EN 12198-1, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery — Part 1: General principles
EN 12198-2, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery — Part 2: Radiation emission measurement procedures
EN 12198-3, Safety of machinery — Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery — Part 3: Reduction of radiation by attenuation or screening
EN 62226-1, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range — Methods
for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body — Part 1: General
EN 62226-2-1, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range —
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body— Part 2-1:
Exposure to magnetic fields — 2D models
EN 62226-3-1, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range —
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body — Part
3-1: Exposure to electric fields — Analytical and 2D numerical models
EN 62311, Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restrictions for
electromagnetic fields (0 Hz – 300 GHz)
CISPR 11, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment — Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics —
Limits and methods of measurement
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100:2010 and
ISO 13849-1:2006 and the following apply.
3.1
control circuit
circuit used for the control, including monitoring, of the machine
Note 1 to entry: For electrical equipment, see IEC 60204-1:2009, 3.8.
3.2
machine control system
system that responds to input signals from parts of machine elements, operators, external control
equipment or any combination of these, and generates output signals causing a machine to behave in the
intended manner, as specified in ISO 13849-1:2006, 3.1.32
3.3
dielectric fluid
non-conductive medium to improve the discharge effect, evacuate debris and cool the
workpiece/electrode
3.4
dielectric fluid container
tank system to keep the dielectric fluid in a condition suitable for EDM
EXAMPLE Filtering and cooling.
3.5
EDM equipment
machine tool that includes all the necessary units for the process of electro-discharge machining
EXAMPLE Generator, control circuits and dielectric fluid container.
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
3.6
EDM system
assembly of EDM equipment and other machines or devices, which are arranged, linked and controlled
to function as an integrated whole
3.7
electrode changer
mechanism integrated with the machine to supply a previously loaded electrode in
exchange for another electrode
Note 1 to entry: The changing device is expected to enable an operator to load/unload electrodes from outside of
the work area.
3.8
electro-discharge machining
EDM
any machining process based on spark erosion
Note 1 to entry: Electro-discharge machining is generally abbreviated as “EDM”.
3.9
electro-magnetic compatibility
ability of EDM equipment and EDM systems to function satisfactorily in their electro-magnetic environment
without introducing intolerable electro-magnetic disturbances to anything in that environment
Note 1 to entry: Electro-magnetic compatibility is generally abbreviated as “EMC”.
3.10
electronic handwheel
manually operated control device that initiates and maintains an axis movement by pulse generation
input to the numerical control during its rotation
3.11
enabling device
additional manually operated device used in conjunction with a start control and which, where
continuously actuated, allows a machine to function
[SOURCE: ISO 12100:2010, 3.28.2 — modified.]
3.12
flammable dielectric fluid
dielectric fluid used in EDM, characterized by its relative ease of ignition and relative ability to
sustain combustion
3.13
flash point
minimum temperature at which the dielectric fluid used in die sinking electro-discharge machining
gives off sufficient combustible gas or vapour to ignite and sustain combustion
3.14
generator
unit to convert the electrical power supplied to the EDM equipment and EDM system for the purpose of
being used for spark erosion processing
3.15
hazardous electric discharge power
electrical energy used to perform machining by electro-thermal material removal, which exceeds a
permitted level of voltage for contact with persons
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
3.16
hold-to-run control device
control device that initiates and maintains hazardous machine functions only as long as the manual
control (actuator) is actuated
[SOURCE: ISO 12100:2010, 3.28.3 — modified.]
3.17
electric machining power
electrical power supplied to the EDM equipment and EDM system transformed by the generator in
specific electric energy, supplied as a tool to the sinker/wire electrode and the workpiece, to perform
machining by electro-thermal material removal
3.18
mean time to dangerous failure
MTTF
d
expectation of the mean time to dangerous failure
[SOURCE: ISO 13849-1:2006, 3.1.25 — modified.]
3.19
numerical control
NC
computerized numerical control
CNC
automatic control of a process performed by a device, which makes use of numerical data introduced
while the operation is in progress
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2806:1994, definition 2.1.1 — modified.]
3.20
operating mode
possible mode for use of the machine
3.20.1
automatic mode
mode for use under numerical control to achieve programmed sequential operation with the guards
closed, until stopped by a program or an operator
Note 1 to entry: This term is equivalent to machining mode.
Note 2 to entry: For machinery having automatic setting programs, such operations are considered automatic mode.
3.20.2
setting mode
mode for use without electric machining power, for operations in which adjustments for the subsequent
machining are performed by the operator
Note 1 to entry: Measuring cycles (e.g. touching of the workpiece with a probe or electrode), checking the
movement of the workpiece and/or electrode using the electrode and/or workpiece changer, checking/optimizing
the injection or suction flushing, a dry run for checking the NC program, etc. are procedures forming part of the
setting mode (see 5.3.2.2).
3.20.3
discharge alignment mode
mode for the use for specific alignment with the discharge power on and with the guards of EDM
equipment temporarily open and alternative safety measures activated
EXAMPLE Exhaust air extraction adjustment, e.g. vertical wire alignment, dielectric flushing adjustment and
visual machining inspection.
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
3.21
performance level
PL
discrete level to specify the ability of safety-related parts of control systems to perform a safety function
under reasonably foreseeable conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 13849-1:2006, 3.1.23 — modified.]
3.22
shielding
mechanical barrier or enclosure of conductive material intended to attenuate the emission/penetration
of a varying electro-magnetic field into an assigned region
3.23
EDM process
removal of material in a dielectric fluid by electro-discharges, which are separated in time and randomly
distributed in space, between two electrically conductive electrodes, and where the energy in the
discharge is controlled
Note 1 to entry: The two electrically conductive electrodes are the tool electrode and the workpiece electrode.
3.24
EDM die sinking
removal of material by spark erosion to produce various shapes in the workpiece
Note 1 to entry: Shapes in the workpiece may be concave, convex and prismatic holes.
3.25
EDM drilling
removal of material by spark erosion with a tubular electrode to produce straight holes in the workpiece
3.26
EDM wire cutting
removal of material by spark erosion with a wire electrode to produce prismatic shapes in the workpiece
3.27
work area
space within the envelope of the machine where the EDM process can take place
3.28
workpiece changer
mechanism forming part of the machine to load a workpiece or pallet in exchange for
another workpiece or palette previously unloaded
Note 1 to entry: The workpiece changer/palette changer is designed to enable an operator to load/unload the
workpiece or palette from outside of the work area.
3.29
work tank
unit surrounding the work area to contain the dielectric fluid for EDM processes
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 28881:2013
ISO 28881:2013(E)
4 List of significant hazards
This clause lists all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with
in this International Standard, identified by risk assessment as significant for this type of machinery,
and which require action to eliminate or reduce the risk.
NOTE 1 The purpose of risk assessment is to identify hazards and estimate and evaluate risk to be reduced
and to transfer the remaining risk to the user (see Clause 6). There are many methods and tools a
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
01-junij-2010
Obdelovalni stroji - Varnost - Stroji EDM (ISO/DIS 28881:2010)
Machine tools - Safety - Electro discharge machines (ISO/DIS 28881:2010)
Werkzeugmaschinen - Sicherheit - Funkenerodiermaschinen (ISO/DIS 28881:2010)
Machines-outils - Sécurité - Machines d'électro-érosion (ISO/DIS 28881:2010)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 28881
ICS:
25.120.40 Elektrokemijski stroji Electrochemical machines
oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 28881
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2010
ICS 25.080.01 Will supersede EN 12957:2001+A1:2009
English Version
Machine tools - Safety - Electro discharge machines (ISO/DIS
28881:2010)
Machines-outils - Sécurité - Machines d'électro-érosion Werkzeugmaschinen - Sicherheit -
(ISO/DIS 28881:2010) Funkenerodiermaschinen (ISO/DIS 28881:2010)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 143.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 28881:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
prEN ISO 28881:2010 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
prEN ISO 28881:2010 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 28881:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39 "Machine
tools" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 143 “Machine tools - Safety” the secretariat of which
is held by SNV.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 12957:2001+A1:2009.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/DIS 28881:2010 has been approved by CEN as a prEN ISO 28881:2010 without any
modification.
3
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 28881
ISO/TC 39/SC 10 Secretariat: SNV
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2010-04-15 2010-09-15
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Machine tools — Safety — Electro discharge machines
Machines-outils — Sécurité — Machines d'électro-érosion
ICS 25.080.01
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
This draft has been developed within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and
processed under the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as defined in the Vienna Agreement.
This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
©
International Organization for Standardization, 2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
PDF disclaimer
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Violators may be prosecuted.
©
ii ISO 2010 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .3
4 List of significant hazards .6
5 Safety requirements and/or measures.10
5.1 General requirements .10
5.2 Safety related parts of control systems for EDM equipment and/or EDM system .11
5.3 Operating modes.12
5.3.1 Operating mode selection .12
5.3.2 Protecting measures relating to operating modes .12
5.4 Stop functions .13
5.4.1 Operational stop.13
5.4.2 Emergency stop.14
5.5 Specific requirements.14
6 Information for use.23
6.1 General .23
6.2 Markings, signs, written warnings.23
6.3 Instruction handbook.23
6.3.1 General .23
6.3.2 Special recommendations for EDM site preparation.23
6.3.3 Special recommendations for EDM operation .26
6.3.4 Noise.27
Annex A (informative) Examples and schematic pictures.29
Annex B (informative) Noise emission measurements.38
Annex C (informative) Fire Protection codes for special regional cases.39
Annex D (informative) Discharge Alignment Mode - DAM.47
Annex E (informative) Guideline for risk assessment on EDM equipment and/or - system to
identify the reqiured performance level and if necessary, safety categoriy.48
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC.50
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DRAFT 2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28881 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 39, Machine tools, Subcommittee SC 10, and by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 143, Machine tools in collaboration.
This first edition cancels and replaces EN 12957:2001, Machine tools – safety – Electro discharge machines
Which has been technically revised.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
DRAFT 2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
Introduction
This International Standard has been prepared to be a Harmonised Standard to provide one means of
conforming to the Essential Safety Requirements of the Machinery Directive of the European Union and
associated EFTA regulations.
This International Standard is a type C standard as defined in ISO 12100-1:2003.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this standard. In addition EDM equipment and/or EDM system shall comply as
appropriate with ISO 12100-1:2003 and ISO 12100-2:2003 for hazards which are not covered by this
International Standard.
When provisions of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A or -B standards,
the provisions of this type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other International
Standards for machines that have been designed and built in accordance with the provisions of this type-C
standard.
This International Standard replaces the “safety categories” defined in EN 954-11) as resistance to faults and
their subsequent behaviour in the fault condition, by introducing the “performance level” and "safety
categories" defined in ISO 13849-1:2006 in terms of probability of dangerous failure per hour.
The requirements of this International Standard concern designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers of
machines described in the Scope.
This International Standard also includes a list of informative items to be provided by the manufacturer to the
user.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 28881
Machine tools — Safety — Electro discharge machines
1 Scope
1.1 This international standard specifies safety requirements and/or measures, applicable to EDM
equipment and/or EDM system such as:
⎯ manually controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines
⎯ numerically controlled EDM die sinking or EDM drilling machines
⎯ numerically controlled EDM wire cutting machines
to be adopted by persons undertaking the design, construction, installation and/or supply of such equipment.
This international standard also includes information to be provided by the manufacturer to the user.
1.2 This international standard is not applicable to arc eroding and electro chemical machining equipment.
1.3 This international standard takes account of the precondition of the intended use in normal workshop
environment and non explosive atmospheres including installation, setting, maintenance, repair and
dismantling for removal or disposal of EDM equipment and/or EDM system.
1.4 This international standard is also applicable to auxiliary devices essential for EDM processing.
1.5 This international standard covers the significant hazards listed in clause 4, Table 1, and the safety
requirements and/or measures in clause 5, Table 3.
1.6 This standard applies to machines that are manufactured after the date of issue of this International
Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 2:2005, Classification of fires
EN 54-1:1998, Fire detection and fire alarm systems - Part 1: Introduction
EN 349:2008, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 626-1:2008, Safety of machinery - Reduction of risks to health from hazardous substances emitted by
machinery - Part 1: Principles and specifications for machinery manufacturers
EN 953:2009, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction of fixed
and movable guards
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
EN 982:2009, Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components -
Hydraulics
EN 983:2009, Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components -
Pneumatics
EN 999:2008, Safety of machinery - The positioning of protective equipment in respect of approach speeds
of parts of the human body
EN 1037+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Prevention of unexpected start-up
EN 1088:1995/A2:2008, Safety of machinery - Interlocking devices associated with guards - Principles for
design and selection
EN 12198-1:2009, Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery – General Principles
EN 12198-2:2009, Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machiner - Radiation emission measuring procedures
EN 12198-3:2009, Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by
machinery - Reduction of radiation by attenuation or screening
CISPR 11:2009, Industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio frequency equipment - Radio disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement)
IEC 60903:2002, Live working – Gloves of insulating material
IEC 61558-1:2005 ff Safety of power transformers, power supplies, reactors and similar products - Part 1:
General requirements and tests (IEC 61558-1:2005)
IEC 61000-6-2:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) Part 6-2: Generic standards - Immunity for
industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2:2005)
IEC 61310-1:2007, Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation - Part 1: Requirements for visual,
auditory and tactile signals (IEC 61310-1:2007)
IEC 61310-2:2007, Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation - Part 2: Requirements for
marking (IEC 61310-2:2007)
EN 62226-1:2005, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range -
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body - Part 1:
General (IEC 62226-1:2004)
EN 62226-2-1:2005, Exposure to electric and magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range -
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body by electric or
magnetic fields induced in the human body - Part 2-1: Exposure to magnetic fields - 2D models (IEC 62226-2-
1:2004)
EN 62226-3-1:2007, Exposure to electric or magnetic fields in the low and intermediate frequency range -
Methods for calculating the current density and internal electric field induced in the human body - Part 3-1:
Exposure to electric fields - Analytical and 2D numerical models (IEC 62226-3-1:2007)
EN 62311:2008 Assessment of electronic and electrical equipment related to human exposure restriction for
electromagnetic field (0Hz -300Ghz) (IEC 62311:2007)
ISO 3746: 1995, Acoustics – Determination of sound power levels of noise sources using sound pressure -
Survey method using an enveloping measurement surface over a reflecting plane
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
ISO 4871: 1996, Acoustics - Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment
ISO 7010, Graphical symbols -- Safety colours and safety signs -- Safety signs used in workplaces and public
areas
ISO 10218-1:2006, Robots for industrial environments -- Safety requirements -- Part 1: Robot
ISO 11202:1995, Acoustics - Noise emitted by machinery and equipment - Measurement method of emission
sound pressure levels at the workstation and at other specified positions - Survey method in situ
ISO 11688-1:1998, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low noise machinery and equipment -
Part 1: Planning
ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, General principles for design - Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, General principles for design - Part 2: Technical
principles (ISO 12100-2:2003)
ISO 13849-1:2006, Safety of machinery - Safety related parts of control system - Part 1: General principles for
design
ISO 13849-2:2003, Safety of machinery - Safety related parts of control system - Part 2: Validation
ISO 13850:2006, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects - Principles for design
ISO 13857:2008, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent danger zones being reached by the upper
and lower limbs
ISO 14118:2000, Safety of machinery – Prevention of unexpected start up
ISO 14121-1:2007, Safety of machinery -- Risk assessment -- Part 1: Principles
ISO 14122-1:2001, Safety of machinery -- Permanent means of access to machinery -- Part 1: Choice of
fixed means of access between two levels
ISO 14122-2:2001, Safety of machinery -- Permanent means of access to machinery -- Part 2: Working
platforms and walkways
ISO 14122-3:2001, Safety of machinery -- Permanent means of access to machinery -- Part 3: Stairs,
stepladders and guard-rails
IEC 60204-1:2005, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
EN 60529:2007, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (IEC 60529:2007)
EN 61800-5-2:2007, Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems - Part 5-2: Safety requirements -
Functional
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100-1:2003 and
ISO 13849-1:2006 and the following apply.
Other general definitions (e.g. hazard, risk, safeguarding) are mentioned in corresponding type A and type B
Standards and in the Annex A of ISO 12100-2:2003.
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
3.1
control circuit
circuit used for the operational control of the machine and for protection of the power circuits
3.2
control system
the system from the initial actuator or sensor to the point of input to the final actuator or element (e.g. motor,
cylinders)
3.3
Danger zone
Area in which hazardous situation may occur.
3.4
dielectric fluid (for EDM processes)
non-conductive medium to improve the discharge effect, evacuate debris and to cool the work piece/electrode
3.5
dielectric fluid container
unit and/or system used to keep the dielectric fluid in a condition suitable for EDM (e.g. filter unit/dielectric
system)
3.6
Discharge alignment mode
Use of the EDM equipment for specific alignment (e.g. fume extraction adjustment, dielectric flushing
adjustment, visual machining inspection etc) with the discharge power on and with the guards of the EDM
equipment temporarily open and alternative safety measures activated.
3.7
EDM equipment
all the necessary units for the process of electro discharge machining which includes the machine tool, the
generator, control circuits, the dielectric fluid container and integral devices
— Standard EDM equipment having axis speed up to 2 m/min
— High speed EDM equipment having axis speed higher than 2 m/min
3.8
EDM system
an assembly of EDM equipment and other machines or devices which are arranged, linked and controlled to
function as an integral whole
3.9
electrode changer (for EDM equipment)
mechanism integrated with the machine to supply a previously loaded electrode in exchange for another
electrode. The changing device is expected to enable an operator to load/unload electrodes from outside the
work area.
3.10
electro discharge machining
any machining process based on spark erosion
3.11
EMC; electromagnetic compatibility
the ability of the EDM equipment/system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances to anything in that environment
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oSIST prEN ISO 28881:2010
ISO/DIS 28881
3.12
Enabling device
See clause 3.33.2 of EN ISO 12100-1:2003
3.13
flammable dielectric fluid
dielectric fluid used in EDM, characterised by its relative ease of ignition and relative ability to sustain
combustion
3.14
flash point
minimum temperature at which the dielectric fluid used in die sinking electro discharge machining gives off
sufficient combustible gas or vapour to ignite and sustain combustion.
3.15
generator (for EDM equipment)
device to convert electrical power supplied to the machine for the purpose of being used for spark erosion
processing
3.16
Hazardous electrical discharge power
Electrical energy used to perform machining by electro thermal material removal which exceeds a permitted
level of voltage for contact of persons.
3.17
Hold-to-run control device
See clause 3.26.3 of EN ISO 12100-1:2003
3.18
Machining electrical power
The electrical main power transformed in specific electric energy used to perform machining by electro
thermal material removal.
3.19
mean time to dangerous failure (MTTF
d)
expectation of the mean time to dangerous failure
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13849-1:2006, definition 3.1.25.
3.20
Operating modes
ƒ Automatic mode
Use of the machine under numerical control to achieve programmed sequential operation with the
guards closed, until stopped by program or operator. This term is equivalent with machining mode
NOTE: For machinery having automatic setting programmes such operations are considered in automatic modes.
ƒ Setting mode
The mode, without electrical machining power, for operations in which adjustments for the subsequent
machining are performed by the operator.
NOTE: Measuring cycles (e.g. by touching the work piece with a probe or the electrode), checking the movement of the
work piece and/or electrode by the electrode and/or work piece-changer, check/optimize the injection or suction flushing,
dry run for NC-program check etc. are procedures of the setting mode (see 5.3.2.2).
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ISO/DIS 28881
3.21
Performance level (PL
required r)
discrete required level to specify the ability of safety–related parts of control systems to perform a safety
function under foreseeable conditions
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13849-1:2006.
3.22
shielding
mechanical barrier or enclosure of conductive material intended to attenuate the emission/penetration of a
varying electromagnetic field into an assigned region
3.23
EDM
removal of material in a dielectric fluid by electro discharges, which are separated in time and randomly
distributed in space, between two electrically conductive electrodes (the tool electrode and the work piece
electrode), and where the energy in the discharge is controlled
3.24
EDM die sinking
removal of material by spark erosion to produce various shapes in the work piece e.g. concave, convex and
prismatic holes
3.25
EDM wire cutting
removal of material by spark erosion with a wire electrode
...
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