oSIST prEN ISO 3219-3:2025
(Main)Rheology - Part 3: Test procedure and examples for the evaluation of results when using rotational and oscillatory rheometry (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Rheology - Part 3: Test procedure and examples for the evaluation of results when using rotational and oscillatory rheometry (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
This document provides guidelines for selecting the measuring device, measuring geometry and temperature control unit. The general principles of test performance are described, and example evaluations of rotational and oscillatory rheometry are provided.
Rheologie - Teil 3: Versuchsdurchführung und beispielhafte Auswertungen der Rotations- und Oszillationsrheometrie (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Rhéologie - Partie 3: Mode opératoire d'essai et exemples d'évaluation des résultats en cas d'utilisation de la rhéométrie rotative et oscillatoire (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Reologija - 3. del: Preskusni postopki in primeri za vrednotenje rezultatov, dobljenih z rotacijsko in oscilacijsko reometrijo (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2025
[Not translated]
Rheology - Part 3: Test procedure and examples for the evaluation of results when using
rotational and oscillatory rheometry (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Rheologie - Teil 3: Versuchsdurchführung und beispielhafte Auswertungen der
Rotations- und Oszillationsrheometrie (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Rhéologie - Partie 3: Mode opératoire d'essai et exemples d'évaluation des résultats en
cas d'utilisation de la rhéométrie rotative et oscillatoire (ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 3219-3
ICS:
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 3219-3
ISO/TC 35/SC 9
Rheology —
Secretariat: BSI
Part 3:
Voting begins on:
Test procedure and examples for 2025-09-24
the evaluation of results when
Voting terminates on:
2025-12-17
using rotational and oscillatory
rheometry
Rhéologie —
Partie 3: Mode opératoire d'essai et exemples d'évaluation
des résultats en cas d'utilisation de la rhéométrie rotative et
oscillatoire
ICS: 83.080.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
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Reference number
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 3219-3
ISO/TC 35/SC 9
Rheology —
Secretariat: BSI
Part 3:
Voting begins on:
Test procedure and examples for
the evaluation of results when
Voting terminates on:
using rotational and oscillatory
rheometry
Rhéologie —
Partie 3: Mode opératoire d'essai et exemples d'évaluation
des résultats en cas d'utilisation de la rhéométrie rotative et
oscillatoire
ICS: 83.080.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
This document has not been edited by the ISO Central Secretariat.
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
© ISO 2025
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
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Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Guidelines for selection . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Selection of the measuring device.2
4.3 Selection of the measuring geometry .3
4.4 Selection of the temperature control system .3
4.5 Selection of the measuring method .4
5 Preconditions for a measurement . . 6
5.1 Ambient conditions.6
5.2 Sample preparation, filling and cleaning .7
6 Performance of the measurement . 8
6.1 General .8
6.2 Measuring profile .8
7 Basic tests and example evaluations . 9
7.1 General .9
7.2 Rotational tests .9
7.2.1 Time-dependent tests in rotation .9
7.2.2 Temperature-dependent tests in rotation . 13
7.2.3 Flow curves and viscosity curves .14
7.3 Oscillatory tests .19
7.3.1 Time-dependent tests in oscillation .19
7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation . 20
7.3.3 Amplitude sweeps . 23
7.3.4 Frequency sweeps .24
8 Combined basic tests .27
8.1 General .27
8.2 Flow curves and hysteresis area .27
8.3 Temperature tests as cycle tests . 29
8.4 Master curve by means of time/temperature shift of frequency sweeps. 29
8.5 Step tests for determination of the time-dependent structural change .31
8.6 Creep and recovery tests .32
9 Test report .34
Annex A (informative) Calculation examples .36
Bibliography .38
iii
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, Subcommittee
SC 9, General test methods for paints and varnishes, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 139, Paints and varnishes, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement), and in cooperation with
ISO/TC 61, Plastics, SC 5, Physical-chemical properties.
A list of all parts in the ISO 3219 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Rheology —
Part 3:
Test procedure and examples for the evaluation of results
when using rotational and oscillatory rheometry
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines for selecting the measuring device, measuring geometry and temperature
control unit. The general principles of test performance are described, and example evaluations of rotational
and oscillatory rheometry are provided.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3219-1:2021, Rheology — Part 1: Vocabulary and symbols for rotational and oscillatory rheometry
IEC 61010 (all parts), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory use
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3219-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
crystallization temperature
T
c
temperature at which crystallization starts and partial order is established when the melt solidifies
Note 1 to entry: The unit of the crystallization temperature T is degrees Celsius (°C).
c
3.2
gel point
transition point from sol to gel in oscillation in the linear-viscoelastic range, where the loss angle δ is
independent of frequency
Note 1 to entry: The gel point can be in oscillation in the linear-viscoelastic range, where the loss angle δ is independent
of frequency.
Note 2 to entry: In practice, the gel point is usually measured at one frequency and determined on the basis of the loss
angle δ = 45° or on the basis of the loss factor tan δ = 1.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
3.3
gel time
pot life
period of time for which a crosslinking material remains processable while a user-defined criterion is
satisfied
Note 1 to entry: In rotation, the gel time can be determined with controlled shear rate or shear stress, or it can be
determined in oscillation with controlled values for the amplitude of the shear strain or shear stress and for the
frequency.
Note 2 to entry: In practice, relative measuring geometries or alternative methods are also used, such as flow cups.
3.4
glass transition temperature
T
g
approximate midpoint of the temperature range in which the glass transformation takes place
Note 1 to entry: The glass transition temperature differs depending on the test procedure and the measuring
conditions.
3.5
sample preparation
all loads acting on the material to be measured for the preceding time up to the time of the measurement
3.6
shear stress relaxation modulus
shear relaxation modulus
G
ratio of shear stress τ to shear strain γ during the relaxation test
Note 1 to entry: The unit for the shear stress relaxation modulus G is Pascal (Pa).
3.7
sol/gel transition
transition range from viscoelastic liquid (sol) to viscoelastic solid (gel)
3.8
trimming
removal of excess sample volume
Note 1 to entry: With plate-plate and cone-plate measuring geometries, a trimming position is often selected being
larger as the gap width and at which the excess portion of the sample is removed flush to the edge of the measuring
geometry. When the measuring position is subsequently approached, this ensures optimum filling of the gap.
4 Guidelines for selection
4.1 General
The choice of measuring device, measuring geometry, temperature control unit, measuring method and
further accessories depends on the sample and its rheological requirements.
4.2 Selection of the measuring device
In ISO 3219-2 the differences between the different measuring devices for the determination of rheological
properties and their setups are described. A rotational viscometer can only be used to measure the shear
viscosity (viscometry). With a rotational rheometer, it is possible to carry out basic rotational and oscillatory
tests (see Clause 7) (rheometry). For this reason, in addition to the viscosity function, this can be used to
determine the viscoelastic properties, e.g. shear storage modulus and shear loss modulus.
For viscometric measurements, all viscometers are principally suitable, regardless of the type of bearing
used in the drive and/or detection unit. For oscillatory measurements, creep tests and relaxation tests,
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
devices with low internal friction should be used, e.g. devices with air bearings or magnetic bearings. Some
devices with ball bearings also offer the option of performing oscillatory measurements, but only within a
restricted measuring range. During performance of the measurement, it shall be ensured that the work is
carried out within the specifications of the measuring device, e.g. taking into account the torque limits and
data acquisition rate.
To cover the broadest possible range of applications, the viscometer or rheometer shall be capable of working
with different measuring geometries. The ranges of torque and angular velocity, and therefore the accessible
measuring range, depend on the measuring device.
4.3 Selection of the measuring geometry
The measuring geometry shall be selected taking into account the available measuring device, the sample
properties and the measuring profile. Table 1 contains recommendations on usage of the different measuring
geometries. Here, CC stands for coaxial cylinder, CP for cone-plate, PP for plate-plate, DG for double gap and
RMG for relative measuring geometries (e.g. vane sensor, details see ISO 3219-2). In general, when selecting
an absolute measuring geometry, the maximum size of heterogeneous components, e.g. the particle size in
the sample, shall not exceed 10 % of the gap width. If, as a result, it is not possible to use absolute measuring
geometries, then it is necessary to select relative measuring geometries. Optional accessories, such as a hood
with a solvent trap to avoid solvent loss are described in ISO 3219-2.
Table 1 — Selection of the measuring geometry
Criteria Recommended measuring geometry
Coaxial cylin- Cone-plate Plate-plate Double gap Relative
ders
CC CP PP DG RMG
Sample properties that determine the selection of the measuring geometry
a
Low viscosity x x x
High viscosity x x
Pasty, gel-like x
Low surface tension x x
Inhomogeneity, e.g. air bubbles, x
foaming
Further criteria for the selection of a measuring geometry
Availability of a small sample vol- x x
ume
b
Cleaning of the measuring geometry x x x
difficult
b
Cleaning of the measuring geometry x
not possible
c c c
Prevention of sedimentation/sepa- x x x
ration/phase separation
d d d d
Avoidance of wall slip x x x x
a
for homogeneous samples using small cone angles
b
use of disposable measuring geometries
c
surface-treated (e.g. helical spiral groove)
d
surface-treated (e.g. sandblasting, profiling). The surface roughness R of the sandblasted geometry shall be at least ten
a
times smaller than the measuring gap.
4.4 Selection of the temperature control system
In the following guidelines, the best-suited temperature control system for each measurement is presented.
Figure 1 relates to the recommendation for selection of the temperature control system. It shall be taken
into account that the temperature display can deviate from the true sample temperature. The temperature
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
gradient within the sample can be minimized by using an active or passive hood. Any chemical reactions
that take place with air (e.g. oxygen, humidity) can be avoided under an inert gas atmosphere.
Figure 1 — Selection of the temperature control system
4.5 Selection of the measuring method
In Table 2, typical rheological requirements are listed with recommendations for meaningful measuring
methods. Here, CR stands for controlled rate, CS for controlled stress and CD for controlled deformation (also
called controlled strain, see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.47 and Table 1). During performance of the measurement, it
shall be ensured that the work is carried out within the specifications of the measuring device used.
Table 2 — Selection of measuring methods for viscometers and rheometers based on the example of
coating materials
a a b
Shelf life/sedimentation/phase separation x x x x x x
Starting pumping (yield point) x x x
Sagging/levelling x x
Pumping/mixing/stirring x x
Painting/brushing/blade application (manual) x x x
Spraying x x x
High-speed coating x
Gel time/pot life/open time/processing time x
a
evaluation via zero shear viscosity or yield point (if applicable, adaptation via rheological model function)
b
for determination of the linear-viscoelastic range (LVR)
c
only in oscillation
Application
Flow curve
and viscosity
curve CR
Flow curve
and viscosity
curve CS
Amplitude
sweep CD or CS
Frequency
sweep CD or CS
Creep test
Step test
Oscillation/rota-
tion/oscillation
or rotation/rota-
tion/rotation
Temperature
sweep/time-de-
pendent test
in rotation or
oscillation
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
TTabablele 2 2 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
c
Gel point x
c
Temperature behaviour (glass transition tem- x
perature, crystallization temperature, melting
temperature, crosslinking temperature)
Hardening/crosslinking x
a
evaluation via zero shear viscosity or yield point (if applicable, adaptation via rheological model function)
b
for determination of the linear-viscoelastic range (LVR)
c
only in oscillation
The shear rate range plays an important role in rotational measurements. Representative shear rate ranges
are shown in Figure 2 for selected applications from Table 2. The shear rates can be calculated as described
in Annex A.
Figure 2 — Typical shear rate ranges for different applications based on the example of coating
materials
Typical rheological parameters are shown in Table 3 with reference to the corresponding sub-clause in this
standard.
Application
Flow curve
and viscosity
curve CR
Flow curve
and viscosity
curve CS
Amplitude
sweep CD or CS
Frequency
sweep CD or CS
Creep test
Step test
Oscillation/rota-
tion/oscillation
or rotation/rota-
tion/rotation
Temperature
sweep/time-de-
pendent test
in rotation or
oscillation
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Table 3 — Rheological parameters and references
Rheological parameter Description in sub-clauses
Flow behaviour 7.2.3 Flow curves and viscosity curves
7.2.1.2 Specification of a constant shear stress (evaluation via the creep curve)
7.2.3.1 Specification of a variable shear rate (evaluation via curve fitting; or via the
Yield point viscosity maximum method)
7.2.3.2 Specification of a variable shear stress (analogous to 7.2.3.1; as a plateau value
or by means of regression lines)
7.3.1 Time-dependent tests in oscillation
Gel point
7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
7.2.1.1 Specification of a constant shear rate
Gel time/pot life
7.2.1.2 Specification of a constant shear stress
Processing time
7.2.2 Temperature-dependent tests in rotation
Processing temperature
7.3.1 Time-dependent tests in oscillation
Crosslinking temperature
7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
Glass transition temperature 7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
Hysteresis area 8.2. Flow curves and hysteresis area
Crystallization temperature 7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
Linearity limit 7.3.3 Amplitude sweeps (end of the LVR)
LVR (linear-viscoelastic
7.3.3 Amplitude sweeps
range)
Master curve 8.4. Master curve by means of time/temperature shift of frequency sweeps
7.2.1.3 Specification of a constant shear strain (value of the initial shear stress relaxa-
tion modulus)
7.3.4 Frequency sweeps (position of the crossover point of the shear storage modulus
Average molar mass
and shear loss modulus)
8.4 Master curve by means of time/temperature shift of frequency sweeps (position of
the crossover point of the shear storage modulus and shear loss modulus)
7.2.1.3 Specification of a constant shear strain (via the time-based curve of the shear
stress relaxation modulus)
7.3.4 Frequency sweeps (position of the crossover point of the shear storage modulus
Molar mass distribution
and shear loss modulus)
8.4. Master curve by means of time/temperature shift of frequency sweeps (position of
the crossover point of the shear storage modulus and shear loss modulus)
7.2.1.2 Specification of a constant shear stress (via the creep curve)
7.2.3.1 Specification of a variable shear rate (as a plateau value at low shear rates)
Zero shear viscosity
7.2.3.2 Specification of a variable shear stress (analogous to 7.2.3.1)
7.3.4 Frequency sweeps (plateau of the viscosity at low frequencies)
Recovery 8.6 Creep and recovery test
7.2.1.2 Specification of a constant shear stress (via creep test)
Shear compliance
8.6 Creep and recovery test (analogous to 7.2.1.2)
Melting temperature 7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
7.3.1 Time-dependent tests in oscillation
Sol/gel transition
7.3.2 Temperature-dependent tests in oscillation
Structure recovery 8.5 Step tests for determination of the time-dependent structural change
Thixotropy 8.5 Step tests for determination of the time-dependent structural change
5 Preconditions for a measurement
5.1 Ambient conditions
The ambient conditions under which the rheometer is operated shall meet the requirements of IEC 61010.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
It is recommended that the measuring device is placed in a climate-controlled room [temperature:
(23 ± 2) °C, relative humidity: (50 ± 5) %].
5.2 Sample preparation, filling and cleaning
The sample preparation can play a decisive role for the reproducibility of the measurement. In order to
obtain comparable results, it is necessary to coordinate all aspects of the sample preparation between the
interested parties, to adhere to these and to log any deviations (Clause 9).
In the ideal scenario, the sample should be filled in such a way that the smallest possible shear load is applied
so that any damage to the structure is kept as minimal as possible. After the approach to the measuring gap,
the sample shall fill the measuring gap completely and free of air bubbles.
With plate-plate and cone-plate measuring geometries, the sample is trimmed, which means that any excess
leaked from the measuring gap is removed using a suitable tool. For specific sample types, such as asphalt
binders or hotmelt adhesives, it might be needed to adjust the temperature of the trimming tool, but to use
a certain temperature range for the trimming tool. For the removal of the excess sample, first a trimming
position above the measuring position is approached, the sample is trimmed, and then the measuring
position is approached, which produces a slightly curved sample edge. Experience shows that a gap is
chosen for the trimming position that is around 1 % to 5 % larger than the gap width. During trimming, it
is recommended to block the upper measuring geometry so that any structure present in the sample cannot
be damaged due to twisting of the geometry. The excess sample can be scraped off e.g. using a spatula (see
Figure 3). Use of a lower recess plate makes the trimming process easier.
a) Sample in the trimming position b) Scraping off the excess sample in the trimming
position, e.g. with a spatula
c) Trimmed sample in the trimming position d) Optimum sample filling in the measuring posi-
tion
Figure 3 — Filling a plate-plate measuring geometry
After the measurement, the measuring geometry shall be completely cleaned, with no residue left behind.
The measuring geometry shall be checked for cleanliness prior to the next measurement.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
6 Performance of the measurement
6.1 General
Depending on the sample and the rheological issue being investigated, a suitable measuring system and a
meaningful measuring method shall be selected from the guidelines (Clause 4) and, where applicable, with the
aid of preliminary tests. The measuring system used shall be adjusted, calibrated and verified. Independently
of the temperature control of the sample, prior to the start of the measurement it may be necessary to allow a
longer waiting time for recovery of the sample structure or to carry out a defined pre shear.
All measuring conditions and boundary conditions shall be documented in a report (see Clause 9).
6.2 Measuring profile
Once a measuring method has been chosen, the measuring profile is set. It may contain various measuring
segments (basic tests – see Clause 7), each of which is defined by the specified parameter(s) and by the
duration and number of measuring points.
The specified parameters of a measuring segment can be constant (see Figure 4) or can be varied over time.
The variation can be continuous (continuous ramp, see Figure 5 a) or discrete (stepped ramp, see Fig, 5 b).
Key
X time t
Y specified parameter: e.g. shear rate γ , shear stress τ, shear strain γ, temperature T
t end time to switch off the specified parameter
n
Figure 4 — Illustration of a constant specified parameter
a) Continuous ramp b) Stepped ramp
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Key
X time t
Y specified parameter: e.g. shear rate γ , shear stress τ, shear strain γ, temperature T
Figure 5 — Illustration of the continuous or discrete variation of the specified parameter
A detailed definition of the measuring profile is a requirement for reproducible measuring results and
comparable evaluations.
In the case of continuous ramps, deviations will increase with increasing rates of change of the specified
conditions (e.g. the shear load or temperature).
In principle, the adjustment time of each measuring point shall be considered.
−1
For rotational tests with shear rates below 1 s a measuring point duration of at least the inverse shear rate
(i.e. 1/shear rate) should be specified. For oscillatory tests, at least one oscillation period should be used for
the integration time, i.e. the measuring time to calculate a data point.
7 Basic tests and example evaluations
7.1 General
A basic test consists of a single measuring segment.
The following basic tests are described in a standard way as follows:
a) measuring profiles;
b) examples of measuring curves;
c) typical evaluations.
7.2 Rotational tests
7.2.1 Time-dependent tests in rotation
7.2.1.1 Specification of a constant shear rate
a) Measuring profiles
A constant, application-relevant value is specified for the shear rate γ . All other values are also kept constant
(see Figure 4).
b) Examples of measuring curves
Figure 6 shows examples of measuring curves for time-dependent tests.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Key
X time t
Y shear viscosity η
1 result that is independent of time
2 initial decrease in the shear viscosity as a function of time (e.g. in the case of shear-induced disentangling of
polymer molecules or during the orientation of particles or if the sample is in a non-relaxed/non equilibrium
state before the start of the measurement)
3 initial increase in the shear viscosity as a function of time (e.g. in the case of a shear-induced increase in
interactions or if the sample is in a non-relaxed/non equilibrium state before the start of the measurement)
4 increase in the shear viscosity as a function of time (e.g. due to gelation, chemical crosslinking)
5 decrease in the shear viscosity as a function of time (e.g. due to phase separation, shear heating, degradation
of polymer molecules)
Figure 6 — Example of measuring curves for time-dependent tests
c) Typical evaluations
— as a preliminary test to determine parameters for following tests (e.g. maximum test duration, limiting
values of the shear load);
— mean value of the viscosity (single-point measurement) for process control and quality assurance;
— determination of the time during the viscosity increase when reaching a defined viscosity (as gel time,
pot life, maximum processing time);
— determination of a ratio of two viscosity values η and η at the time points t and t .
1 2 1 2
7.2.1.2 Specification of a constant shear stress
a) Measuring profiles
A constant, application-relevant value is specified for the shear stress τ . All other values are also kept
constant (see Figure 4).
b) Examples of measuring curves
Figure 6 shows examples of viscosity measuring curves for time-dependent tests.
In addition, Figure 7 shows examples of measured time-dependent shear strain results.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Key
X time t
Y shear strain γ
1 ideal elastic behaviour
2 ideal viscous behaviour
3 viscoelastic behaviour
t end time to switch off the specified parameter
n
Figure 7 — Examples of measuring curves for creep tests
c) Typical evaluations
See 7.2.1.1
d) Additional evaluations:
— yield point determination via creep curves (details: see ISO/TR 20659-1);
— maximum deformation value γ at the end of the load phase at a constant shear stress τ , see Figure 8 a);
max
— determination of the zero shear viscosity η , with n creep curves (with n≥ 2 ), via the slope of the shear
strain γ after reaching a steady state. This results in a shear rate γ according to Formula (1) and
Formula (2), see Figure 8 a):
Δγ
γ = (1)
Δt
τ
η = (2)
γ
— shear compliance J (unit in 1/Pa) according to Formula (3):
γ t
()
Jt()= (3)
τ
— determination of the shear compliance J, with n creep curves (with n≥ 2 ), see Figure 8 b), after reaching
a constant slope. The creep curves shall be measured at different specified shear stress values.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
a) Time profile of shear strain b) Time profile of shear compliance
Key
X time t
Y1 shear strain γ
Y2 shear compliance J
Δt time period after reaching a constant slope value
Δγ section of the change in the shear strain after reaching a constant slope value
γ maximum value of the shear strain at the end of the creep curve
max
Figure 8 — Example of evaluations of creep tests
7.2.1.3 Specification of a constant shear strain
a) Measuring profiles
A constant, application-relevant value is specified over a defined measuring time for the shear strain γ . All
other values are also kept constant .
b) Examples of measuring curves
Figure 9 shows examples of measuring results of relaxation tests.
a) time profile of the shear stress relaxation b) time profile of the shear stress relaxation mod-
on a linear time scale ulus on a logarithmic time scale, exemplary for 3
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Key
X time t
Y1 shear stress τ
Y2 shear stress relaxation modulus lg G
G initial shear stress relaxation modulus
1 ideal elastic behaviour
2 ideal viscous behaviour
3 with delayed, complete shear stress relaxation of a viscoelastic fluid
4 with delayed, incomplete shear stress relaxation of a viscoelastic solid (the constant end value is referred to
as equilibrium shear stress)
Figure 9 — Relaxation tests
c) Typical evaluations
Calculation of the time-dependent function of the shear stress relaxation modulus G (unit in Pa) according to
Formula (4):
τ t
()
Gt()= (4)
γ
The molar mass distribution for non-crosslinked polymers can be derived via the shape of the G(t) curve.
The initial shear stress relaxation modulus G is the constant value of the G(t) function that can be displayed
in the short-term range in a logarithmic scale, see Figure 9 b). The absolute value of the G value describes
the average molar mass.
7.2.2 Temperature-dependent tests in rotation
a) Measuring profiles
The temperature is varied between the start and the end value either in a continuous ramp with a specified
heating or cooling rate, alternatively in a stepped ramp with specified temperature increments and thermal
equilibrium time for each step (see Figure 5). All other values are kept constant. It shall be stated in the test
report, if shear stress or shear rate has been kept constant.
To ensure that, in the case of temperature ramps, measurements are performed approximately at the
temperature equilibrium, a maximum rate of temperature change of 1 K/min is recommended.
b) Examples of measuring curves
Figure 10 shows examples of measuring curves for temperature-dependent tests.
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
Key
X temperature T
Y shear viscosity η
1 decrease in viscosity with increasing temperature (e.g. softening) or increase in viscosity with decreasing
temperature (e.g. solidification, crystallization)
2 increase in viscosity, possibly after an initial decrease, with increasing temperature (e.g. chemical crosslinking,
gelation, drying/evaporation)
Figure 10 — Examples of measuring curves for temperature-dependent tests
c) Typical evaluations
— as a preliminary test for determining parameters for subsequent performance of the testing (limiting
value for the thermal load);
— viscosity minimum (e.g. as criterion of levelling behaviour or as crosslinking temperature);
— determination of the temperature until a multiple of the initial viscosity is reached (as the maximum
processing temperature);
— curve fitting for rheological model functions for description of the temperature dependency of the
viscosity, e.g.: according to Arrhenius.
7.2.3 Flow curves and viscosity curves
7.2.3.1 Specification of a variable shear rate
a) Measuring profiles
The value of the shear rate γ is changed either continuously or in steps (see Figure 5). All other values are
kept constant.
b) Examples of measuring curves
Figure 11 shows examples of flow and viscosity curves without yield points (with yield point: see 7.2.3.2).
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
a) Flow curves b) Viscosity curves
Key
X shear rate γ
Y1 shear stress τ
Y2 shear viscosity η
1 Newtonian flow behaviour (ideal viscous behaviour)
2 shear-thinning flow behaviour
3 shear-thickening flow behaviour
Figure 11 — Examples of flow and viscosity curves
c) Typical evaluations
Details for the evaluation of flow curves are described in ISO/TR 20659-1 and are presented in brief below.
The result of the evaluation is different depending on whether the shear rates were varied as stepped or
continuous values.
— individual viscosity values for application-relevant shear rates (see Figure 2) or shear stresses;
— flow behaviour in the investigated shear rate range (Figure 11).
The following model functions require a stepped specification.
— curve fittings for rheological model functions for flow curves without a yield point, e.g.:
— according to Newton: τη=⋅γ
p
— according to the Power Law or Ostwald/de Waele: τγ=⋅K
PL
with p < 1 for shear thinning, p > 1 for shear thickening and p = 1 for Newtonian flow behaviour. The
exponent p is also referred to as the non-Newtonian index and K as the consistency index.
PL
— curve fittings for rheological model functions for flow curve with a yield point (see ISO/TR 20659-1):
— according to Bingham: ττ=+ K ·γ
BB
Here, τ is the yield point according to Bingham and K is the consistency index according to
B B
Bingham.
— according to Casson: ττ=+ ()K ·γ
CC
Here, τ is the yield point according to Casson and K is the consistency index according to Casson.
C C
ISO/DIS 3219-3:2025(en)
p
— according to Herschel/Bulkley: ττ=+K ⋅γ
HB HB
Here, τ is the yield point according to Herschel/Bulkley and K is the consistency index
HB HB
according to Herschel/Bulkley. The exponent p is the non-Newtonian index.
— curve fittings for rheological model functions for viscosity curves. Determination of the zero shear
viscosity η as a plateau value at low shear rates and the infinite shear viscosity η as a plateau at high
0 ∞
shear rates (Figure 12) with the relevant model constants c and p, e.g.:
ηγ −η
— according to Cross: () 1
∞
=
p
ηη−
0 ∞ 1c+⋅()γ
— according to Carreau: ηγ()−η
∞
=
p
ηη−
0 ∞
1c+⋅()γ
Key
X shear rate γ or shear stress τ
Y shear viscosity η
η zero shear viscosity
η infinite shear viscosity
∞
Figure 12 — Viscosity function in a double-logarithmic scale with the plateau of the zero shear
viscosity in the range of very low shear rates
— determination of the yield point via the viscosity maximum method (see ISO/TR 20659-1);
— determination of the yield point as a plateau value of the shear stress for stepped ramps, see Figure 13 a);
— presentation of the flow curve using a logarithmic scale, Figure 13 b).
oSIST prEN ISO 321
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