SIST EN 16144:2012

Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method

This European Standard specifies a test method for the quantitative determination of ignition delay of middle distillate fuels intended for use in compression ignition engines. The method utilizes a constant volume combustion chamber designed for operation by compression ignition, and employing direct injection of fuel into compressed air that is controlled to a specified pressure and temperature. An equation is given to calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) from the ignition delay measurement.
This method is applicable to diesel fuels, including blends with FAME up to 100 %. The method is also applicable to middle distillate fuels of non-petroleum origin, although users applying this standard are warned that the relationship between ignition characteristics and engine performance in unconventional fuels is not yet fully understood. The standard covers the ignition delay range from 2,9 ms to 5,0 ms (60 DCN to 35 DCN).
NOTE   For the purpose of this European Standard, the expression "% (V/V)" is used to represent the volume fraction (φ), and "% (m/m)" the mass fraction (ω).
WARNING - The use of this standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens

Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Prüfverfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung des Zündverzugs von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen, die in Dieselmotoren eingesetzt werden, fest. Das Verfahren benutzt eine Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens, die für Selbstzündungsbetrieb mit direkter Kraftstoffeinspritzung in komprimierte Luft konstruiert wurde, wobei Druck und Temperatur vorgeschrieben sind und kontrolliert werden. Eine Gleichung wird angegeben, mit deren Hilfe die abgeleitete Cetanzahl (ACZ) aus dem gemessenen Zündverzug berechnet wird. Dieses Verfahren gilt für Dieselkraftstoffe sowie Mischungen aus Dieselkraftstoff und FAME. Sie kann auch für nicht mineralölstämmige Mitteldestillatkraftstoffe verwendet werden, jedoch werden Anwender dieser Norm gewarnt, dass die Beziehung zwischen Zündverhalten und Motorleistung bei unkonventionellen Kraftstoffen noch nicht völlig verstanden wird. Diese Norm umfasst einen Zündverzugsbereich von 2,9 ms bis 5,0 ms (60 ACZ bis 35 ACZ). ANMERKUNG Für die Zwecke dieser Europäischen Norm wird zur Angabe des Massenanteils, w, einer Substanz der Ausdruck "% (m/m)" und für den Volumenanteil, ϕ, einer Substanz der Ausdruck "% (V/V)" verwendet. WARNUNG - Die Anwendung dieser Europäischen Norm kann den Einsatz gefährlicher Stoffe, Arbeitsgänge und Geräte mit sich bringen. Diese Norm gibt nicht vor, alle mit ihrer Anwendung verbundenen Sicherheitsprobleme anzusprechen. Der Anwender dieser Norm ist dafür verantwortlich, vorher angemessene Maßnahmen in Hinblick auf Sicherheit und Gesundheit zu ergreifen und die Anwendbarkeit einschränkender Vorschriften zu ermitteln.

Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection avec une range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à volume constant

1   Domaine d'application
La présente Norme européenne prescrit une méthode d’essai permettant de déterminer quantitativement le délai d’inflammation des distillats moyens utilisés dans les moteurs à allumage par compression. Cette méthode requiert l’utilisation d’une chambre de combustion à volume constant conçue pour un allumage par compression et spécifie une injection directe du carburant dans de l’air comprimé dont la pression et la température sont spécifiquement régulées. Une équation permet de calculer l’indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) à partir du mesurage du délai d’inflammation.
La présente méthode s’applique aux carburants diesel, y compris à ceux qui contiennent des EMAG. Elle s’applique aussi aux distillats moyens d’origine non pétrolière, cependant les utilisateurs de la présente norme sont informés que la relation entre les caractéristiques d’inflammation et la performance du moteur pour les carburants non conventionnels n’est pas encore totalement comprise. La norme couvre un délai d’inflammation compris entre 2,9 ms et 5,0 ms (60 ICD à 35 ICD).
NOTE   Pour les besoins de la présente Norme européenne, les expressions «% (m/m)» et «% (V/V)» représentent respectivement les fractions massiques (ω) et volumiques (φ).
ATTENTION — L'utilisation de la présente Norme européenne peut impliquer l'intervention de produits, d'opérations et d'équipements à caractère dangereux. La présente norme européenne n'est pas censée aborder tous les problèmes de sécurité concernés par son usage. Il est de la responsabilité de l'utilisateur de consulter et d'établir des règles de sécurité et d'hygiène appropriées et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires avant utilisation.

Tekoči naftni proizvodi - Ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga in izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) v srednje destilatnih gorivih - Fiksno območje injekcijskega časa, metoda konstantne prostornine

Ta evropski standard določa preskusno metodo za kvantitativno ugotavljanje zakasnitve vžiga v srednje destilatnih gorivih, namenjenih za uporabo v motorjih s kompresijskim vžigom. Pri tej metodi se uporablja zgorevalna komora s konstantno prostornino, ki deluje na kompresijski vžig, z neposrednim vbrizgavanjem goriva v stisnjen zrak, pri čemer se nadzirata tlak in temperatura zraka. Navedena je enačba za izračun izpeljanega cetanskega števila (DCN) na podlagi merjenja zakasnitve vžiga. Ta metoda se uporablja za dizelska goriva, vključno z gorivi, ki vsebujejo metilne estre maščobnih kislin (FAME). Metoda se uporablja tudi za srednje destilatna goriva nenaftnega izvora, čeprav so uporabniki tega standarda opozorjeni, da povezava med lastnostmi vžiga in zmogljivostjo motorja pri nekonvencionalnih gorivih še ni v celoti pojasnjena. Standard zajema obseg zamika vžiga od 2,9 do 5,0 ms (od 60 do 35 DCN).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Public Enquiry End Date: 09-Nov-2010
• Publication Date: 04-Apr-2012
• ICS: 75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
• Technical Committee: NAD - Petroleum products, lubricants and related products
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 29-Mar-2012
• Due Date: 03-Jun-2012
• Completion Date: 05-Apr-2012
• Ref Project: EN 16144:2012 - Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method

Overview

EN 16144:2012 - "Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels" - defines a laboratory test method to quantify ignition delay and calculate the derived cetane number (DCN) for middle distillate fuels (diesel and related fuels). The method uses a constant volume combustion chamber with a fixed-range injection period and direct injection into heated, compressed air. The standard covers an ignition delay range of 2.9 ms to 5.0 ms (approximately DCN 60 to 35) and is applicable to diesel fuels including blends containing FAME up to 100%; it may also be applied to non‑petroleum middle distillates with caution.

Key Topics

• Test principle: Single-shot injections into a temperature‑ and pressure‑controlled constant volume combustion chamber; sensors detect start of injection and start of combustion; average ignition delay from 25 test cycles (after 2 warm‑up cycles) is used to compute DCN via a correlation equation.
• Apparatus requirements: Heated combustion chamber (specified volume ~0.60 L ± 0.03 L), pneumatic injector drive, sensors for nozzle motion and pressure, fuel delivery and coolant systems, exhaust and ventilation.
• Calibration & verification:
  • Calibration reference fluid: heptane (≥99.5% m/m) as a 3.15 ms reference.
  • Verification reference fluid: methylcyclohexane (≥99.0% m/m) as a 10.1 ms reference.
  • Routine quality control (QC) and apparatus verification procedures are specified.
• Sampling & sample handling: Follow EN ISO 3170 / EN ISO 3171; store samples protected from UV and, if not analysed within 24 h, in cool/dark conditions (preferably under inert gas).
• Operational ranges & limits: Charge air composition and contamination limits, test temperature and pressure control, and the covered ignition delay/DCN range.
• Safety: The standard warns of hazardous materials and equipment; users must establish appropriate safety and regulatory controls.

Applications / Who Uses It

• Fuel testing laboratories: routine DCN and ignition delay measurement for quality control and supplier verification.
• Fuel producers and blenders: characterization of diesel and FAME blends to predict ignition properties.
• Engine and component manufacturers: research and correlation of fuel ignition performance to compression‑ignition engine behavior.
• Research institutions & regulators: evaluation of alternative middle distillates and monitoring fuel exchange programs. Practical uses include fuel specification support, R&D for alternative fuels, comparative testing versus engine cetane (EN ISO 5165), and participation in inter‑laboratory fuel exchange validation.

Related Standards

• EN ISO 5165 - Cetane number determination (reference engine method)
• ASTM D7170 and Energy Institute IP 567/09 - related DCN/combustion analyser methods (EN 16144 derived from these)
• EN ISO 3170 / EN ISO 3171 - sampling of petroleum liquids
• EN ISO 3696 - laboratory water quality
• ISO 1998‑2, ISO 4010, DIN 73372, IP 537 - referenced for terminology, nozzle calibration and reference fluid purity

Keywords: EN 16144:2012, ignition delay, derived cetane number, DCN, middle distillate fuels, constant volume combustion chamber, fixed range injection period, diesel, FAME, combustion analyser, fuel testing.

Standards Content (Sample)

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten VolumensProduits pétroliers liquides - Détermination due délai d'inflammation et de l'indiceI'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillatsmoyens - Méthode avec periode d'injection avec une range fixé et combustion dans une chambre à volume constantLiquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method75.160.20Liquid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16144:2012SIST EN 16144:2012en,de01-maj-2012SIST EN 16144:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16144
March 2012 ICS 75.160.20 English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Determination of ignition delay and derived cetane number (DCN) of middle distillate fuels - Fixed range injection period, constant volume combustion chamber method
Produits pétroliers liquides - Détermination du délai d'inflammation et de l'indice de cétane dérivé (ICD) des distillats moyens - Méthode avec période d'injection fixe et chambre de combustion à volume constant
Flüssige Mineralölerzeugnisse - Bestimmung des Zündverzugs und der abgeleiteten Cetanzahl (ACZ) von Mitteldestillatkraftstoffen - Verfahren mit festen Einspritzzeiten in einer Verbrennungskammer konstanten Volumens This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 January 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16144:2012: ESIST EN 16144:2012

Combustion analyzer description . 16Annex B (normative)
Operational details in support to the standard test procedure . 18Bibliography . 21 SIST EN 16144:2012

3.3 derived cetane number DCN calculated value using an equation that correlates a combustion analyser ignition delay result to the cetane number 3.4 accepted reference value ARV value agreed upon as a reference for comparison Note 1 to entry: The value is derived as (1) a theoretical or established value, based in scientific principles, (2) an assigned value, based on experimental work of some national or international organization, or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a scientific or engineering group. 3.5 quality control sample stable and homogenous material(s) similar in nature to the materials under test, properly stored to ensure integrity, and available in sufficient quantity for repeated long-term testing 3.6 calibration reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to calibrate the performance of the combustion analyzer 3.7 verification reference fluid stable and homogenous fluid used to verify the performance of the combustion analyzer 4 Principle A test portion of the material under test is injected into a heated temperature-controlled constant volume combustion chamber which has previously been charged with compressed air. Sensors detect the start of injection and the start of combustion for each single-shot cycle. A complete test sequence consists of two preliminary combustion cycles to ensure apparatus equilibrium and 25 subsequent test cycles to obtain ignition delay values. The average ignition delay (ID) of these 25 cycles is inserted into an equation to obtain the derived cetane number (DCN). The DCN obtained by this procedure is an estimate of the cetane number (CN) obtained from the conventional large-scale engine test EN ISO 5165 [3]. 5 Reagents and materials 5.1 Water, unless otherwise specified, meeting the requirements of grade 3 of EN ISO 3696. 5.2 Coolant system fluid, 50:50 volumetric mixture of commercial grade ethylene glycol-type radiator antifreeze with water (5.1). NOTE This mixture meets the boiling point requirements and gives adequate protection of the coolant system against corrosion and mineral scale that can alter heat transfer and rating results. See the manufacturer’s manual for the correct ethylene glycol-type antifreeze quality.
NOTE If the initial purity is not known and during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4]. 5.4 Verification reference fluid, methylcyclo-hexane of a purity of minimum 99,0 % (m/m) to be used as the designated 10,1 ms ignition delay accepted reference value material.
NOTE 1 If the initial purity is not known and during a long-time stored reference fluid, it is advised to check the purity in accordance with IP 537 [4]. NOTE 2 Experience has found some MCH meeting the purity specification but not meeting the Ignition Delay requirements (typically 1 ms to 1,5 ms shorter). It is recommended that new material be qualified prior to use. 5.5 Quality control sample, stable and homogenous material(s), similar in nature to the materials under test (see 3.5) 5.6 Charge air, of oxygen content 20,9 % (V/V) ± 1,0 % (V/V), containing less than 0,5 µg/g carbon monoxide, less than 1,0 µg/g carbon dioxide, less than 5 µg/g water, less than 0,1 µg/g oxides of nitrogen, less than 0,1 µg/g sulfur dioxide, and containing less than 0,1 µg/g total hydrocarbons. NOTE This grade air is typically referred to as Continuous Emissions Monitoring (CEM) grade air. 6 Apparatus 6.1. Combustion analyzer 6.1.1. General The apparatus is described in more detail in Annex A. For the installation and set-up procedures, and for detailed system description, refer to the manufacturer’s manual. The standard system consists of a heated combustion chamber (6.1.2) with fluid cooling of designated areas, external chamber inlet and exhaust valves and associated piping, a pneumatically-driven fuel injection pump, a fuel delivery system, a recirculating coolant system, solenoids, sensors, controls and connection fittings for the compressed gas utilities. Figure 1 gives a schematic outline of the analyser. 6.1.2 Combustion chamber, a steel combustion chamber of capacity 0,60 l ± 0,03 l. Annex A gives further details. 6.2 Filter medium, Type I, Class A filter paper (see ASTM E832 [5]) or nominal pore size 3 µm to 5 µm filter media of glass fibre, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) or nylon, of a size appropriate to the apparatus being used for sample filtration (see 7.5). SIST EN 16144:2012

Key Digital signals Analogue signals V1: actuator air valve P1: chamber static pressure sensor
V2: sample fuel reservoir valve P2: chamber dynamic pressure sensor V3: sample wave flush valve T1: fuel injection pump temperature
V4: charge air valve T2: injection nozzle cooling jacket temperature
V5: exhaust valve T3: coolant reservoir temperature (manual adjustment) P0: injector actuator air pressure switch gauge (manual) T4: chamber inner wall temperature
3: injector nozzle motion sensor T5: chamber charge air temperature
10: control power to chamber heating T6: chamber pressure sensor temperature
Mechanical system 1. pneumatic air supply 12. charge air supply 2. fuel sample reservoir 13. safety valve 3. nozzle motion sensor 14. exhaust ventilation 4. actuator
15. filter 5. fuel pump
16. electronic card data acquisition and control 6. nozzle cooling jacket
L1. charge air line 7. sample waste flush valve
L2. exhaust 8. circulator coolant system L3. fuel injector pressure line 9. sample waste drain L4. fuel supply/flush line 10. electrical heater elements L5. pneumatic lines 11. heat shield L6. coolant water Figure 1 — Schematic overview of combustion analyser SIST EN 16144:2012

7.3 Bring the laboratory sample to 18 °C to 32 °C before testing. 7.4 Inspect the sample for wax precipitation. If precipitants are present, bring the test sample to a temperature of at least 14 °C above the expected cloud point of the material being tested, taking care not to lose any lower boiling range components. Agitate the sample to return precipitants back in to the solution, ensuring the sample is homogeneous before proceeding. 7.5
Sample may be filtered through a Type I, Class A filter at room temperature and pressure before testing (see ASTM E832 [5]), or through a nominal (3 to 5) µm porosity filter element using a syringe, to prepare a test portion of at least 220 ml. Immediately collect the filtered test portion in an opaque container. WARNING — If a glass syringe is used to filter the sample, ensure that the filter capsule is correctly located on the syringe fitting. Do not apply excessive force to the plunger as this could result in the glass syringe shattering. It is recommended that protective gloves are worn during the filtering operation. 8 Apparatus assembly and installation The apparatus requires placement on a level floor with facilities for the hook-up of all utilities and engineering and technical support. The user shall ensure compliance with all local and national regulations and codes. The apparatus assembly and installation are described in more detail in Annex A, respectively Annex B. 9 Preparation of apparatus 9.1 System start-up and warm-up 9.1.1 For more details refer to the manufacturer’s manual. 9.1.2 Switch on power to the combustion analyzer, the external cooling bath and the computer. 9.1.3 Warm up the system. 9.1.4 Set the injection actuator air pressure (P0) to 0,75 MPa ± 0,0
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