SIST EN 1991-1-2:2004
(Main)Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fire
Assessment of actions to be used in the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works where they are required to give adequate performance in fire exposure.
Eurocode 1 Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf Tragwerke- Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf Tragwerke
(1) Die in diesem Teil 1-2 von EN 1991 angegebenen Verfahren sind auf Gebäude mit Brandlasten entsprechend der Gebäudeart und Gebäudenutzung anwendbar.
(2) Dieser Teil 1-2 von EN 1991 behandelt die thermischen und mechanischen Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke unter Brandbeanspruchung. Er ist vorgesehen in Verbindung mit den Brandschutzteilen der prEN 1992 bis prEN 1996 und prEN 1999, die die Regeln für die Bemessung von Tragwerken auf ihre Tragfähigkeit im Brandfall enthalten, angewendet zu werden.
(3) Dieser Teil 1-2 von EN 1991 enthält nominelle und aus der Physik abgeleitete thermische Einwirkungen. Die Anhänge enthalten zusätzliche Angaben zu Daten und physikalischen Modellen für thermische Einwirkungen.
(4) Dieser Teil 1-2 von EN 1991 gibt verbindliche und nicht verbindliche Regeln für thermische und mechanische Einwirkungen, die zusammen mit EN 1990, EN 1991-1-1, EN 1991-1-3 und EN 1991-1-4 anzuwenden sind.
(5) Die Bestimmung des Schadens an einem Gebäude nach einem Brand wird in diesem Dokument nicht behandelt.
Eurocode 1: Actions sur les structures au feu - Partie 1-2: Actions générales - Actions sur les structures exposées
(1) Les méthodes indiquées dans la présente partie 1-2 de l'EN 1991 sont applicables aux bâtiments, en prenant en compte une charge calorifique liée au bâtiment et a son occupation.
(2) La présente partie 1-2 de l'EN 1991 traite des actions thermiques et mécaniques sur les structures exposées au feu. Elle est destinée a etre utilisée en association avec les parties relatives au calcul au feu des EN 1992 a 1996 et de l'EN 1999, qui fixent les regles de calcul de résistance au feu des structures.
(3) La présente partie 1-2 de l'EN 1991 comporte les actions thermiques liées aux actions thermiques nominales et physiques. Les annexes présentent des données supplémentaires et des modeles pour des actions thermiques physiquement fondées.
(4) La présente partie 1-2 de l'EN 1991 présente les principes généraux et les regles d'application liées aux actions thermiques et mécaniques a utiliser en association avec l'EN 1990, l'EN 1991-1-1, l'EN 1991-1-3 et l'EN 1991-1-4.
(5) L'évaluation des dommages subis par une structure apres un incendie n'est pas traitée dans le présent document.
Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-2. del: Splošni vplivi – Vplivi požara na konstrukcije
(1) Metode, navedene v tem 1-2. delu EN 1991, se uporabljajo za stavbe in se nanašajo na požarno obtežbo v povezavi s stavbo in uporabniki (namembnostjo).
(2) Ta 1-2. del EN 1991 obravnava toplotne in mehanske vplive na konstrukcijo, izpostavljeno požaru. Namenjen je uporabi skupaj z deli standarda EN 1992 do EN 1996 in EN 1999 za požarno projektiranje, v katerih so navedena pravila za projektiranje konstrukcij z zahtevano požarno odpornostjo.
(3) Ta 1-2. del EN 1991 obravnava toplotne vplive, odvisne od nazivno in fizikalno določenih toplotnih učinkov. Več podatkov in modelov fizikalnega določanja toplotnih vplivov je navedenih v dodatkih.
(4) Ta 1-2. del EN 1991 razlaga splošna načela in pravila o uporabi v povezavi s toplotnimi in mehanskimi vplivi, ki naj se uporabijo v povezavi z EN 1990, EN 1991-1-1, EN 1991-1-3 in EN 1991-1-4.
(5) Ta dokument ne obsega ocene poškodbe konstrukcije po požaru.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions - Actions on structures exposed to fireEvrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 1-2. del: Splošni vplivi – Vplivi požara na konstrukcijeEurocode 1: Actions sur les structures au feu - Partie 1-2: Actions générales - Actions sur les structures exposéesEurocode 1 Eurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf Tragwerke- Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2: Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen auf TragwerkeTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1991-1-2:2002SIST EN 1991-1-2:2004en91.010.30Technical aspects13.220.50Požarna odpornost gradbenih materialov in elementovFire-resistance of building materials and elementsICS:SIST ENV 1992-1-2:20041DGRPHãþDSLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 1991-1-2:200401-september-2004
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 1991-1-2November 2002ICS 13.220.50; 91.010.30Supersedes ENV 1991-2-2:1995English versionEurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-2: General actions -Actions on structures exposed to fireEurocode 1: Actions sur les structures au feu - Partie 1-2:Actions générales - Actions sur les structures exposéesEurocode 1 - Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 1-2:Allgemeine Einwirkungen - Brandeinwirkungen aufTragwerkeThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 September 2002.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the officialversions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2002 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 1991-1-2:2002 E
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)2ContentspageForeword.4Section 1General.101.1Scope.101.2Normative references.101.3Assumptions.111.4Distinction between Principles and Application Rules.111.5Terms and definitions.111.5.1Common terms used in Eurocode Fire parts.111.5.2Special terms relating to design in general.131.5.3Terms relating to thermal actions.131.5.4Terms relating to heat transfer analysis.151.6Symbols.15Section 2Structural Fire design procedure.212.1General.212.2Design fire scenario.212.3Design fire.212.4Temperature Analysis.212.5Mechanical Analysis.22Section 3Thermal actions for temperature analysis.233.1General rules.233.2Nominal temperature-time curves.243.2.1Standard temperature-time curve.243.2.2External fire curve.243.2.3Hydrocarbon curve.253.3Natural fire models.253.3.1Simplified fire models.253.3.1.1General.253.3.1.2Compartment fires.253.3.1.3Localised fires.263.3.2Advanced fire models.26Section 4Mechanical actions for structural analysis.274.1General.274.2Simultaneity of actions.274.2.1Actions from normal temperature design.274.2.2Additional actions.284.3Combination rules for actions.284.3.1General rule.284.3.2Simplified rules.284.3.3Load level.29Annex A
(informative)
Parametric temperature-time curves.30Annex B
(informative)
Thermal actions for external members - Simplified calculationmethod.33B.1Scope.33B.2Conditions of use.33
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)3B.3Effects of wind.34B.3.1Mode of ventilation.34B.3.2Flame deflection by wind.34B.4Characteristics of fire and flames.35B.4.1No forced draught.35B.4.2Forced draught.37B.5Overall configuration factors.39Annex C
(informative)
Localised fires.41Annex D
(informative)
Advanced fire models.44D.1One-zone models.44D.2Two-zone models.45D.3Computational fluid dynamic models.45Annex E
(informative)
Fire load densities.46E.1General.46E.2Determination of fire load densities.47E.2.1General.47E.2.2Definitions.47E.2.3Protected fire loads.48E.2.4Net calorific values.48E.2.5Fire load classification of occupancies.50E.2.6Individual assessment of fire load densities.50E.3Combustion behaviour.50E.4Rate of heat release Q.51Annex F
(informative)
Equivalent time of fire exposure.53Annex G
(informative)
Configuration factor.55G.1General.55G.2Shadow effects.56G.3External members.56Bibliography.59
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)4ForewordThis document (EN 1991-1-2:2002) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 "StructuralEurocodes", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.CEN/TC250/SC1 is responsible for Eurocode 1.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of anidentical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2003, and conflicting national standards shall bewithdrawn at the latest by December 2009.This document supersedes ENV 1991-2-2:1995.Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F and G are informative.According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of thefollowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.Background of the Eurocode programmeIn 1975, the Commission of the European Community decided on an action programme in the field ofconstruction, based on article 95 of the Treaty. The objective of the programme was the elimination oftechnical obstacles to trade and the harmonisation of technical specifications.Within this action programme, the Commission took the initiative to establish a set of harmonisedtechnical rules for the design of construction works which, in a first stage, would serve as an alternative tothe national rules in force in the Member States and, ultimately, would replace them.For fifteen years, the Commission, with the help of a Steering Committee with Representatives of MemberStates, conducted the development of the Eurocodes programme, which led to the first generation ofEuropean codes in the 1980’s.In 1989, the Commission and the Member States of the EU and EFTA decided, on the basis of anagreement1 between the Commission and CEN, to transfer the preparation and the publication of theEurocodes to CEN through a series of Mandates, in order to provide them with a future status ofEuropean Standard (EN). This links de facto the Eurocodes with the provisions of all the Council’sDirectives and/or Commission’s Decisions dealing with European Standards (e.g. the Council Directive89/106/EEC on construction products - CPD - and Council Directives 93/37/EEC, 92/50/EEC and89/440/EEC on public works and services and equivalent EFTA Directives initiated in pursuit of setting upthe internal market).The Structural Eurocode programme comprises the following standards generally consisting of a numberof Parts:EN 1990, Eurocode: Basis of structural design.EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.prEN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.prEN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
1Agreement between the Commission of the European Communities and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN)concerning the work on EUROCODES for the design of building and civil engineering works (BC/CEN/03/89).
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)5prEN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.prEN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.prEN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.prEN 1997, Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.prEN 1998, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.prEN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures.Eurocode standards recognise the responsibility of regulatory authorities in each Member State and havesafeguarded their right to determine values related to regulatory safety matters at national level wherethese continue to vary from State to State.Status and field of application of EurocodesThe Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that EUROCODES serve as reference documents forthe following purposes:– as a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essentialrequirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N°1 - Mechanicalresistance and stability - and Essential Requirement N°2 - Safety in case of fire;– as a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services;– as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products (ENsand ETAs).The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationship withthe Interpretative Documents2 referred to in Article 12 of the CPD, although they are of a different naturefrom harmonised product standards3. Therefore, technical aspects arising from the Eurocodes work needto be adequately considered by CEN Technical Committees and/or EOTA Working Groups working onproduct standards with a view to achieving full compatibility of these technical specifications with theEurocodes.The Eurocode standards provide common structural design rules for everyday use for the design of wholestructures and component products of both a traditional and an innovative nature. Unusual forms ofconstruction or design conditions are not specifically covered and additional expert consideration will berequired by the designer in such cases.
2According to Art. 3.3 of the CPD, the essential requirements (ERs) shall be given concrete form in interpretative documents forthe creation of the necessary links between the essential requirements and the mandates for harmonised ENs and ETAGs/ETAs.3According to Art. 12 of the CPD the interpretative documents shall:a)give concrete form to the essential requirements by harmonising the terminology and the technical bases and indicatingclasses or levels for each requirement where necessary;b)indicate methods of correlating these classes or levels of requirement with the technical specifications, e.g. methods ofcalculation and of proof, technical rules for project design, etc.;c)serve as a reference for the establishment of harmonised standards and guidelines for European technical approvals.The Eurocodes, de facto, play a similar role in the field of the ER 1 and a part of ER 2.
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)6National standards implementing EurocodesThe national standards implementing Eurocodes will comprise the full text of the Eurocode (including anyannexes), as published by CEN, which may be preceded by a national title page and national foreword,and may be followed by a national annex.The national annex may only contain information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocodefor national choice, known as Nationally Determined Parameters, to be used for the design of buildingsand civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned, i.e.:– values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the Eurocode;– values to be used where a symbol only is given in the Eurocode;– country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc), e.g. snow map;– the procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the Eurocode.It may also contain:– decisions on the application of informative annexes and– references to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocode.Links between Eurocodes and harmonised technical specifications (ENs and ETAs) forproductsThere is a need for consistency between the harmonised technical specifications for construction productsand the technical rules for works4. Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of theconstruction products which refer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally DeterminedParameters have been taken into account.Additional information specific to EN 1991-1-2EN 1991-1-2 describes the thermal and mechanical actions for the structural design of buildings exposedto fire, including the following aspects:Safety requirementsEN 1991-1-2 is intended for clients (e.g. for the formulation of their specific requirements), designers,contractors and relevant authorities.The general objectives of fire protection are to limit risks with respect to the individual and society,neighbouring property, and where required, environment or directly exposed property, in the case of fire.Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC gives the following essential requirement for the limitation offire risks:
4See Art.3.3 and Art.12 of the CPD, as well as 4.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 5.2 of ID N°1.
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)7"The construction works must be designed and built in such a way, that in the event of an outbreak of fire– the load bearing resistance of the construction can be assumed for a specified period of time,– the generation and spread of fire and smoke within the works are limited,– the spread of fire to neighbouring construction works is limited,– the occupants can leave the works or can be rescued by other means,– the safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration".According to the Interpretative Document N°2 "Safety in Case of Fire5" the essential requirement may beobserved by following various possibilities for fire safety strategies prevailing in the Member States likeconventional fire scenarios (nominal fires) or "natural" (parametric) fire scenarios, including passive and/oractive fire protection measures.The fire parts of Structural Eurocodes deal with specific aspects of passive fire protection in terms ofdesigning structures and parts thereof for adequate load bearing resistance and for limiting fire spread asrelevant.Required functions and levels of performance can be specified either in terms of nominal (standard) fireresistance rating, generally given in national fire regulations or, where allowed by national fire regulations,by referring to fire safety engineering for assessing passive and active measures.Supplementary requirements concerning, for example:– the possible installation and maintenance of sprinkler systems;– conditions on occupancy of building or fire compartment;– the use of approved insulation and coating materials, including their maintenanceare not given in this document, because they are subject to specification by the competent authority.Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability elements are given as recommended values thatprovide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level ofworkmanship and of quality management applies.Design proceduresA full analytical procedure for structural fire design would take into account the behaviour of the structuralsystem at elevated temperatures, the potential heat exposure and the beneficial effects of active andpassive fire protection systems, together with the uncertainties associated with these three features andthe importance of the structure (consequences of failure).
5See 2.2, 3.2(4) and 4.2.3.3 of ID N°2.
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)8At the present time it is possible to undertake a procedure for determining adequate performance whichincorporates some, if not all, of these parameters and to demonstrate that the structure, or itscomponents, will give adequate performance in a real building fire. However where the procedure is basedon a nominal (standard) fire, the classification system, which calls for specific periods of fire resistance,takes into account (though not explicitely) the features and uncertainties described above.Application of this Part 1-2 is illustrated below. The prescriptive approach and the performance-basedapproach are identified. The prescriptive approach uses nominal fires to generate thermal actions. Theperformance-based approach, using fire safety engineering, refers to thermal actions based on physicaland chemical parameters.Prescriptive Rules(Thermal Actions given by Nominal Fire)TabulatedDataPerformance-Based Code(Physically based Thermal Actions)Selection of Simple orAdvanced Fire DevelopmentModelsAnalysis ofa MemberDetermination ofMechanical Actionsand BoundaryconditionsSelection ofMechanicalActionsAnalysis of Partof the StructureAnalysis ofEntire StructureSimple CalculationModelsSimple CalculationModels(if available)AdvancedCalculationModelsDesign ProceduresAdvancedCalculationModelsAdvancedCalculationModelsDetermination ofMechanical Actionsand BoundaryconditionsAnalysis ofa MemberAnalysis of Partof the StructureAnalysis ofEntire StructureDetermination ofMechanical Actionsand BoundaryconditionsDetermination ofMechanical Actionsand BoundaryconditionsSelection ofMechanicalActionsSimple CalculationModels(if available)AdvancedCalculationModelsAdvancedCalculationModelsAdvancedCalculationModelsFigure 1 — Alternative design proceduresDesign aidsIt is expected, that design aids based on the calculation models given in EN 1991-1-2 will be prepared byinterested external organizations.The main text of EN 1991-1-2 includes most of the principal concepts and rules necessary for describingthermal and mechanical actions on structures.
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)9National annex for EN 1991-1-2This standard gives alternative procedures, values and recommendations for classes with notes indicatingwhere national choices have to be made. Therefore the national standard implementing EN 1991-1-2should have a national annex containing all Nationally Determined Parameters to be used for the designof buildings and civil engineering works to be constructed in the relevant country.National choice is allowed in EN 1991-1-2 through:– 2.4(4)– 3.1(10)– 3.3.1.1(1)– 3.3.1.2(1)– 3.3.1.2(2)– 3.3.1.3(1)– 3.3.2(1)– 3.3.2(2)– 4.2.2(2)– 4.3.1(2)
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)10Section 1General1.1Scope(1) The methods given in this Part 1-2 of EN 1991 are applicable to buildings, with a fire load related to thebuilding and its occupancy.(2) This Part 1-2 of EN 1991 deals with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It isintended to be used in conjunction with the fire design Parts of prEN 1992 to prEN 1996 and prEN 1999which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.(3) This Part 1-2 of EN 1991 contains thermal actions related to nominal and physically based thermalactions. More data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in annexes.(4) This Part 1-2 of EN 1991 gives general principles and application rules in connection to thermal andmechanical actions to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991-1-1, EN 1991-1-3 and EN 1991-1-4.(5) The assessment of the damage of a structure after a fire, is not covered by the present document.1.2Normative references(1)P This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and thepublications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any ofthese publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision.For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).NOTEThe following European Standards which are published or in preparation are cited in normative clauses:prEN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 2: Classification using datafrom fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services.EN 1990:2002, Eurocode: Basis of structural design.EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-1: General actions - Densities, self-weight andimposed loads.prEN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-3: General actions - Snow loads.prEN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind loads.prEN 1992, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.prEN 1993, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.prEN 1994, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.prEN 1995, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.prEN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.prEN 1999, Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures.
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)111.3Assumptions(1)P In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990 the following assumptions apply:– any active and passive fire protection systems taken into account in the design will be adequatelymaintained;– the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experiencedpersonnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation.1.4Distinction between Principles and Application Rules(1) The rules given in EN 1990:2002, 1.4 apply.1.5Terms and definitions(1)P For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990:2002, 1.5and the following apply.1.5.1Common terms used in Eurocode Fire parts1.5.1.1equivalent time of fire exposuretime of exposure to the standard temperature-time curve supposed to have the same heating effect as areal fire in the compartment1.5.1.2external memberstructural member located outside the building that may be exposed to fire through openings in thebuilding enclosure1.5.1.3fire compartmentspace within a building, extending over one or several floors, which is enclosed by separating elementssuch that fire spread beyond the compartment is prevented during the relevant fire exposure1.5.1.4fire resistanceability of a structure, a part of a structure or a member to fulfil its required functions (load bearing functionand/or fire separating function) for a specified load level, for a specified fire exposure and for a specifiedperiod of time1.5.1.5fully developed firestate of full involvement of all combustible surfaces in a fire within a specified space1.5.1.6global structural analysis (for fire)structural analysis of the entire structure, when either the entire structure, or only a part of it, are exposedto fire. Indirect fire actions are considered throughout the structure
EN 1991-1-2:2002 (E)121.5.1.7indirect fire actionsinternal forces and moments caused by thermal expansion1.5.1.8integrity (E)ability of a separating element of building construction, when exposed
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---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
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---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
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