SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
(Main)Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery - Part 1: General principles
Safety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery - Part 1: General principles
This standard deals with the emission of radiation from machinery. This European Standard gives advice to manufacturers for the construction of safe machinery, if no relevant C-type standard exists. This radiation emission may be functional for processing or may be undesirable. The issues of electromagnetic compatibility are not addressed in the standard. This European Standard is intended to give advice to C-type standardization groups, on how to identify radiation emissions or fields, how to determine their significance and intensity, how to assess the possible risks and what means may be used to avoid or reduce radiation emissions. This advice should be elaborated in C-type standards for specific classes of machines as assessable requirements. This standard deals with the emission of all types of electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation may be dealt with in other documents or in the future revisions. This standard does not deal with the emission of laser radiation. Radiation sources fixed to a machine which are used only for lighting are excluded from the scope of this standard. This standard applies to machinery as defined in clause 3.1 of EN 292-1:1991.
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Bewertung und Verminderung des Risikos der von Maschinen emittierten Strahlung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Leitsätze
Die vorliegende Norm behandelt die von Maschinen ausgehende Strahlenemission. Die vorliegende
Europäische Norm berät Hersteller beim Bau von sicheren Maschinen, wenn keine zutreffende Norm vom
Typ C vorhanden ist. Diese Strahlenemission kann bei der Verfahrenstechnik funktional oder unerwünscht
sein.
Die Probleme der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit werden in der Norm nicht angesprochen.
Die vorliegende Europäische Norm ist dafür vorgesehen, Normungsgruppen für Normen vom Typ C zu
beraten, wie Strahlenemissionen und -felder1) zu kennzeichnen sind, wie über die Bedeutung und Intensität
zu entscheiden ist, wie die möglichen Risiken zu beurteilen sind und welche Mittel verwendet werden können,
um die Strahlenemissionen zu vermindern oder zu vermeiden. Dieser Ratschlag sollte in Normen des Typs C
für besondere Maschinenklassen mit beurteilungsfähigen Anforderungen erarbeitet werden.
Die vorliegende Norm gilt für die Emission aller Arten von elektromagnetischer nicht ionisierender Strahlung.
Mit ionisierender Strahlung können sich andere Dokumente oder zukünftige Überarbeitungen beschäftigen.
Die vorliegende Norm gilt nicht für die Emission von Laserstrahlen.
Strahlungsquellen, die an einer Maschine angebracht sind und nur für die Beleuchtung verwendet werden,
sind vom Anwendungsbereich der vorliegenden Norm ausgeschlossen.
Die vorliegende Norm gilt für Maschinen nach EN 292-1:1991, 3.1.
Sécurité des machines - Estimation et réduction des risques engendrés par les rayonnements émis par les machines - Partie 1: Principes généraux
Varnost strojev - Ocenjevanje in zmanjševanje nevarnosti sevanj, ki jih oddajajo stroji - 1. del: Splošna načela
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Sicherheit von Maschinen - Bewertung und Verminderung des Risikos der von Maschinen emittierten Strahlung - Teil 1: Allgemeine LeitsätzeSécurité des machines - Estimation et réduction des risques engendrés par les rayonnements émis par les machines - Partie 1: Principes générauxSafety of machinery - Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery - Part 1: General principles13.280Varstvo pred sevanjemRadiation protection13.110Varnost strojevSafety of machineryICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008en,de01-november-2008SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 12198-1:2000+A1
September 2008 ICS 13.110; 13.280 Supersedes EN 12198-1:2000English Version
Safety of machinery -Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery - Part 1: General principles Sécurité des machines - Estimation et réduction des risques engendrés par les rayonnements émis par les machines - Partie 1: Principes généraux
Sicherheit von Maschinen - Bewertung und Verminderung des Risikos der von Maschinen emittierten Strahlung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Leitsätze This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 May 2000 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 27 July 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels © 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008: ESIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 2 Contents Foreword.3 1 Scope.5 2 Normative references.5 3 Definitions.6 4 Classification of radiation emissions.6 4.1 Classification of radiation by frequency and wavelength.6 4.2 Characteristics of radiation emissions.7 5 General procedure.7 6 Risk assessment.8 6.1 General.8 6.2 Procedure for the risk assessment.8 7 Requirements.9 7.1 Classification of machines due to radiation emission levels.9 7.2 Design requirements.10 8 Protective measures for the elimination or reduction of the risks due to radiation emission.10 8.1 Principles.10 8.2 Choice of the appropriate measures.11 8.3 Protective measures against secondary hazards.11 9 Verification of compliance with requirements.11 10 Information for use and maintenance.12 10.1 Information for use.12 10.2 Information for maintenance.12 11 Marking.13 12 Signals and warning devices.15 Annex A (normative)
Stages in the "life" of a machine.16 Annex B (normative)
Correlation between the level of radiation emission and the radiation emission category.17 Annex C (informative)
Examples of measures for the elimination or reduction of exposure to radiation.25 Annex ZA (informative)
!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC".27 Annex ZB (informative)
!Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC".28
SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 114 "Safety of machinery", the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2009. This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2008-07-27. This document supersedes EN 12198-1:2000. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EC Directive(s). !For relationship with EC Directive(s), see informative Annexes ZA and ZB, which are integral parts of this document." This European Standard deals with the essential requirement "Radiation" (see EN 292-2, Annex A, paragraph 1.5.10). The annexes A and B are normative, and the annex C is informative. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 4 Introduction Machinery supplied by electrical power or containing radiation sources may emit radiation or generate electric and/or magnetic fields. The radiation emissions and fields will vary in frequency and magnitude. The European Machinery Directive requires precautions to avoid or reduce risks caused by the emission of radiation from a machine. Machinery must be so designed and constructed that any emission of radiation is limited to the extent necessary for its operation and that the effects on exposed persons are non-existent or reduced to non-dangerous proportions (EN 292-2:1991/A1:1995). To assess the risk of injury caused by radiation emissions and fields from a machine it is necessary to know the type of radiation emission, the level of the emission and the intensity of this emission with respect to possible adverse health effects. This European Standard is intended to give manufacturers and type C-standards makers advice on how to identify radiation emissions from machinery, how to decide on their magnitude and significance, how to assess the risks and what means could be used to avoid or reduce the radiation emissions from machines. This European Standard reflects the general principles for the identification and the assessment of radiation emission by machinery. Details of the measurement of the radiation emission will be given in part 2 of this standard. Part 3 of this standard will contain details of protective measures for avoiding or reducing radiation exposure of persons by reducing emissions and requiring the provision of information. Radiation emitted by machinery may be intended for processing or may occur unintentionally. Clause 7 of this standard requires, that the manufacturer shall assign the machine to a design radiation emission category. For undesirable radiation emission the emission level should be reduced to values corresponding to category 0. Functional radiation emission shall be limited to the necessary degree for the operation of the machine. The remaining emission levels shall be assessed and an emission category shall be determined. If necessary protective measures will have to be applied. This European Standard is a standard of B1-type in a series of standards for the safety of machinery. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 5 1 Scope This standard deals with the emission of radiation from machinery. This European Standard gives advice to manufacturers for the construction of safe machinery, if no relevant C-type standard exists. This radiation emission may be functional for processing or may be undesirable. The issues of electromagnetic compatibility are not addressed in the standard. This European Standard is intended to give advice to C-type standardization groups, on how to identify radiation emissions or fields1, how to determine their significance and intensity, how to assess the possible risks and what means may be used to avoid or reduce radiation emissions. This advice should be elaborated in C-type standards for specific classes of machines as assessable requirements. This standard deals with the emission of all types of electromagnetic non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation may be dealt with in other documents or in the future revisions. This standard does not deal with the emission of laser radiation. Radiation sources fixed to a machine which are used only for lighting are excluded from the scope of this standard. This standard applies to machinery as defined in clause 3.1 of EN 292-1:1991. 2 Normative references This European Standard is incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 292-1:1991, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology EN 292-2:1991 + A1:1995, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design – Part 2: Technical principles and specifications (and Amendment A1:1995) EN 1050, Safety of machinery - Principles for risk assessment EN 1070, Safety of machinery – Terminology EN 50082-1, Electromagnetic compatibility – Generic immunity standard – Part 1: Residential, commercial and light industry EN 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 6-2: Generic standards – Immunity for industrial environments (IEC 61000-6-2:1999) !EN 12198-2:2002", Safety of machinery – Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery – Part 2: Radiation emission measurement procedure
1 In the rest of the present document, the generic term "radiation" covers either the different types of radiation emitted by a machine (i.e. optical radiation), or fields (i.e. electromagnetic and/or magnetic fields) or waves (i.e. electromagnetic waves). SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 6 !EN 12198-3:2002", Safety of machinery – Assessment and reduction of risks arising from radiation emitted by machinery – Part 3: Reduction of radiation by attenuation or screening IEC 60050-845, International electrotechnical vocabulary ; chapter 845: Lighting 3 Definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following definitions apply in addition to the definitions given in EN 1070, and in IEC 60050-845:
3.1 functional radiation emission emission of radiation by a machine needed for its function in the process area NOTE An example of functional radiation emission is a radiation beam used for thickness gauging. 3.2 undesirable radiation emission
all radiation emissions, other than functional radiation emissions emitted to any points outside the process area NOTE An example of an undesirable radiation emission is the leakage radiation from a printing machine, in which the printing inks are cured by ultraviolet radiation. 3.3 trivial radiation emission radiation emissions and fields, the intensity of which are so very low that cannot influence on the categorization of the machine, according to clause 7 3.4 accessible surface hypothetical surface, just enveloping the machine, from which the measurement points are located 4 Classification of radiation emissions 4.1 Classification of radiation by frequency and wavelength For the purposes of this standard, the classification of radiation by frequency and wavelength or energy is given in table 1. Table 1 — Classification of non ionization radiation Nature Type Frequency/ Wavelength Electric and/or magnetic fields Extremely low and low frequency 0 < f < 30 kHz Electromagnetic waves Radio frequency 30 kHz < f < 300 GHz Optical radiation Infrared 1 mm > λ > 780 nm Optical radiation Visible 780 nm > λ > 380 nm Optical radiation Ultra-violet 380 nm > λ > 100 nm f = frequency. λ = wavelength.
NOTE The above specified intervals of the frequency and wavelength of the radiation may be different in other documents dealing with radiation. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 7 4.2 Characteristics of radiation emissions Radiation emissions can also be characterized by their intensity, duration, frequency, spatial and spectral distribution, for example: continuous wawe ; modulated, pulsed ; broad-band (covering several frequencies) ; with continuous or discrete spectrum (line spectrum) ; geometrical characteristics ; coherent, non-coherent ; polarisation. 5 General procedure The manufacturer of a machine shall carry out a risk assessment according to EN 1050. This includes the determination of the limits of the machinery, an identification of all hazards, a risk estimation and a risk evaluation. After the risk assessment measures for the reduction of unacceptable risks shall be applied if necessary. After that a repetition of the risk assessment, or only parts of it, may be necessary.
For those risks which are related to the emission of radiation from a machine the procedure of risk assessment and risk reduction which shall be carried out by the manufacturer consists of: an assessment of the risks due to the emission of all types of radiation (see clause 6) ; application of appropriate measures for the elimination or reduction of the radiation emissions, in order to reach the emission requirements (see clauses 7 and 8) ; verification of compliance with the requirements of this standard (see clause 9). It may be reasonable to integrate the "verification" step into the "risk assessment" procedure (see 6.2). When specifying C-type-standards for particular machines or a group of machines, details of this procedure shall be included. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 8 6 Risk assessment 6.1 General The machine manufacturer shall identify the radiation emissions and assess the risks from those radiation emissions. This assessment shall include any foreseeable personal exposures arising from any machine emissions at any stage in its life. (See Annex A). The radiation emissions may arise from: a) the whole machine or parts of it ; b) material processed in the machine ; c) interaction between the machine and the material being processed. NOTE 1 Details of the methodology of the risk assessment are given in EN 292-1 and in EN 1050. NOTE 2 The level of risk depends on the properties of the radiation, the likelihood that personal exposure will occur and the degree of exposure. The health effects of radiation exposure will depend on the type of radiation as well as the intensity and duration of exposure. These effects may be in the short or long term and may be reversible or irreversible. 6.2 Procedure for the risk assessment 6.2.1 General The procedure for the risk assessment due to radiation emission of machinery consists of the following steps: Identification of the radiation emissions (sources, type of radiation, approximate level of emission, etc.). Trivial emissions may be ignored in the following steps of the risk assessment procedure and the steps described in clauses 7, 8, 9 and 10. In the absence of relevant type C-standards, the manufacturer shall determine whether radiation emissions are trivial or not on the basis of a technical experts experience, calculations or measurements. Their conclusions shall be documented in a technical data file. Measurement or detailed prediction of emission levels shall be made at all points where people may be exposed during normal use. Identification of the highest emissions of each radiation type during all phases of use of the machine (see Annex A). Foreseeable misuse during these phases shall also be considered (see 3.12 of EN 292-1:1991). 6.2.2 Procedure Allocation of a radiation emission category according to clause 7.1 for the operation, setting and cleaning stages of the use of the machine. The allocation shall be made on the basis of measurement including uncertainty as appropriate, (see part 2) and/or prediction of the radiation emission for all relevant points. Check that the levels of emission at the machine's accessible surface during the use of the machine are so low, that the emission levels do not exceed the category 0 emission limits according to 7.1. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 9 If the machine category is not 0 (see 7.1), then the following steps shall be carried out: Assessment of the possible exposure situations during intended use of the machine (exposed people (adults, children, informed, uninformed etc.), exposure time, frequency of exposure, distance from source, intended or not, radiation emission, etc.). Assessment if the allocated radiation emission category for the operation, setting and cleaning stage of the use of the machine is acceptable for the assessed exposure situations. Identification of secondary hazards (production of hazardous substances, e.g. ozone, degradation of plastics, disturbance of pacemakers and other electrical implants, hazards caused by electromagnetic interference with safety relevant electrical equipment in the vicinity (see EN 50082-1 and EN 61000-6-2). 6.2.3 Conclusion Allocate the overall emission category for the machine in accordance with 7.1. 7 Requirements 7.1 Classification of machines due to radiation emission levels Depending on the level of radiation emission, the manufacturer shall assign the machine a radiation emission category. Three categories are considered according to table 2. The relation between the level of radiation emission and the radiation emission category is specified in Annex B for each type of radiation. Table 2 — Classification of machines due to radiation emission levels Category Restrictions and protective measures Information and training
0 no restriction no information needed
1 restrictions: limitation of access, protective measures may be needed Information about hazards, risks and secondary effects
2 special restrictions and protective measures essential Information about hazards, risks and secondary effects ; training may be necessary The assignment of radiation emission category shall be done for the setting, operation and cleaning phases of the use of the machine. This shall be done for all types of radiation emissions. The manufacturer shall take into account that the radiation emissions may vary with changing environmental or operating conditions and duty cycles of the machine. The overall category for the machine is that with the highest number of the categories determined for all different types of radiation emission during the setting, operation and cleaning phases of the use of the machine. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 10 7.2 Design requirements 7.2.1 Functional radiation emission All functional radiation emissions shall be established at the lowest level, which is sufficient for the proper function of the machine during setting, operation and cleaning phases of the use of the machine. The remaining emissions shall be measured (see part 2 of this standard) and the emission category (see 7.1 and Annex C) shall be determined. Protective measures shall be applied as necessary (see clause 8, Annex C and part 3 of this standard).
7.2.2 Undesirable radiation emission Undesirable emissions of radiation from the machine should be avoided.
If undesirable emissions of radiation from the machine cannot be avoided, they should not exceed the values, which correspond to category 0 according to clause 7.1. If undesirable emissions of radiation from the machine exceed the values which correspond to category 0 appropriate protective measures shall be applied (see clauses 8 and 10). NOTE C-type standard groups may restrict their particular type of machine to categories 0 or 1. 8 Protective measures for the elimination or reduction of the risks due to radiation emission 8.1 Principles The following requirements have to be fulfilled simultaneously. in the process area, the functional radiation emission shall be established at the lowest level which is sufficient for the proper function of the machine during the different phases of use ; in the other areas, the undesirable radiation emission shall be eliminated or reduced in such proportion that the effects to exposed persons are non-existent or limited to non dangerous proportions. With respect to these requirements, the manufacturer shall take the appropriate protective measures. If not sufficient, and depending on the allocation of the radiation emission category of the machine, additionally protective measures may have to be taken by the user of the machine. The manufacturer shall provide the necessary information to the users of the machine. Category 0 There is no need for special protection measures. Category 1 According to the technical files of the machine given by the manufacturer and the information about remaining radiation emission levels at different areas around the machine, the manufacturer shall specify in the information for use, the appropriate protective measures which have to be taken. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 11 Category 2 Protective measures are necessary. Which protective measures are needed depend on the emission level, how the machine is used, and other factors. Information about hazards, risks and secondary effects shall be provided. Training may be necessary. When C-type standard for particular types or groups of machines are being prepared they shall include the necessary protection measures. NOTE Independent of the category of the machine, certain individuals, e.g. hyper-photosensitive people or those with electric or ferromagnetic implants, may need to take additional protective measures. 8.2 Choice of the appropriate measures In selecting the most appropriate methods, account shall be taken of the state of the art. In selecting the most appropriate methods of reducing radiation, the manufacturer shall take measures to reduce the radiation emissions as close to the source of emission as is possible. The manufacturer shall apply the following measures, in the order given (as far as possible): eliminate or prevent risks of exposure by design ; reduce risks, if elimination is not achievable, in the following order: reduction of emission (reduction of radiated power) ; reduction by shielding or other engineering means ; reduction of exposure by separation between processing unit and operation at control unit. inform users of the residual risks and state any necessary additional measures. NOTE A list of possible measures is given in Annex C. Part 3 of this standard contains details of the procedure of reduction of radiation emissions. 8.3 Protective measures against secondary hazards If secondary hazards are identified during the risk assessment (see 6.2), appropriate protective measures shall be applied. Which protective measures are applicable depend on the nature of the secondary hazard and has to be specified in each particular case. Secondary hazards and the appropriate protective measures shall be specified in C-type standards. 9 Verification of compliance with requirements The verification of compliance with the requirements of clause 7 consists of the steps: measurement in accordance with part 2 of this standard and/or prediction of the radiation emission ; comparison of the results with the specifications in clause 7 (elimination of the emission, reduction to the specified values or comparison with the values stated in the information for use and maintenance) ; statement of the emission category for each type of radiation ; statement of the overall category. SIST EN 12198-1:2001+A1:2008
EN 12198-1:2000+A1:2008 (E) 12 10 Information for use and maintenance 10.1 Information for use 10.1.1 The manufacturer shall state in the instructions for use, the intended uses of the machine, the radiation emission category, and the operating procedures. The manufacturer shall specify, if necessary, the level of competence to be achieved by training. Where setting and operating conditions of the machine result in a reduction of the emission the manufacturer shall give appropriate details in the instructions. If the radiation emission category is 1 or 2, the manufacturer shall additionally state the type and level of radiation which can be emitted by the machine. 10.1.2 According to the radiation emission category the information shall contain one of the following statements: a) the radiation emission category is 0. No further protective measures are needed when using the machine alone (see
8.1). In other cases (if two or more machines irradiate the same point) restrictions and/or additional protective measures may be necessary ; b) the radiation emission category is 1. No restrictions are necessary when the machine is used alone at the work place. In other cases (if two or more machines irradiate the same point) restrictions and/or additional protective measures may be necessary ; c) the radiation emission category is 2. Appropriate protective measures shall be taken. 10.1.3 When the machine is supplied with the means of reducing the emission, the machinery manufacturer shall supply information on its correct use and factors that may adversely affect its performance. 10.1.4 When there is no such provision of the means of reducing the emission, such methods of reduction and/or testing which are suitable and proven shall be specified by the manufacturer. 10.1.5 The manufacturer shall provide information on the necessity of the use of personal protective equipment. If the use of personal protective equipment is necessary, the manufacturer shall give details
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