CEN/TC 139 - Paints and varnishes

This document specifies a method for determining the film thickness of coatings on metallic and non-metallic substrates using an ultrasonic gauge.

This document specifies methods for assessing the degree of rusting of surfaces coated with paints and varnishes (organic coatings), and metallic coating plus an organic coating (duplex system), by comparison with pictorial standards.
The pictorial standards provided in this document show surfaces which have deteriorated to different degrees by a combination of rust broken through the coating and visible under-rusting.
The assessment of the degree of rusting in this document is only an estimation of the affected area on specimen. Edges are not included.

This document specifies a method for the dynamic measurement of the roll-off angle on a tilt stage of a liquid drop on a solid surface. This document also specifies how the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of the drop rolling off can be determined. The roll-off angle determined through this method can be applied when evaluating easy-to-clean or anti-adherent surfaces.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids from an interfacial tension with optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials, especially if drying effects occur during alternative measurement. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This Technical Report provides information on the effect of water-soluble chloride and sulfate contamination levels on steel surfaces, before the application of paint or related products to surfaces prepared in accordance with standard mechanical or blast-cleaning surface preparation methods.
NOTE The tolerance for water-soluble salt contamination may be different for different paint types.
This information may be used when evaluating the adequacy of surface preparation prior to painting.
This document is concerned only with measured levels of salt contamination based upon either laboratory or field testing. The levels of soluble chloride and sulfate discussed in this document are to be compared using soluble surface densities of the species as determined after extraction in accordance with ISO 8502-6 (the Bresle method), or other methods giving equivalent results. Total soluble-salt contamination may be determined by conductometric testing, but such testing will not determine the nature and concentration of the specific salts present, e.g. whether chloride or sulfate is present, or its concentration.
This document does not define specific levels of cleanliness or methods of salt removal.

This document specifies a method to measure the dynamic contact angle with an optical method. The dynamic advancing and the dynamic receding contact angles are determined.
By using the measurement specified in this document, the wetting and dewetting properties can be characterized. The morphological and chemical homogeneity of interfaces can also be determined.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids by optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials.
If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the time-dependent structural change (thixotropy) using rheological test methods. Thixotropy is the reversible, time-dependent decrease of shear viscosity η at a constant shear rate or shear stress τ.
This document provides examples of fields of application, in which important material properties can be characterized by the thixotropy. These fields of application include:
—     effectiveness of rheological additives and thixotropic agents, respectively;
—     stability of the structure at rest (e.g. behaviour when starting to pump);
—     wet film thickness after processing;
—     levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
—     orientation of effect pigments.

This document gives information on an interlaboratory comparison for the determination of the yield point, using rheological test methods. The yield point is the shear stress τ below which a material does not flow.
This document provides examples of fields of applications, in which important material properties are characterized with the aid of the yield point. These fields of application include:
—    effectiveness of rheological additives;
—    shelf life (e.g. with regard to sedimentation, separation and flocculation);
—    stability of the structure at rest;
—    behaviour when starting to pump;
—    use in scraper systems;
—    wet-film thickness;
—    levelling and sagging behaviour (e.g. without brushmarks or sag formation);
—    orientation of effect pigments.

This document specifies a test method using water immersion test for assessing the bleeding of coloured wood extractives through a coating. Leachates of coated and uncoated wood are collected after the immersion procedure and their colour is compared. The colour of the coated wood before and after immersion tests is also compared. This document does not specify acceptance values for colour differences that can be tolerated and it is not applicable to staining caused by knots for which there is a different test method (see EN 927 7).
NOTE   The method has been developed for oak and chestnut wood and might be applicable for other wood substrates containing water soluble extractives.

This document specifies the general procedure to be followed in determining the dynamic viscosity of unpigmented coating materials, such as paints, varnishes and related products, as well as binders at a shear rate range between 9 000 s−1 and 12 000 s−1. It describes an absolute viscosity measurement with cone-plate measuring geometry at high shear rates.
The measured value gives information about the resistance offered by the material to brushing, spraying and roller coating during application.
The method specified in this document is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behaviour or not. For materials containing dispersions of large particles, the measuring geometry is expected to be adapted.

This document specifies a test method to measure the surface tension of liquids with an optical method using the pendant drop. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (as defined in ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.
NOTE       For other methods to determine the surface tension, see e.g. EN 14370 and ISO 1409.

This document specifies a test method to measure the contact angle for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface. The method can be applied for the characterization of substrates and coatings.
NOTE 1    For the determination of the surface free energy of polymers and coatings, it is preferred to use either the method according to Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble or the method according to Wu.
NOTE 2    The morphological and chemical homogeneity have an influence on the measuring results. The procedures indicated in this document are based on the state-of-the-art employing the drop projection method in penumbral shadow. Other methods are not excluded.
Measuring the contact angle on powders is not part of this document.

This document specifies the sampling and testing of low volatile organic compound (VOC) coating materials and their raw materials. In particular, this document specifies a gas-chromatographic method to quantitatively determine the VOC content (i.e. the content of organic compounds with boiling points up to 250 °C) under standard conditions (101,325 kPa). It is applicable to VOC contents between 0,01 % and 0,1 % by mass.
This document does not apply to the determination of the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) content, which is covered in ISO 11890-2.
This document does not apply to volatile organic and volatile inorganic compounds that cannot be determined by gas chromatography.
The procedure for identifying the appropriate method for the determination of VOC content and the SVOC content of coating materials and their raw materials is described in ISO/TR 5601.

This document specifies a general procedure for determining the viscosity of paints, varnishes and related products, as well as binders. The method is primarily used to determine the relative viscosity of a product and to monitor this while thinning during a manufacturing process. It describes a relative measurement of viscosity using disc or ball spindles at specified speeds.
The method specified in this document is suitable for all paints and varnishes whether they are Newtonian in behaviour or not. It can also be applied to materials containing dispersions of particles.

This document specifies several types of standard panels and provides guidance and requirements on the procedures for their preparation prior to painting. The standard panels described in this document are intended for use in general methods of test for paints, varnishes and related products.

This document specifies a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance  in  the  wavelength  range  from  280  nm  to  700  nm  of  coatings  for  wind  turbine  rotor  blades. Single and multilayer coatings or coating systems can be tested.
From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the combined UV and VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent quartz substrate.

This document describes a method to measure ice adhesion from artificial ice on test substrates by using a centrifuge. Basic ice types are defined and test parameters for the ice removal are described to achieve reproducibility of test results for ice adhesion measurements for rotor blade coatings. This document does not intend to provide fixed test parameter to account for the diversity of relevant icing scenarios in this field of application.

This document specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the CIE 1976 L*u*v* colour space including correlates of lightness, chroma, saturation and hue. It includes two methods for calculating Euclidean distances in this space to represent the relative perceived magnitude of colour differences. It also specifies the method of calculating the coordinates of the u′,v′ uniform chromaticity scale diagram.
This document is applicable to tristimulus values calculated using the colour-matching functions of the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric system or the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric system. This document is applicable for the specification of colour stimuli perceived as belonging to a reflecting or transmitting object, where a three-dimensional space more uniform than tristimulus space is required. This includes self-luminous displays, like computer, television and smart-phone displays, if they are being used to simulate reflecting or transmitting objects and if the stimuli are appropriately normalized.
This document, as a whole, does not apply to colour stimuli perceived as belonging to an area that appears to be emitting light as a primary light source or that appears to be specularly reflecting such light. Only the u′,v′ uniform chromaticity scale diagram defined in 4.1 and the correlates of hue and saturation defined in 4.3 apply to such colour stimuli.

This document specifies a method for the quantitative determination of monomeric diisocyanate content in coating materials, adhesives and other liquid or pasty materials.
This method is suitable for the quantification of the following monomeric diisocyanates: methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, 2,4’-MDI and 4,4’-MDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI, 2,6-TDI, 2,4-TDI), (cis/trans) isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI,1,6-HDI) in various matrices for concentrations ranging from 0,01 % to 2,0 % mass fraction. For higher concentrations, a suitable dilution before the derivatization with p-nitrobenzyl-N-propylamine (PNBPA) is performed. The measurements are carried out using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with a multiple wavelength detector.

This document aims to enable users to identify an appropriate method for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) content and/or the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) content of coating materials and their raw materials. This document provides a step-by-step procedure for identifying appropriate tests. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 11890-1, ISO 11890-2 and ISO 17895, to help users select an appropriate analytical method for their analytical problem.

This document is part of the ISO 11890 series, dealing with the sampling and testing of coating materials and their raw materials.
This document is applicable to the determination of volatile organic compound (VOC) content in the following cases:
—     case 1: where there are single-pack coating materials other than case 3, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %, including single-pack coating materials cure not through chemical reactions and single-pack coating materials which cannot be measured by ISO 11890-2 due to chemical cure reactions or gas chromatography temperatures leading to formation of new compounds that would not appear under normal cure conditions and impacts VOC/SVOC calculation.;
—     case 2: where there are multi-pack coating materials other than case 3 and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 1 %;
—     case 3: where there are radiation curable coating materials, and the expected VOC content is greater than a mass fraction of 5 %. Radiation curable coating materials in this document include coating materials that are cured by UV, electron beam, and other radiation methods.
If the system of the first case contains SVOC, but do not cure through chemical reactions, the VOC result can be influenced by SVOC, see Annex C. In this case, ISO 11890-2 is preferred. ISO 11890-1 cannot be used for the determination of the SVOC content. In water-borne coating materials, that do not cure through chemical reactions, if the water content is much greater than VOC content and VOC content is less than a mass fraction of 10 %, ISO 11890-2 is preferred.
For all three cases, the main purpose measured is VOC. However, clarify that this VOC content can also contain SVOC. The real VOC content can be lower than the VOC content measured by ISO 11890-1.
The method specified in this document assumes that the volatile matter is either water or organic. However, it is possible that other volatile inorganic compounds are present which can require another suitable method for quantification, which is thus allowed for in the calculations. The method defined in this document is not applicable for determination of water content.

This part of the EN 13523 series specifies the procedure for evaluating the behaviour of an organic coating on a metallic substrate during and after outdoor exposure. Panel design, preparation and the procedure for outdoor exposure are performed in accordance with EN 13523 19.
After washing of the panel, some dirt can remain on the panel. This remaining dirt can influence the accuracy and precision of readings of gloss and colour, performed on exposed panels, although carried out in accordance with the standards. Unlike other precise measurements, the objective of this European Standard is to report on trends in the corrosion and/or paint degradation behaviour of coil coated panels.

This document specifies the procedure for determining the resistance of an organic coating on a metallic substrate to penetration by scratching with a needle.
It is possible that with some aluminium alloys and thin gauge steel substrate below 0,4 mm, that rather than scratching, the needle will deform the substrate. Under these conditions, this test method is not applicable.
Soft coatings such as poly vinyl chloride (PVC) and structured coatings will not give a precise result due to the soft nature of the coating and/or the potential for the needle to snag.
The method is not applicable to conductive coatings.

This part of The EN 13523 series specifies the procedures for determining the resistance to salt spray (fog) of an organic coating on a metallic substrate (coil coating).
For steel, neutral salt spray (fog) is usually used, and for aluminium, acetic acid salt spray (fog).

This document specifies the procedure for determining the difference in the colour of an organic coating on a metallic substrate by visual comparison against a standard using either diffuse natural daylight or artificial daylight in a standard booth.
NOTE   Results can differ between natural and artificial daylight.
It might be that two colour specimens will match in daylight but not under another light source. This phenomenon is known as metamerism (see EN 13523 3).
If a metameric match is to be reported in objective terms, spectrophotometric measurements (using CIE Standard Illuminants D65 and A) can be made, in accordance with EN 13523 3.
No statement is made about either the precision or the accuracy of this procedure since the results derived are neither in numerical form nor do they provide a pass/fail evaluation in objective terms. Therefore, this procedure is only intended to be used where the use of colour measuring instruments is not recommendable (evaluation of colour matches, inspection of metallic colours, etc.).
The standardization of such visual comparisons, by light sources, illuminating and viewing geometry and specimen size, provides for improved uniformity of results. This practice is essential for critical colour matching and is highly recommended for colour inspections.

This part of the EN 13523 series specifies the basic principles and procedure for determining the resistance of an organic coating on a metallic substrate (coil coating) to a combination of fluorescent UV radiation, and water condensation and temperature under controlled conditions.
Due to varied conditions which occur during natural weathering and the extreme nature of accelerated testing, correlation between the two cannot be expected.
Not all organic coatings will perform on an equal basis but a degree of correlation between the same generic type might be observed.

This document specifies the procedures for determining the dry-film thickness of an organic coating on a metallic substrate (coil coating).
Five appropriate methods are given in this document:
a)   magnetic induction;
b)   eddy current;
c)   micrometer;
d)   optical;
e)   ruggedized optical interference.
The methods are applicable only to products with smooth and flat substrates, but the coating itself can be textured. In that case, for methods a) and b), the average of a series of readings will represent an average of the thickness of the organic coating, while method c) will give the maximum thickness, method d) can provide the minimum, maximum and average thickness, and e) will give the total thickness.
Non-destructive continuous-web methods on measurement of dry-film thickness are only applicable on method a).

This part of the EN 13523 series specifies a procedure for the comparative evaluation of resistance to soiling of an organic coating on a metallic substrate (coil coating) in an outdoor exposure environment, particularly the soiling defect known as "Tiger stripes".

This document specifies procedures for determining the instrumental colour difference (CIELAB   or  ) of an organic coating on a metallic substrate compared to another one used as a reference (usually called reference) and the metamerism depending on the illuminant.
When two colour specimens have identical spectral reflectance curves, they are matching under any illuminant irrespective of its spectral characteristics. This is termed a “spectral match”. It is also possible for two colour specimens having different spectral reflectance curves to match visually under a given light source but not to match under another light source with different spectral characteristics; such matches are termed "metameric".
One quantitative description of metamerism is the so-called "metamerism index".
Information on the metamerism index is of limited value where ΔE (instrumental colour difference for a given illuminant) is > 0,5. The metamerism index is not suited for determining the absolute colour difference or colour consistency of a given specimen at change of illuminant.
The colour difference under the reference illuminant is to be measured in colour coordinates L*, a* and b*.
Excluded from this method are organic coatings producing fluorescence and/or which are multicoloured, pearlescent or metallic.
Establishing a reference as well as the magnitude of an acceptable colour difference are not covered by this method.
Two methods are given in this document:
a)   instrumental colour difference measurement using a tristimulus colourimeter;
b)   instrumental colour difference measurement using a spectrophotometer or equivalent.
It is advised that care is taken when measuring e.g.
-   textured surfaces;
-   fluorescent coatings;
-   metameric coatings;
-   multi-coloured, pearlescent, metallic or special colour effect coatings.

This document specifies a method for assessing the amount of filiform corrosion developed from a scribed mark by measuring the length of the longest filament L and the most frequent length M of filaments.
Pictorial examples provided in Annex A of this document illustrate different ratings for the degree of filiform corrosion. A comparison of the test panels with the 12 pictures in Annex A does not supersede the obligatory numerical assessment (method 1 or 2).
ISO 4628-1 defines a system used for designating the quantity and size of defects and the intensity of uniform changes in appearance of coatings and outlines the general principles of the system. This system is intended to be used, in particular, for defects caused by ageing and weathering, and for uniform changes such as colour changes, for example yellowing.

This document specifies a mobile method for evaluating the resistance of automotive finishes to chilled-iron grit projected onto the surface under test to simulate the effect of stone chipping.
Results from the test specified in this document are not comparable with results specified in ISO 20567-1.

ISO 2811-3:2011 specifies a method for determining the density of paints, varnishes and related products using an oscillator.
The method is suitable for all materials, including paste-like coatings. If a pressure-resistant type of apparatus is used, the method is also applicable to aerosols.

This document specifies methods for the determination of the rheological behaviour of a coating powder both in particulate and molten form.

This document specifies a method based on a cyclic corrosion test for testing the corrosion protection of automobiles using coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel.
The test method uses corrosive conditions (temperature and humidity ramps and salt spray) to create realistic corrosion patterns. These corrosion patterns are typical for automobiles, and they are comparable in the case of sufficiently similar protective coating systems. In particular, the accelerated test investigates the delamination/corrosion creep that results from defined artificial damage to a coating. Investigations of surface and edge corrosion or investigations of adhesive specimens or components are also covered. This cyclic corrosion test is also suitable for testing corrosion in flanged areas or near gaps.
This document was developed for the assessment of coated substrates (test specimens, bodywork and mounted parts) in the automotive industry. Other applications, such as components with unpainted metallic coatings, were not part of the scope of the standardization work. This document was originally developed for coating systems on aluminium, steel or galvanized steel but it can also be used for the assessment of the corrosion resistance of coating systems on other metals and their alloys.

ISO 4628-6:2011 provides pictorial reference standards for designating the degree of chalking of paint coatings. It also describes a method by which the degree of chalking is rated.

This document describes the procedure for determining the resistance of an organic coating on a metallic substrate to humid atmospheres containing sulfur dioxide.

This document specifies a test method for estimating the influence of jetting liquids from the rinsing process after electro-deposition coating (permeate residues) on a coating.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a test method for determining the pigment-binder ratio.
It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for determining the density of coating powders by liquid displacement in a measuring cylinder. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test portion. It can be used for all types of coating powders.
NOTE      If the powder does not swell in contact with the displacement liquid used and if the displacement liquid replaces the air between the powder particles, it can then be used and compared with the method described in ISO 8130-3.

This document specifies a method to evaluate the resistance of automobile finishes and other coatings to the impact of a wedge-shaped body which is projected onto the surface under test to simulate the impact of stones.

This document specifies three methods for determining the adhesion by carrying out a pull-off test on a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product.
These methods include:
—    method A: using two dollies, suitable for testing both rigid and deformable substrates;
—    method B: testing from one side only, using a single dolly, suitable for rigid substrates only;
—    method C: using dollies, one as a painted substrate.
These test methods have been found useful in comparing the adhesion behaviour of different coatings. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion.
The test can be applied using a wide range of substrates. Different procedures are given according to whether the substrate is deformable, e.g. thin metal, plastics and wood, or rigid, e.g. thick concrete and metal plates. To avoid distortion of the substrate during the tensile test, it is common to use a sandwich construction. For example, for special purposes, the coating can be applied directly to the face of a test dolly.

This Technical Specification describes a test method to measure the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VIS) spectral transmittance in the wavelength range from 280 nm to 700 nm of coatings for exterior wood. From the spectral transmittance the transmittance of UV, VIS and the UV plus VIS wavelength range can be calculated.
It is applicable to free coatings films or coatings applied on a UV-transparent substrate.

This document describes the procedure for determining objectively the chalking resulting from natural or artificial weathering of an organic coating on a metallic substrate.
The advantage of this procedure for measuring chalking of an organic coating is that the result can be read off immediately on an instrument. Subjective judgement by visual comparison of test specimens with reference specimens is not necessary.
Reproducible results can only be obtained by careful execution of the test. Special attention is paid to the adhesive tape and its application to the test surface.
The test method is not applicable to embossed coatings. In the case of textured coatings, the degree of texture will influence readings. Also, dirt collection can influence readings on outdoor weathered specimens.
NOTE   Different methods for assessing chalking are in use. The results of these different methods are not comparable.

This document specifies general methods of test for epoxy resins for use in paints, varnishes and similar products. It is also applicable to those solutions made from epoxy resins that are intended for use as binders for paints and varnishes.
The test methods described in this document are not intended for epoxy esters.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive-paper covered wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimen.

This document specifies a test method for determining, under defined conditions, the resistance of a single coating or a multi-coat system of paint, varnish or related product to penetration, by scratching with a scratch stylus loaded with a specified load. The stylus penetrates to the substrate, except in the case of a multi-coat system, in which case the stylus can penetrate either to the substrate or to an intermediate coat.
The method specified can be carried out:
a)    either as a “pass/fail” test, by testing with a single specified load applied to the stylus to assess conformity with a particular specification; or
b)    as an assessment test by applying increasing loads to the stylus to determine the minimum load at which the coating is penetrated.
NOTE      Neither this document nor ISO 1518-2 specifies a method using a curved stylus, which is specified in ISO 12137. The choice between the three methods depends on the particular practical problem.

This document specifies a method for determining the resistance to abrasion of coatings, for which two loaded, freely rotatable but eccentrically arranged abrasive rubber wheels affect the coating of the rotating test specimen.

This document defines terms used in the field of coating materials (paints, varnishes and raw materials for paints and varnishes).
Terms relating to specific applications and properties are dealt with in standards concerning those applications and properties, including corrosion protection (see the ISO 12944 series), coating powders (see ISO 8130-14), electro-deposition coatings (see ISO 22553-1) and rheology (see ISO 3219-1).
Terms on nanotechnologies are harmonized with the ISO 80004 series.
Terms on pigments and extenders are harmonized with ISO 18451-1.