ISO/TC 35/SC 9 - General test methods for paints and varnishes

This document gives technical descriptions of X-Y measuring tables together with sample applications, sample evaluations and practical recommendations for visual and metrological evaluation as a supplement to the ISO 28199 series. This document intends to provide further information on this subject to interested parties.

This document specifies a test method for the evaluation of protection against corrosion of edges and stamping burrs by electro-deposition coatings. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document gives guidelines on how to perform accelerated cyclic electrochemical technique (ACET) with organic protective coatings on metals. This document specifies the execution of an ACET test and the considerations relative to the samples and electrochemical cell, test parameters and procedure. This document also provides guidelines for the presentation of experimental results such as Bode plots and relaxation curves and other types of information obtained. Some typical examples are shown in Annex A.

This document specifies a test method for the evaluation of the resistance of coatings to pressure water-jetting. The test method simulates the effects pressure water-jetting has on a coating.

This document specifies a method for the calculation of the lower explosion limit of a coating powder, i.e. the minimum concentration of the coating powder in air which will form an explosive mixture. It is based on the measurement of the gross calorific value of the product, as determined by the method described in ISO 1928.

This document describes the main sources of error in the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the investigation of coatings and other materials. The sources of error listed here include all process steps from the set-up of the sample with the measuring cell right through to evaluation. NOTE The sources of error discussed here do not represent a complete list.

This document specifies a method for estimating the flow properties of a mixture of coating powder and air. The results obtained are influenced by the composition of the coating powder, its density, particle size distribution and particle shape, together with the tendency of the particles to agglomerate and to accept a charge.

This document specifies a method for determining the mass fraction in per cent (%) of a sprayed coating powder which is deposited on a test item under known spray gun and environmental conditions. The method is applicable to powders applied by corona or tribo charging and can be used to compare the deposition efficiency of different powders with the same or different gun with the same powder. This method is only used for comparison when powders or guns are evaluated consecutively, as the influence of the environment and the equipment can vary significantly with time and location.

This document establishes a method for the estimation of the storage stability of thermosetting coating powders. It provides the procedures for determining the changes both in the physical state of a thermosetting coating powder and in its chemical reactivity, together with its capacity to form a satisfactory final coating.

This document specifies a liquid displacement pycnometer method for the determination of the density of coating powders. The method is based on a determination of the mass and the volume of a test portion. Coating powders with density 3, can be measured in accordance with ISO 1183-1 and the appropriate method, by agreement.

This document specifies a method for determining the time for a thermosetting coating powder to gel at a specified temperature. A method is described for checking batch to batch variation and for the quality control of a given coating powder. The method is not applicable to coating powders with ultra-short gel times (less than 15 s).

This document specifies a method for the determination of density for all types of coating powders using a gas comparison pycnometer.

This document specifies visual methods for the assessment of tendency to sagging, formation of bubbles, pinholing and hiding power of coating materials applied to a test panel under defined conditions, using spray application process. Assessment using measuring techniques is also described for all evaluations.

This document specifies methods for the determination of colour stability/colour evaluation, process hiding power, re-dissolving, overspray absorption, wetting, surface texture and mottling of coating materials applied to a test panel under defined conditions, using spray application process.

This document specifies the general principles of rotational and oscillatory rheometry. Detailed information is presented in Annex A. Further background information is covered in subsequent parts of the ISO 3219 series, which are currently in preparation.

This document specifies general terms and definitions that are used in the context of rotational and oscillatory rheometry. Further terms and definitions can be found in the other parts of the ISO 3219 series where they are used.

This document specifies a method for determining optical and dielectric constants in the UV-VIS-NIR spectral range as well as layer thicknesses in the field of at-line production control, quality assurance and material development through accredited test laboratories. It is applicable to stand-alone measuring systems. The presentation of the uncertainty of results conforms to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3.

This document defines terms relating to the evaluation of coating materials in research, development and production with regard to their suitability and safety for industrial processes and error analysis. This document also specifies methods for the preparation of test panels and the subsequent measurement of film thickness, colour, surface texture and other measurable surface properties.

This document specifies a method for determining the deposition behaviour of an electro-deposition coating (e-coat) on various substrates and with various pre-treatments. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for determining the re-solving effect of electro-deposition coatings. It applies to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies methods for exposing coatings to fluorescent UV lamps, heat and water in apparatus designed to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed in actual end-use environments to daylight, or to daylight through window glass. The coatings are exposed to different types of fluorescent UV lamps under controlled environmental conditions (temperature, humidity and/or water). Different types of fluorescent UV lamp can be used to meet all the requirements for testing different materials. Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in other ISO documents for specific materials. General guidance is given in ISO 16474‑1. NOTE Fluorescent UV lamp exposures for plastics are described in ISO 4892‑3.

This document specifies a laboratory test method for screening anti-fouling paints in a flow-through system using barnacle cyprid larvae as the test organism. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 21716-1, which specifies the general requirements. The purpose of the test is to determine if there is a difference in barnacle settlement on painted test panels compared with barnacle settlement on inert non-toxic control panels under the conditions of the test. Examples of statistical analysis to determine if the difference in barnacle settlement is statistically significant are given in Annex A.

This document specifies general requirements and common specifications for preparing and aging panels coated with anti-fouling paint to perform laboratory bioassay screening tests against specified organisms. Such tests are given in the other parts of the ISO 21716 series, with which this document is intended to be used. This document is applicable to all anti-fouling paints that prevent or deter the attachment and growth of sessile organisms on a surface through chemical or biological means. It is not applicable to the following: — coatings that deter or prevent fouling solely by physical means such as biocide-free foul release paints; — anti-fouling methods used for controlling harmful marine organisms and pathogenic organisms in ships' ballast water and sediments according to IMO International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004[7].

This document specifies a laboratory test method for screening anti-fouling paints in a flow-through system using mussels as the test organism. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 21716-1, which specifies the general requirements. The purpose of the test is to determine if there is a difference in mussel settlement on painted test panels compared with mussel settlement on inert non-toxic control panels under the conditions of the test. Examples of statistical analysis to determine if the difference in mussel settlement is statistically significant are given in Annex A.

This document specifies the conditions to take into consideration when selecting the type of natural weathering and the natural weathering procedure to determine the resistance of coatings or coating systems (direct weathering or weathering behind window glass). Natural weathering is used to determine the resistance of coatings or coating systems (denoted in this document by coatings) to the sun's radiation and the atmosphere. This document does not take into account special atmospheric influences, e.g. industrial pollution.

This document specifies a test method for assessing the resistance of paint coatings and varnishes (including wood stains) to separation from substrates when a right-angle lattice pattern is cut into the coating, penetrating through to the substrate. The property determined by this empirical test procedure depends, among other factors, on the adhesion of the coating to either the preceding coat or the substrate. This procedure is not, however, a means of measuring adhesion. NOTE 1 Where a measurement of adhesion is required, see the method described in ISO 4624. NOTE 2 Although the test is primarily intended for use in the laboratory, the test is also suitable for field testing. The method described can be used either as a pass/fail test or, where circumstances are appropriate, as a six-step classification test. When applied to a multi-coat system, assessment of the resistance to separation of individual layers of the coating from each other can be made. The test can be carried out on finished objects and/or on specially prepared test specimens. Although the method is applicable to paint on hard (e.g. metal) and soft (e.g. wood and plaster) substrates, these different substrates need a different test procedure (see Clause 8). The method is not suitable for coatings of total thickness greater than 250 µm or for textured coatings. NOTE 3 The method, when applied to coatings designed to give a rough patterned surface, will give results which will show too much variation (see also ISO 16276-2).

This document specifies a method for determining the fineness of grind of paints, inks and related products by use of a suitable gauge, graduated in micrometres. It is applicable to all types of liquid paints and related products, except products containing pigments in flake form (e.g. glass flakes, micaceous iron oxides, zinc flakes).

This document specifies a method for determining the electric charge density of an electro-deposition coating (e‑coat) for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies procedures for the sampling of paints and varnishes, including coating powders, and raw materials used in their manufacture. Such products include liquids and materials which, without undergoing chemical modification, are capable of being liquefied when heated up, and powdered, granulated and pasty materials. Samples can be taken from containers, for example cans, drums, tanks, tank wagons or ships' tanks, as well as from barrels, sacks, big-bags, silos or silo wagons or conveyor belts. This document does not deal with the sample preparation for testing or reduction of the samples thus taken, which is dealt with in ISO 1513.

This document specifies a method for determining the volatile-matter content of electro-deposition coatings (e-coats) during stoving (stoving loss) used for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

1 Scope This document specifies a method for determining the wet-film resistivity of an electro-deposition coating (e‑coat) for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for assessing the sedimentation of electro-deposition coating materials on horizontal surfaces used for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a test procedure for assessing the scratch resistance of organic paint coatings, in particular paint coatings used in the automotive industry (i.e. for assessing their car-wash resistance). Machine-based washing is simulated in the laboratory environment using a rotating brush and synthetic dirt. The test conditions have been designed to be as close as possible to the real conditions in a car-wash. If the test parameters are suitably chosen, the method can also be used for testing protective plastics films and plastics components.

This document specifies a method for assessing the bath stability of electro-deposition coatings used for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for determining the film hardness by pushing pencils of known hardness over the film. The test can be performed on a single coating of a paint, varnish or related product, or on the upper layer of a multi-coat system. This rapid test has not been found to be useful in comparing the pencil hardness of different coatings. It is more useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in pencil hardness. The method is applicable only to smooth surfaces.

This document specifies two on-site test methods (on-site cleanability [stain removal] and on-site wet-scrub resistance) for the evaluation of the quality assessment for interior wall coatings. These test methods are applicable to white coatings and light-coloured coatings of tristimulus value Y10 greater than 25 measured on a test specimen consisting of a coating applied to a black substrate. The cleanability test can differentiate the coating quality between 18 % of the pigment volume concentration (PVC) and the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC). The on-site wet-scrub resistance test method can differentiate the coating quality when the PVC is nearly equal to the CPVC or above.

This document specifies methods for determining the hiding power given by paint coats of white or light colours of tristimulus values Y and Y10 greater than 25, applied to a black and white chart, or to a colourless transparent foil. In the latter case the tristimulus values Y and Y10 are measured over black and white panels. Subsequently, the hiding power is calculated from these tristimulus values. This document also specifies a simple method for calculating the spreading rate for paints with a volatile matter content with low evaporation speed, e.g. coatings for interior walls and ceilings as specified in EN 13300.

This document specifies a method for determining the electrical conductivity and the electrical resistance of coating materials. The conductivity is usually measured for water-borne paints and varnishes, including electrodeposition coating materials, and the resistance is usually measured for solvent-borne paints and varnishes. If required, the resistivity of the coating material is calculated from either of these measurements. The method is applicable to products having a conductivity less than 5 µS/cm, corresponding to a resistivity greater than 200 kΩ⋅cm. The conductivity of coating materials influences their processibility in the presence of an electric field. This is particularly important for electrodeposition paints and coating materials which are processed electrostatically.

This document specifies a method for determining the non-volatile matter by volume (NVV) of coating materials and related products by measuring the density of a dried coating for any specified temperature range and period of drying or curing. This method determines the non-volatile matter immediately after application. Using the non-volatile matter by volume results obtained in accordance with this document, it is possible to calculate the spreading rate of coating materials. The method specified in this document is the preferred method for air-drying materials. Its use for other materials has not yet been tested. Annex B gives an overview of the existing methods for determination of non-volatile-matter content and volume of non-volatile matter. This document is not applicable to coating materials in which the critical pigment volume concentration is exceeded.

This document specifies three different methods of electro-deposition coating material contamination with liquid, paste-like and solid foreign materials. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of the throwing power of electro-deposition coating materials. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document defines terms for electro-deposition coatings. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

The document specifies a method for the determination of the compatibility of electro-deposition coating materials with a reference oil. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies a method for identifying entry marks, which can occur during electro-deposition coating. Entry marks can often occur in the form of streaks when the workpiece, either set as cathode or anode, is immersed in the electro-deposition tank under applied electric potential (relation of voltage and current). These marks occur parallel to the bath surface on the objects to be coated. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture.

This document specifies the lighting and the procedure for the visual assessment of degraded areas, spots or other defects on or in coatings. This document is not applicable to the visual comparison of colour, which can be assessed using ISO 3668. NOTE See Annex A for examples of the possible applications of this document.

This document specifies a method for the determination of soiling material, e.g. from previous processes, non-dispersed paint particles and other foreign material in the electro-deposition coating material. It is applicable to electro-deposition coatings for automotive industries and other general industrial applications, e.g. chiller units, consumer products, radiators, aerospace, agriculture. In practice, increased sieve residue can have different causes, such as metal particles, which are introduced together with the object to be coated, or clots.

This document specifies a method for using phase-sensitive eddy-current instruments for non-destructive measurements of the thickness of non-magnetic metallic coatings on metallic and non-metallic basis materials such as: a) zinc, cadmium, copper, tin or chromium on steel; b) copper or silver on composite materials. The phase-sensitive method can be applied without thickness errors to smaller surface areas and to stronger surface curvatures than the amplitude-sensitive eddy-current method specified in ISO 2360, and is less affected by the magnetic properties of the basis material. However, the phase-sensitive method is more affected by the electrical properties of the coating materials. In this document, the term "coating" is used for materials such as, for example, paints and varnishes, electroplated coatings, enamel coatings, plastic coatings, claddings and powder coatings. This method is particularly applicable to measurements of the thickness of metallic coatings. These coatings can be non-magnetic metallic coatings on non-conductive, conductive or magnetic base materials, but also magnetic coatings on non-conductive or conductive base materials. The measurement of metallic coatings on metallic basis material works only when the product of conductivity and permeability (σ, μ) of one of the materials is at least a factor of two times the product of conductivity and permeability for the other material. Non-ferromagnetic materials have a relative permeability of one.

This document provides an overview for selecting the most suitable test method regarding the evaluation of the hardness and the wear resistance of coatings. Annex A gives a summarized list of test methods for the evaluation of the hardness and of the wear resistance of coatings for different stresses. Methods for testing cross-linking (wear test in connection with solvents) and abrasion tests with multiple impacts are not covered by this document.

This document describes methods of scribing coated steel or test-pieces for corrosion tests, where the coating system is applied at dry film thicknesses of less than 500 μm. It is intended as a guideline only, being based on the results of a collaborative trial with no subsequent corrosion testing having been carried out to determine the suitability of the introduced scribe marks for such tests. This document covers the scribing of metallic panels or test pieces (chemically treated or not) made from: — steel; — galvanized steel; — aluminium alloys; — magnesium alloys. It does not cover the scribing of electroplated metal or clad aluminium panels.

This document specifies a method for determining the non-volatile matter by volume (NVV) of coating materials by determining the practical dry-film density. This method determines the volume percentage of non-volatile matter in paints, varnishes and related products by measuring the density of a dry coating for any specified temperature range and period of drying or curing. The non-volatile matter content is determined in accordance with ISO 3251. Using the non-volatile matter by volume results obtained in accordance with this document, it is possible to calculate the practical spreading rate of coating materials. This method specifies an additional shape of plate to those described in ISO 3233‑1 and is suitable for all products which can be applied by dipping. This document is not applicable to coating materials which exceed the Critical Pigment Volume Concentration (CPVC). Annex A gives an overview of the existing methods for the determination of non-volatile matter content and of non-volatile matter volume.