ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 24/WG 6 - Computer Graphics and Virtual Reality

ISO/IEC 19775, X3D, defines a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D application is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 defines the architecture and base components of X3D. The semantics of X3D describe an abstract functional behaviour of time-based, interactive 3D, multimedia information. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2013 does not define physical devices or any other implementation-dependent concepts (e.g. screen resolution and input devices). It is intended for a wide variety of devices and applications, and provides wide latitude in interpretation and implementation of the functionality. For example, it does not assume the existence of a mouse or 2D display device. Each X3D application: implicitly establishes a world coordinate space for all objects defined, as well as all objects included by the application; explicitly defines and composes a set of 3D and multimedia objects; can specify hyperlinks to other files and applications; can define programmatic or data-driven object behaviours; can connect to external modules or applications via programming and scripting languages; explicitly declares its functional requirements by specifying a profile; can declare additional functional requirements by specifying components.

For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language-dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-1:2006 specifies such a language dependent layer for the ECMAScript language. ISO/IEC 19775-2 specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions.

The Extensible 3D (X3D) specification, ISO/IEC 19775, specifies a language-independent application programmer interface (API) to a set of services and functions. For integration into a programming language, the X3D abstract interfaces are embedded in a language dependent layer obeying the particular conventions of that language. ISO/IEC 19777-2:2006 specifies such a language-dependent layer for the Java programming language.

ISO/IEC 15948:2004 specifies a datastream and an associated file format, Portable Network Graphics (PNG, pronounced "ping"), for a lossless, portable, compressed individual computer graphics image transmitted across the Internet. Indexed-colour, greyscale, and truecolour images are supported, with optional transparency. Sample depths range from 1 to 16 bits. PNG is fully streamable with a progressive display option. It is robust, providing both full file integrity checking and simple detection of common transmission errors. PNG can store gamma and chromaticity data as well as a full ICC colour profile for accurate colour matching on heterogenous platforms. ISO/IEC 15948:2004 defines the Internet Media type "image/png". The datastream and associated file format have value outside of the main design goal.

This part of ISO/IEC 8632 specifies a binary encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile. For each of the elements specified in ISO/IEC 8632-1, this part specifies an encoding in terms of data types. For each of these data types, an explicit representation in terms of bits, octets and words is specified. For some data types, the exact representation is a function of the precisions being used in the metafile, as recorded in the Metafile Descriptor. This encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile will, in many circumstances, minimize the effort required to generate and interpret the metafile.

ISO/IEC 8632 provides a file format suitable for the storage and retrieval of picture description information. The file format consists of an ordered set of elements that may be used to describe pictures in a way that is compatible between systems of different architectures, compatible with devices of differing capabilities and design, and meaningful to application constituencies. This picture description includes the capability for describing static images. The elements specified provide for the representation of a wide range of pictures on a wide range of graphical devices. The elements are organized into groups that delimit major structures (metafiles, pictures, and application structures), that specify the representations used within the metafile, that control the display of the picture, that perform basic drawing actions, that control the attributes of the basic drawing actions, that allow application-specific structuring to be overlaid on the graphical content, and that provide access to non-standard device capabilities. The metafile is defined in such a way that, in addition to sequential access to the whole metafile, random access to individual pictures and individual context-independent application structures is well-defined. Applications which require random access to pictures and/or context-independent application structures within pictures may, within the metafile, define directories to these pictures and/or context-independent application structures. The metafile may then be opened and randomly accessed without interpreting the entire metafile. In addition to a functional specification, two standard encodings of the metafile syntax are specified. These encodings address the needs of applications that require small metafile size plus minimum effort to generate and interpret, and maximum flexibility for a human reader or editor of the metafile. This part of ISO/IEC 8632 describes the format using an abstract syntax. The remaining parts of ISO 8632 specify standardized encodings that conform to this syntax: ISO/IEC 8632-3 specifies a binary encoding; ISO/IEC 8632-4 specifies a clear text encoding.

This part of ISO/IEC 8632 specifies a clear text encoding of the Computer Graphics Metafile. For each of the elements specified in ISO/IEC 8632-1, a clear text encoding is specified. Allowed abbreviations are specified. The overall format of the metafile and the means by which comments may be interspersed in the metafile is specified. This encoding of the CGM allows metafiles to be created and maintained in a form which is simple to type, easy to edit and convenient to read.

This part of ISO/IEC 7942 provides a file format for capturing the sequence of GKS functions and their parameters invoked by an application, for subsequent playback.Â

This part of ISO/IEC 14478 describes a set of Object types and non-Object types to provide the construction of, presentation of, and the interaction with Multimedia information. The multimedia information tan be graphics, Video, audio, or other types of presentable media. This information tan be enhanced by time aspects. Throughout this document this part of ISO/IEC 14478 will also be referred to as "Modelling, Rendering and Interaction", and abbreviated as MRI. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component constitutes a framework of ?Middleware', System Software components lying between the generic operating System and computing environment, and a specific application operating as a client of the Services and type definitions provided by this component. It provides a framework over the foundation objects and multimedia Systems Services defined in other Parts of the international Standard for the development of a distributed and heterogeneous network of devices for creating multimedia models, rendering these models, and interacting with this process. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component encompasses the following characteristics: a) Provision of a hierarchy of multimedia primitives as an abstract framework for describing the capabilities of modelling and rendering devices, and for enabling their interoperation; b) within the primitive hierarchy, specific Provision for describing the temporal structure of multimedia data through the stepwise construction of structured primitives from component data; c) Provision of abstract types for modelers, renderers and other supporting devices, enabling the integration of such devices or any future subtypes representing real Software or hardware, into a processing network of such devices; d) provision of an Object type to map synchronization requirements expressed within multimedia primitives into control of the stream and synchronization mechanisms provided by ISO/IEC 14478-2 and ISO/IEC 14478-3. The Modelling, Rendering and Interaction Component relies on the Object types and Services defined in PREMO Part 2: Foundation Components (ISO/IEC 1447%2), and PREMO Part 3: Multimedia Systems Services (ISO/IEC 14478-3).

ISO/IEC 14478 specifies techniques for supporting interactive Single, and multiple media applications which recognize and emphasize the interrelationships among user interfaces, multimedia applications, and multimedia information interchange. ISO/IEC 14478 defines a flexible environment to encompass modular functionality and is extensible through the creation of future components, both within and outside of Standards committees. It supports a wide range of multimedia applications in a consistent way, from simple drawings up to full motion Video, Sound, and virtual reality environments. ISO/IEC 14478 is independent of any particular implementation language, development environment, or execution environment. For integration into a programming environment, the Standard shall be embedded in a System dependent interface following the particular conventions of that environment. ISO/IEC 14478 provides versatile packaging techniques beyond the capabilities of monolithic Single-media Systems. This allows rearranging and extending functionality to satisfy requirements specific to particular application areas. ISO/IEC 14478 is developed incrementally with Parts 1 through 4 initially available. Other components are expected to be standardized by ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC24 or other subcommittees. ISO/IEC 14478 provides a framework within which application-defined ways of interacting with the environment tan be integrated. Methods for the definition, presentation, and manipulation of both input and output objects are described. Applicationsupplied structuring of objects is also allowed and tan, for example, be used as a basis for the development of toolkits for the creation of, presentation of, and interaction with multimedia and hyper-media documents and product model data. ISO/IEC 14478 is able to support construction, presentation, and interaction with multiple simultaneous inputs and Outputs using multiple media. Several such activities may occur simultaneously, and the application program tan adapt its behaviour to make best use of the capabilities of its environment. ISO/IEC 14478 includes interfaces for external storage, retrieval and interchange of multimedia objects.

This part of ISO/IEC 14478 defines a standard set of multimedia system services that can be used by multimedia application de­velopers in a variety of computing environments. The focus is on enabling multimedia applications in a heterogeneous, distrib­uted computing environment. Throughout this part of ISO/IEC 14478, this component will also be referred to as "Multimedia Systems Services", and abbreviated as MSS. The Multimedia Systems Services constitutes a framework of "middleware" - system software components lying in the region between the generic operating system and specific applications. As middleware, the Multimedia Systems Services marshals low­er-level system resources to the task of supporting multimedia processing, providing a set of common services which can be used by multimedia application developers. The Multimedia Systems Services encompasses the following characteristics: a) provision of an abstract type for a media processing node, extensible through subtyping to support abstractions of real media processing hardware or software; b) provision of an abstract type for the data flow path or the connection between media processing nodes, encapsulating low-level connection and transport semantics; c) grouping of multiple processing nodes and connections into a single unit for purposes of resource reservation and stream control; d) provision or a media dataflow abstraction. with support for a variety of position, time and/or synchronization capabili­ties; e) separation of the media format abstractions from the dataflow abstraction; f) synchronous exceptions and asynchronous events; g) application visible characterization of object capabilities; h) registration of objects in a distributed environment by location and capabilities; i) retrieval of objects in a distributed environment by location and constraints; j) definition of a Media Stream Protocol to support media independent transport and synchronization. The Multimedia Systems Services rely on the object model of ISO/IEC 14478-1 (Fundamentals of PREMO) and the object types and non-object data types defined in TSO/IEC 14478-2 (PREMO Foundation Component).

Cancels and replaces the first edition (1985). Specifies a set of functions for computer graphics programming, the graphical kernel system. Provides functions for two dimensional graphical output, the storage and dynamic modification of pictures, and operator input. Applicabe to a wide range of applications that produce two dimensional pictures on vector or raster graphical devices in monochrome or colour.

Specifies a character encoding of the computer graphics interface. For each of the functions specified in ISO/IEC 9636 an encoding is specified. The encoding provides a highly compact representation of the data, suitable for applications that require the data to be of minimum size and suitable for transmission with character-oriented transmission services.

For each of the function syntaxes in clauses 5 and 6 of ISO/IEC 9636-2 to 9636-6, an encoding is specified in terms of an opcode and a sequence of parameters of specified data types. For each of these data types, an explicit representation in terms of bits, 8-bit and 16-bit entities is specified. This binary encoding will, in many circumstances, reduce the effort required to generate and interpret the data stream as compared to other encodings.

Describes those functions of the interface concerned with output primitives and associated attributes and controls for creating graphical pictures. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard. Annexes C, D, E, F, G and H are for information only.

Includes a reference model, the relationship to other standards, and profiles. Establishes the framework for all the parts of ISO/IEC 9636. Does not contain functional descriptions.

Defines those functions of the interface concerned with the creation, modification, and manipulation of graphic pictures using segments. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard. Annexes C and D are for information only.

Describes those functions of the interface concerned with creating, modifying, retrieving, and displaying portions of an image stored as pixel data. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard. Annexes C, D, E and F are for information only.

Defines those functions of the interface concerned with obtaining graphical and non-graphical input from a virtual device. Defines also functions to support echoing of input operations on separate virtual devices.

Describes those functions of the interface concerned with virtual device management, coordinate space control, and error control. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard. Annex C is for information only.

Specifies a set of functions for computer graphics programming, i.e. the Graphical Kernel System for Three Dimensions (GKS-3D) as the basic graphics system of computer-generated three dimensional pictures on graphics output devices. Provides application programs to define and display 3D graphical primitives, specified using 3D coordinates. Functions are provided to for storage on and retrieval from an external graphics file with the functions being organized in upward compatible levels with increasing capabilities. Additional functions are defined to generate output primitives.

ISO/IEC 19775, Extensible 3D (X3D), defines a system that integrates three-dimensional graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D file is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19776-3:2011 defines a mapping of the abstract objects in X3D to a specific X3D encoding written out in a compact binary form. Each X3D file encoded using the compressed binary encoding: supports all of the purposes of X3D files defined in the X3D abstract specification ISO/IEC 19775; encodes X3D constructs in a compressed binary format, taking advantage of geometric and information-theoretic compression techniques. X3D files encoded using the compressed binary encoding may be referenced from files using other X3D encodings, and may themselves reference other X3D files encoded using other X3D encodings. Sets of X3D files that use multiple encodings can only be processed by browsers that support all of the utilized X3D encodings.

ISO/IEC 19775 defines a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D application is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19775-2:2010 specifies a standard set of services that are made available by a browser so that an author can access the scene graph while it is running. Such access is designed to support interaction with, and modification of, the scene graph.

ISO/IEC 19775, Extensible 3D (X3D), defines a system that integrates 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D file is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19776-1:2009 defines a mapping of the abstract objects in X3D to a specific X3D encoding using the Extensible Markup Language (XML). Each XML-encoded X3D file: supports all of the purposes of X3D files defined in the X3D abstract specification ISO/IEC 19775; encodes X3D constructs in an XML format. An XML-encoded X3D file may be referenced from files using other X3D encodings and may itself reference other X3D files encoded using other X3D encodings. Such files can only be processed by browsers that conform to all of the utilized X3D encodings.

ISO/IEC 19775, Extensible 3D (X3D), defines a system that integrates three-dimensional (3D) graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D file is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19776-2:2008 defines a mapping of the abstract objects in X3D to a specific encoding using the technique defined in ISO/IEC 14772, Information technology - Computer graphics and image processing - The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). Each Classic VRML-encoded X3D file supports all of the purposes of X3D files defined in ISO/IEC 19775, and encodes X3D constructs in Classic VRML format. A Classic VRML-encoded X3D file may be referenced from files using other encodings and may itself reference X3D files encoded using other encodings. Such files can only be processed by browsers which conform to all of the utilized encodings.

ISO/IEC 19775, X3D, defines a software system that integrates network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D application is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. This part of ISO/IEC 19775 defines the architecture and base components of X3D. ISO/IEC 19775-1:2008 does not define physical devices or any other implementation-dependent concepts (e.g., screen resolution and input devices). It is intended for a wide variety of devices and applications, and provides wide latitude in interpretation and implementation of the functionality.

ISO/IEC 19775 (X3D) defines a system that integrates 3D graphics and multimedia. Conceptually, each X3D file is a 3D time-based space that contains graphic and aural objects that can be dynamically modified through a variety of mechanisms. ISO/IEC 19776-3:2007 defines a mapping of the abstract objects in X3D to a specific X3D encoding written out in a compact binary form.

ISO/IEC 19774:2006, specifies a systematic method for representing humanoids in a network-enabled 3D graphics and multimedia environment. Conceptually, each humanoid is an articulated character that can be embedded in different representation systems and animated using the facilities provided by the representation system. ISO/IEC 19774:2006 specifies the abstract form and structure of humanoids. ISO/IEC 19774:2006 is intended for a wide variety of presentation systems and application, and provides wide latitude in interpretation and implementation of the functionality.

A great number of amendments and additions.

Adds new text to page vi, clause 10, and a new clause 12 after page 85.