ISO/TC 211/WG 9 - Information management

This document defines a conceptual schema for observations, for features involved in the observation process, and for features involved in sampling when making observations. These provide models for the exchange of information describing observation acts and their results, both within and between different scientific and technical communities. Observations commonly involve sampling of an ultimate feature-of-interest. This document defines a common set of sample types according to their spatial, material (for ex situ observations) or statistical nature. The schema includes relationships between sample features (sub-sampling, derived samples). This document concerns only externally visible interfaces and places no restriction on the underlying implementations other than what is needed to satisfy the interface specifications in the actual situation.

This document establishes the principles for describing the quality of geographic data. It: — defines a well-considered system of components for describing data quality; — defines the process for defining additional, domain-specific components for describing data quality; — specifies components and the content structure of data quality measures; — describes general procedures for evaluating the quality of geographic data; — establishes principles for reporting data quality. This document is applicable to data producers providing quality information to describe and assess how well a dataset conforms to its product specification and to data users attempting to determine whether or not specific geographic data are of sufficient quality for their particular application. This document does not attempt to define minimum acceptable levels of quality for geographic data. Such information is usually present as a requirement in a data product specification, defined in accordance with ISO 19131, for example.

This document specifies the representation of latitude and longitude and optionally height or depth compatible with previous editions of ISO 6709. This document also supports the representations of other coordinate types and time that can be associated with those coordinates as defined through one or more coordinate reference systems (CRS). This document describes a text string of coordinates, suitable for electronic data exchange, for one point, including reference system identification to ensure that the coordinates unambiguously represent the position of that point. Files containing multiple points with a single common reference system identification are out of scope. This document also describes a simpler text string structure for coordinate representation of a point location that is more suitable for human readability.

This document supports the definition of: — A Discrete Global Grid Systems (DGGS) core comprising: — an RS using zonal identifiers with structured geometry, and — functions providing import, export and topological query, — Common spatio-temporal classes for geometry, topology, RS using zonal identifiers, zonal identifiers and zones, based on ISO 19111 CRS. The spatio-temporal scope is constrained to: — spatial elements that are invariant through all time, and — temporal elements that are invariant across all space. — Equal-Area Earth Reference Systems (EAERSs) for Equal-Area Earth DGGS.

This document specifies conceptual schemas for describing the spatial characteristics of geographic entities, and a set of spatial operations consistent with these schemas. It treats "vector" geometry and topology. It defines standard spatial operations for use in access, query, management, processing and data exchange of geographic information for spatial (geometric and topological) objects. Because of the nature of geographic information, these geometric coordinate spaces will normally have up to three spatial dimensions, one temporal dimension and any number of other spatially dependent parameters as needed by the applications. In general, the topological dimension of the spatial projections of the geometric objects will be at most three.

This document defines the structure and content of a text string implementation of the abstract model for coordinate reference systems described in ISO 19111. The string defines frequently needed types of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations in a self-contained form that is easily readable by machines and by humans. The essence is its simplicity; as a consequence there are some constraints upon the more open content allowed in ISO 19111. To retain simplicity in the well-known text (WKT) description of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations, the scope of this document excludes parameter grouping and pass-through coordinate operations. The text string provides a means for humans and machines to correctly and unambiguously interpret and utilise a coordinate reference system definition with look-ups or cross references only to define coordinate operation mathematics. A WKT string is not suitable for the storage of definitions of coordinate reference systems or coordinate operations because it omits metadata about the source of the data and may omit metadata about the applicability of the information.

This document defines the management and operations of the ISO geodetic register and identifies the data elements, in accordance with ISO 19111:2007 and the core schema within ISO 19135‑1:2015, required within the geodetic register.

This document defines the conceptual schema for the description of referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define coordinate reference systems. This document supports the definition of: — spatial coordinate reference systems where coordinate values do not change with time. The system may: — be geodetic and apply on a national or regional basis, or — apply locally such as for a building or construction site, or — apply locally to an image or image sensor; — be referenced to a moving platform such as a car, a ship, an aircraft or a spacecraft. Such a coordinate reference system can be related to a second coordinate reference system which is referenced to the Earth through a transformation that includes a time element; — spatial coordinate reference systems in which coordinate values of points on or near the surface of the earth change with time due to tectonic plate motion or other crustal deformation. Such dynamic systems include time evolution, however they remain spatial in nature; — parametric coordinate reference systems which use a non-spatial parameter that varies monotonically with height or depth; — temporal coordinate reference systems which use dateTime, temporal count or temporal measure quantities that vary monotonically with time; — mixed spatial, parametric or temporal coordinate reference systems. The definition of a coordinate reference system does not change with time, although in some cases some of the defining parameters can include a rate of change of the parameter. The coordinate values within a dynamic and in a temporal coordinate reference system can change with time. This document also describes the conceptual schema for defining the information required to describe operations that change coordinate values. In addition to the minimum data required for the definition of the coordinate reference system or coordinate operation, the conceptual schema allows additional descriptive information - coordinate reference system metadata - to be provided. This document is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, the principles described in this document can be extended to many other forms of spatial data such as maps, charts and text documents.

ISO/TS 19157-2:2016 defines data quality encoding in XML. It is an XML schema implementation derived from ISO 19157:2013 and the data quality related concepts from ISO 19115‑2.

ISO 19109:2015 defines rules for creating and documenting application schemas, including principles for the definition of features. The scope of this International Standard includes the following: - conceptual modelling of features and their properties from a universe of discourse; - definition of application schemas; - use of the conceptual schema language for application schemas; - transition from the concepts in the conceptual model to the data types in the application schema; - integration of standardized schemas from other ISO geographic information standards with the application schema. The following are outside the scope: - choice of one particular conceptual schema language for application schemas; - definition of any particular application schema; - representation of feature types and their properties in a feature catalogue; - representation of metadata; - rules for mapping one application schema to another; - implementation of the application schema in a computer environment; - computer system and application software design; - programming.

ISO 19135-1:2015 specifies procedures to be followed in establishing, maintaining, and publishing registers of unique, unambiguous, and permanent identifiers and meanings that are assigned to items of geographic information. In order to accomplish this purpose, ISO 19135-1:2015 specifies elements that are necessary to manage the registration of these items.

 ISO 19157:2013 establishes the principles for describing the quality of geographic data. It - defines components for describing data quality; - specifies components and content structure of a register for data quality measures; - describes general procedures for evaluating the quality of geographic data; - establishes principles for reporting data quality. ISO 19157:2013 also defines a set of data quality measures for use in evaluating and reporting data quality. It is applicable to data producers providing quality information to describe and assess how well a data set conforms to its product specification and to data users attempting to determine whether or not specific geographic data are of sufficient quality for their particular application. ISO 19157:2013 does not attempt to define minimum acceptable levels of quality for geographic data.

ISO/TS 19158:2012 provides a framework for quality assurance specific to geographic information. It is based upon the quality principles and quality evaluation procedures of geographic information identified in ISO 19157 and the general quality management principles defined in ISO 9000. The framework defined in ISO/TS 19158:2012 enables a customer to satisfy itself that its suppliers, both internal and external, are capable of delivering geographic information to the required quality. Fundamental to the framework is the assurance of the supplier's ability to understand and meet the quality requirements. Through the quality assurance framework both the customer and the supplier are able to consider the quality required at the earliest opportunity in the production/update process. Principles and responsibilities of the relationship between the customer and the supplier that facilitate the framework are provided. The responsibility for the quality assessment procedure is shared between the customer and the supplier. ISO/TS 19158:2012 is applicable to customers and suppliers of all geographic information where the quality of the product may be impacted upon by the supplier's processes in any of the following scenarios: 1) there is an agreement or legislation for the supply of data acquisition services, 2) data acquisition services are being tendered for, and 3) one or more suppliers exist in the supply chain. ISO/TS 19158:2012 is not applicable for the supply of legacy datasets or ?off the shelf' products where there is no further data production or update activity to manage.

ISO 19135:2005 specifies procedures to be followed in establishing, maintaining and publishing registers of unique, unambiguous and permanent identifiers, and meanings that are assigned to items of geographic information. In order to accomplish this purpose, ISO 19135:2005 specifies elements of information that are necessary to provide identification and meaning to the registered items and to manage the registration of these items.

ISO 19162:2015 defines the structure and content of a text string implementation of the abstract model for coordinate reference systems described in ISO 19111:2007 and ISO 19111-2:2009. The string defines frequently needed types of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations in a self-contained form that is easily readable by machines and by humans. The essence is its simplicity; as a consequence there are some constraints upon the more open content allowed in ISO 19111:2007. To retain simplicity in the well-known text (WKT) description of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations, the scope of this International Standard excludes parameter grouping and pass-through coordinate operations. The text string provides a means for humans and machines to correctly and unambiguously interpret and utilise a coordinate reference system definition with look-ups or cross references only to define coordinate operation mathematics. Because it omits metadata about the source of the data and may omit metadata about the applicability of the information, the WKT string is not suitable for the storage of definitions of coordinate reference systems or coordinate operations.

ISO 19153:2014 is a reference model for digital rights management (DRM) functionality for geospatial resources (GeoDRM). As such, it is connected to the general DRM market in that geospatial resources shall be treated as nearly as possible like other resources, such as music, text, or services. It is not the intention to reinvent a market nor the technology that already exists and is thriving, but to make sure that a larger market has access to geospatial resources through a mechanism that it understands and that is similar to and consistent with the ones already in use. ISO 19153:2014 does not replace any previous standards, but it is dependent upon them. Each resource and service standard that exists or will exist becomes a resource description in ISO 19153:2014, and hopefully will be subject to the same protection that is afforded to other resources. This International Standard defines: A conceptual model for digital rights management of geospatial resources, providing a framework and reference for more detailed specification in this area. A metadata model for the expression of rights that associate users to the acts that they can perform against a particular geospatial resource, and associated information used in the enforcement and granting of those rights, such as owner metadata, available rights, and issuer of those rights. Requirements that are placed on rights management systems for the enforcement of those rights. A rights management system shall be necessary and sufficient: it shall implement only those restrictions necessary to enforce the rights defined therein, and it shall be sufficient to enforce those rights. How this is to work conceptually in the larger DRM context to ensure the ubiquity of geospatial resources in the general services market. A resource in this context is a data file, or service for geographic information or process. This abstract descriptive standard builds on and complements the existing standards, and defines at an abstract level a rights model to enable the digital rights management of standards-based geospatial resources. Future GeoDRM standards will be written to implement the concepts defined in ISO 19153:2014.

ISO 19156:2011 defines a conceptual schema for observations, and for features involved in sampling when making observations. These provide models for the exchange of information describing observation acts and their results, both within and between different scientific and technical communities. Observations commonly involve sampling of an ultimate feature-of-interest. ISO 19156:2011 defines a common set of sampling feature types classified primarily by topological dimension, as well as samples for ex-situ observations. The schema includes relationships between sampling features (sub-sampling, derived samples). ISO 19156:2011 concerns only externally visible interfaces and places no restriction on the underlying implementations other than what is needed to satisfy the interface specifications in the actual situation.

ISO 19146:2010 defines a methodology for cross-mapping technical vocabularies that have been adopted by industry-specific geospatial communities. It also specifies an implementation of ISO 19135 for the registration of geographic information concepts for the purpose of integrating multiple domain-based vocabularies.

ISO 19111-2:2009 specifies the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing using parametric values or functions. It applies the schema of ISO 19111 to combine a position referenced by coordinates with a parametric value to form a spatio‑parametric coordinate reference system (CRS). The spatio‑parametric CRS can optionally be extended to include time. The intended users of ISO 19111-2:2009 are producers and users of environmental information. Parameters which are attributes of spatial locations or features, but which are not involved in their spatial referencing, are not addressed by ISO 19111-2:2009.

ISO 19111:2007 defines the conceptual schema for the description of spatial referencing by coordinates, optionally extended to spatio-temporal referencing. It describes the minimum data required to define one-, two- and three-dimensional spatial coordinate reference systems with an extension to merged spatial-temporal reference systems. It allows additional descriptive information to be provided. It also describes the information required to change coordinates from one coordinate reference system to another. In ISO 19111:2007, a coordinate reference system does not change with time. For coordinate reference systems defined on moving platforms such as cars, ships, aircraft and spacecraft, the transformation to an Earth-fixed coordinate reference system can include a time element. ISO 19111:2007 is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and text documents. The schema described can be applied to the combination of horizontal position with a third non-spatial parameter which varies monotonically with height or depth. This extension to non-spatial data is beyond the scope of ISO 19111:2007 but can be implemented through profiles.

ISO 19131:2007 specifies requirements for the specification of geographic data products, based upon the concepts of other ISO 19100 International Standards. It also provides help in the creation of data product specifications, so that they are easily understood and fit for their intended purpose.

ISO/TS 19138:2006 defines a set of data quality measures. These can be used when reporting data quality for the data quality subelements identified in ISO 19113. Multiple measures are defined for each data quality subelement, and the choice of which to use will depend on the type of data and its intended purpose. The data quality measures are structured so that they can be maintained in a register established in conformance with ISO 19135. ISO/TS 19138:2006 does not attempt to describe every possible data quality measure, only a set of commonly used ones.

ISO TS 19127:2005 defines rules for the population and maintenance of registers of geodetic codes and parameters and identifies the data elements, in compliance with ISO 19135 and ISO 19111, required within these registers. Recommendations for the use of the registers, the legal aspects, the applicability to historic data, the completeness of the registers, and a mechanism for maintenance are specified by the registers themselves.

ISO/TR 19122:2004 is applicable to the following aspects of the field of Geographic Information/Geomatics: To develop a Type 3 report, which describes a system for the qualification and certification, by a central independent body, of personnel in the field of Geographic Information/Geomatics. To define the boundaries between Geographic Information/ Geomatics and other related disciplines and professions. To specify technologies and tasks pertaining to Geographic Information/Geomatics. To establish skill sets and competency levels for technologists, professional staff and management in the field. To research the relationship between this initiative and other similar certification processes performed by existing professional associations. To develop a plan for the accreditation of candidate institutions and programs, for the certification of individuals in the workforce, and for collaboration with other professional bodies.

Describes a variable-length format for the representation of latitude, longitude and altitude for use in data interchange. Allows the use of normal sexagesimal notations involving degrees, minutes and seconds as well as various combinations of sexagesimal and decimal notations. Uses numeric characters 0 to 9, graphic characters plus (+), minus (-), full stop (.) and comma (,).