VAR - Welding

This document establishes a European grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified
in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608.
It is also applicable for other purposes such as heat treatment, forming and non-destructive testing.
This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials:
a) steel;
b) aluminium and its alloys;
c) copper and its alloys;
d) cast irons;
e) nickel and nickel alloys.
For materials that are not assigned to a group in this document, the criteria of ISO/TR 15608 apply.

This document gives specifications for single- and double-conductor secondary connection cables used
for resistance welding and allied processes. These specifications include requirements for electrical,
mechanical and cooling characteristics of the cables and their test procedures.

This document defines elementary quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both
in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document defines comprehensive quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials
both in workshops and at field installation sites.

This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions for resistance spot welding, projection
welding and seam welding.
NOTE In addition to terms used in English and French, two of the three official ISO languages, this document
gives the equivalent terms in German; these are published under the responsibility of the member body for
Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given in the official languages can be considered as ISO
terms and definitions.

This document specifies the requirements for the test methods for joint of micro-joining of 2G HTS to
fulfil the requirements of ISO 17279-1 and ISO 17279-2.
This document specifies test methods for determining the capability of joints for the production of the
specified quality. It defines specific test requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any
specific product group.

This document describes a method for defining requirements for plastic materials used in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Materials include unfilled, filled, and reinforced plastic materials suitable for processing into parts. These materials can also contain special additives (e.g. flame retardants, stabilizers, etc.). Processes include all material extrusion-based AM processes.
This document is intended for use by manufacturers of materials, feedstocks, plastic parts or any combination of the three using material extrusion-based AM.
NOTE In some cases, material manufacturers can also be feedstock manufacturers. In other cases, a material manufacturer can supply materials (example: pellets) to a feedstock manufacturer (example: converter of pellets into filaments).
This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ISO 10225:2013 specifies the gas letter code to be used for marking the equipment for gas welding, cutting and allied processes, when the full name of the gas cannot be used.

ISO 22826:2005 specifies the requirements for hardness testing of transverse sections of narrow laser and electron beam welded joints in metallic materials. It covers Vickers and Knoop hardness tests in accordance with ISO 6507-1 and ISO 4545, respectively, with test forces of 0,098 N to just under 98 N (HV 0,01 to just under HV 10) for the Vickers hardness test and test forces up to and including 9,8 N (just under HK 1) for the Knoop hardness test.
It is applicable to welds made with or without filler wire. It may not be applicable to the testing of wider hybrid laser/arc welds.

This document covers the principal considerations which apply to data exchange for additive
manufacturing. It specifies terms and definitions which enable information to be exchanged describing
geometries or parts such that they can be additively manufactured. The data exchange method outlines
file type, data enclosed formatting of such data and what this can be used for.
This document
— enables a suitable format for data exchange to be specified,
— describes the existing developments for additive manufacturing of 3D geometries,
— outlines existing file formats used as part of the existing developments, and
— enables understanding of necessary features for data exchange, for adopters of this document.
This document is aimed at users and producers of additive manufacturing processes and associated
software systems. It applies wherever additive processes are used, and to the following fields in
particular:
— producers of additive manufacturing systems and equipment including software;
— software engineers involved in CAD/CAE systems;
— reverse engineering systems developers;
— test bodies wishing to compare requested and actual geometries.

This document gives guidance on levels of imperfections in electron and laser beam welded joints in
aluminium, magnesium and their alloys and pure copper. Three levels are given in such a way as to
permit application for a wide range of welded fabrications. The levels refer to production quality and
not to the fitness-for-purpose of the product manufactured.
This document applies to electron and laser beam welding of:
— aluminium and its alloys;
— magnesium and its alloys;
— pure copper (e.g. Cu-ETP1 CW003A, Cu-ETP CW004A, Cu-FRHC CW005A, Cu-FRTP CW006A, Cu-OF1
CW007A, Cu-OF CW008A, Cu-OFE CW009A, Cu-PHC CW020A, Cu-HCP CW021A, Cu-PHCE CW022A,
Cu-DLP CW023A, Cu-DHP CW024A);
— all types of welds welded with or without additional filler wire;
— materials equal to or above 0,5 mm thickness for electron and laser beam welding.
When significant deviations from the joint geometries and dimensions stated in this document are
present in the welded product, it is necessary to evaluate to what extent the provisions of this document
can apply.
NOTE For circular welds, a lower quality level can be specified for the fade-out zone.
Metallurgical aspects, e.g. grain size, hardness, hydrogen embrittlement (pure copper) are not covered
by this document.
This document is directly applicable to visual examination of welds and does not include details of
recommended methods of detection or sizing by other non-destructive means. There are difficulties
in using these limits to establish appropriate criteria applicable to non-destructive testing methods,
such as ultrasonic, radiographic and penetrant testing, and they can need to be supplemented by
requirements for inspection, examination and testing.

This document specifies requirements for resistance spot welding in the fabrication of assemblies of
aluminium sheet, extrusions (both work- and age-hardening alloys) and/or cast material comprising
two or three thicknesses of metal, where the maximum single (sheet) thickness of components to be
welded is within the range 0,6 mm to 6 mm.
This document is applicable to the welding of sheets or plates of dissimilar thickness where the
thickness ratio is less than or equal to 3:1. It applies to the welding of three thicknesses where the total
thickness is less than or equal to 9 mm.
Welding with the following types of machines is within the scope of this document:
— pedestal welding machines;
— gun welders;
— automatic welding equipment where the components are fed by robots or automatic feeding
equipment;
— multi-welders;
— robotic welders.
Information on appropriate welding equipment is given in Annex A and on spot welding conditions in
Annex B. The latter are for guidance only and can require modification depending on service conditions
of the fabrication, type of welding equipment, characteristics of the secondary circuit, electrode
material and geometry.
The welding of coated material, e.g. zinc-coated or anodized material, is outside the scope of this
document.

This International Standard specifies the dimensions and tolerances for male electrode caps for resistance spot welding when a female taper (see IS0 1089) is used to fix the electrode adaptor (see IS0 5829).
It only applies to electrode caps for which the electrode force Fmsx, given for the diameter dl, does not exceed 4,O kN.

This document describes a method for defining requirements and assuring component integrity for plastic parts created using material extrusion based additive manufacturing processes. It covers the process, equipment and operational parameters. Processes include all material extrusion based additive manufacturing processes.

This document specifies the requirements for the qualification of welding personnel for friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to personnel exclusively performing loading or unloading of the automatic welding unit.

ISO 10656:2016 specifies additional requirements to those given in ISO 5826 for single-phase transformers used in AC welding. It is intended to be used in conjunction with ISO 5826, whose requirements it amends.

ISO 20168:2016 specifies the dimensions and tolerances for electrode holders and of spot welding electrode caps, where a locking taper is used.

This part of ISO 15616 provides minimum requirements for acceptance testing, using practical test methods, for CO2-laser beam machines for high quality welding and cutting in two dimensions (2-D), having a fixed workpiece on the platen and moving optics.
This part of ISO 15616 is not applicable to CO2-laser beam machines which use an articulated robot, nor does it apply to work stations, such as a welding positioner, fixed board cutter, etc.
This part of ISO 15616 does not cover hazard protection devices, such as those for discharging chips and particles generated during welding and cutting.

This International Standard specifies the requirements of the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of
pneumatic cylinders used for multiple spot welding machines and their manufacturing, delivery and test
specifications.
These cylinders for a nominal air pressure of 1 MPa (10 bar) are double-acting, with two Piston stages in
series for the advance during the operational stroke and the forte, and a Single Piston Stage for the return.

This document specifies a method to determine the capability of a manufacturer to use friction stir spot welding (FSSW) for production of products of the specified quality.
It specifies quality requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document defines friction stir spot welding (FSSW) process terms and definitions.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

Specifies the dimensions and tolerances of resistance spot welding electrode adaptors where the fixing element for the cap is a female taper (male electrode cap, see ISO 5830) and for which the electrode taper fits conform to ISO 1089. Covers also designation, material and marking.

This document specifies the design requirements and provides design guidelines for friction stir spot welding.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies the requirements for the content of welding procedure specifications for the Friction Stir Spot welding (FSSW) of aluminium.
In this document, the term "aluminium" refers to aluminium and its alloys

This document specifies requirements and test methods for the qualification of laser beam machines for metal powder bed additive manufacturing for aerospace applications.

The principle of the method specified is to distil a prepared flux solution with sodium hydroxide to expel the ammonia present in the flux, to pass the resulting distillate into a standard sulfuric acid solution, to titrate the excess acid with sodium hydroxide solution and to calculate the ammonia content of the flux. Applies to fluxes of class 3.1.1 only, as defined in ISO 9454-1.

This document specifies the performance requirements for fluxes in solid, liquid and paste forms
intended for use with soft solders.
NOTE 1 ISO 9454-1 specifies the requirements for labelling and packaging as well as the coding system for the
classification of the fluxes.
NOTE 2 Some of the fluxes intended for inert gas and vapour phase soldering may not pass some of the criteria
in Tables 1 and 2.
Requirements for these fluxes are agreed between the purchaser and the supplier.

This document specifies a qualitative method for assessing the aggressiveness of a flux towards copper.
The test is applicable to all fluxes of type 1 as defined in ISO 9454-1.

This document specifies the requirements for chemical composition for soft solder alloys containing
two or more of: tin, lead, antimony, copper, silver, bismuth, zinc, indium and/or cadmium.
An indication of the forms generally available is also included.

This will be delivered in the form of a Technical Report. The aim of this document is to
describe the concept of Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing and to document current
practices. It recognizes that Functionally Graded parts have the potential to support the
development of Next-Generation products, based on the use of specialised materials that
have been optimized for their functional properties. The report also clarifies the definitions of
terms being used today such as 4D Printing (4DP), Smart Memory Polymers (SMP), Stimuli-
Responsive Materials (SRM), Functionally Graded Materials (FGM), Multi-Material Printing
(MMP), Variable Property Rapid Prototyping (VPRP), Self-Assembly and Self-Disassembly.
The report outlines key manufacturing processes and examples of materials that have been
used to produce FGM parts as well as their potential applications. The report will include a
review of capabilities and limitations of existing CAD and Finite Element Method (FEM)
software that can support the production of Functionally Graded Additive Manufactured parts.
It discusses how existing software has been used to simulate FG materials that can have
discrete or continuous variation of mechanical properties such as varying elastic modulus of
the FGM piece. Finally, the report will discuss current limitations and suggests areas for
future work.

This document specifies requirements for classification of wire electrodes and weld deposits in the
as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for gas shielded metal arc welding of
non alloy and fine grain steels with a minimum yield strength of up to 500 MPa or a minimum tensile
strength of up to 570 MPa. One wire electrode can be tested and classified with different shielding gases.
This document constitutes a combined specification providing classification utilizing a system based
upon the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system
based upon the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal.
a) Clauses and tables which carry the suffix letter “A” are applicable only to wire electrodes classified
to the system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal in
accordance with this document.
b) Clauses and tables which carry the suffix letter “B” are applicable only to wire electrodes classified
to the system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal
in accordance with this document.
c) Clauses and tables which have neither the suffix letter “A” nor the suffix letter “B” are applicable to
all wire electrodes classified in accordance with this document.

This document specifies the preparation of test pieces and specimens for all-weld metal tests in steel,
nickel and nickel alloys.
The test pieces and specimens are used to determine the mechanical properties of all-weld metal where
required by consumable classification standards or for other purposes, in arc welding of steel, nickel
and nickel alloys.
This document is not applicable to single- or two-run welding or fillet welding. For these cases,
ISO 15792-2 and ISO 15792-3 apply.

This document specifies requirements for the classification of solid wire electrodes, solid wires and
rods for fusion welding of titanium and titanium alloys. The classification is based on their chemical
composition.
The compositions of solid wire electrodes for metal inert gas (MIG) welding are the same as solid wire
electrodes, solid wires and rods for tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc welding, plasma arc welding, laser
beam welding, and other fusion welding processes.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification of welding operators for friction stir welding
(FSW) of aluminium. In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to “operators” as defined in ISO 25239-1.
This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document defines terms related to friction stir welding.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.

This document specifies a method for determining the capability of a manufacturer to use the friction
stir welding (FSW) process for the production of products of the specified quality. It specifies quality
requirements, but does not assign those requirements to any specific product group.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies design requirements for friction stir weld joints.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.

This document specifies the requirements for the specification and qualification of welding procedures
for the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium.
In this document, the term “aluminium” refers to aluminium and its alloys.
This document does not apply to friction stir spot welding which is covered by the ISO 18785 series.
NOTE Service requirements, materials or manufacturing conditions can require more comprehensive
testing than is specified in this document.

This document specifies the preparation of butt weld test pieces and specimens.
The test pieces and specimens are used to determine the strength and impact properties of welded
joints when testing welding consumables with single-run and two-run techniques.
This document is applicable to welding consumables for arc welding of steel.
This document is not suitable for electro-slag or electro-gas welding.

This document specifies requirements for the classification of covered electrodes and deposited metal
in the as-welded condition and in the post-weld heat-treated condition for manual metal arc welding of
non-alloy and fine grain steels with a minimum yield strength of up to 500 MPa or a minimum tensile
strength of up to 570 MPa.
This document is a combined specification providing for classification utilizing a system based on the
yield strength and the average impact energy of 47 J of all-weld metal, or utilizing a system based on the
tensile strength and the average impact energy of 27 J of all-weld metal.
a) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix letter “A” are applicable only to covered
electrodes classified to the system based on the yield strength and the average impact energy of
47 J of all weld metal in this document.
b) Clauses, subclauses and tables which carry the suffix letter “B” are applicable only to covered
electrodes classified to the system based on the tensile strength and the average impact energy of
27 J of all weld metal in this document.
c) Clauses, subclauses and tables which do not have either the suffix letter “A” or the suffix letter “B”
are applicable to all covered electrodes classified in this document.

This document specifies the procedure to be used for deposition of a weld metal pad for chemical
analysis.
This document applies to deposition of a weld metal pad by use of covered electrodes, wire electrodes
for gas shielded metal arc welding, tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded metal arc welding and for
non-gas shielded metal arc welding, solid rods and tubular cored rods for gas tungsten arc welding, and
wire-flux and strip-flux combinations for submerged arc welding or electroslag welding and cladding.
This document is applicable to welding consumables for non-alloy and fine grain steels, high strength
steels, creep-resisting steels, stainless and heat-resisting steels, nickel and nickel alloys, and copper
and copper alloys.

This standard specifies requirements for the machine operator qualification of powder bed based laser
beam machines for additive manufacturing of metallic parts.
This document is applicable if the machine operator qualification testing is required by contract or by
application standards.
Note: The term "operator" refers to the machine operator not to the programmer.

This document specifies the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique to the
semi- or fully automated ultrasonic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials of minimum
thickness 6 mm.
It applies to full penetration welded joints of simple geometry in plates, pipes, and vessels, where both
the weld and the parent material are low-alloyed carbon steel. Where specified and appropriate, TOFD
can also be used on other types of materials that exhibit low ultrasonic attenuation (especially that due
to scatter).
Where material-dependent ultrasonic parameters are specified in this document, they are based on
steels having a sound velocity of (5 920 ± 50) m/s for longitudinal waves and (3 255 ± 30) m/s for
transverse waves. It is necessary to take this fact into account when testing materials with a different
velocity.
This document makes reference to ISO 16828 and provides guidance on the specific capabilities and
limitations of TOFD for the detection, location, sizing and characterization of discontinuities in fusionwelded
joints. TOFD can be used as a stand-alone method or in combination with other non-destructive
testing (NDT) methods or techniques, for manufacturing inspection, and for in-service inspection.
This document specifies four testing levels (A, B, C, D) in accordance with ISO 17635 and corresponding
to an increasing level of testing reliability. Guidance on the selection of testing levels is provided.
This document permits assessment of TOFD indications for acceptance purposes. This assessment is
based on the evaluation of transmitted, reflected and diffracted ultrasonic signals within a generated
TOFD image.
This document does not include acceptance levels for discontinuities.

This document provides a Japanese grouping system for materials for welding purposes, classified in
accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608.
It can also apply for other purposes, such as heat treatment, forming, and non-destructive testing.
Types of steels are listed in accordance with the grouping system of ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 1.
Types of aluminium and aluminium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of
ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 2.
Types of titanium and titanium alloys are listed in accordance with the grouping system of
ISO/TR 15608:2017, Table 5.
This document covers grouping systems for the following standardized materials:
— steels;
— aluminium and its alloys;
— titanium and its alloys.

This document specifies two methods for the determination of the acid value of a flux of types 1 and 2
only, as defined in ISO 9454-1.
Method A is a potentiometric titration method and is to be considered as the reference method.
Method B is an alternative, visual end‑point, titration method.

1.1 This practice describes the operation and production control of metal powder bed fusion (PBF) machines and processes to meet critical applications such as commercial aerospace components and medical implants. The requirements contained herein are applicable for production components and mechanical test specimens using powder bed fusion (PBF) with both laser and electron beams.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

This document provides the specification for the Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF), an
interchange format to address the current and future needs of additive manufacturing technology.
This document specifies the requirements for the preparation, display and transmission for the AMF.
When prepared in a structured electronic format, strict adherence to an extensible markup language
(XML)[1] schema supports standards-compliant interoperability.
NOTE A W3C XML schema definition (XSD) for the AMF is available from ISO from http:// standards .iso .org/
iso/ 52915 and from ASTM from www .astm .org/ MEETINGS/ images/ amf .xsd. An implementation guide for such
an XML schema is provided in Annex A.
It is recognized that there is additional information relevant to the final part that is not covered by the
current version of this document. Suggested future features are listed in Annex B.
This document does not specify any explicit mechanisms for ensuring data integrity, electronic
signatures and encryptions.

EN-ISO 21904-2 specifies a method for testing equipment for the separation of welding fume in order to determine whether its separation efficiency meets specified requirements.The method specified does not apply to testing of filter cartridges independent of the equipment in which they are intended to be used.This document applies to equipment that is manufactured after its publication.

ISO 21904-1 defines the general requirements for ventilation equipment used to capture and separate fumes generated by welding and allied processes, e.g. arc welding and thermal cutting.This document also specifies the test data to be marked on the capture devices.It applies to the design and manufacture of parts of the equipment including hoods for welding, ducting, filter units, air movers, systems that inform of unsafe operation and workplace practices to ensure safe working with regard to exposure.Significant hazards are listed in Clause 4. It does not cover electrical, mechanical and pneumatic hazards.This document is applicable to:- local exhaust ventilation systems (LEV) excluding draught tables;- mobile and stationary equipment;- separation equipment used for welding and allied processes;This document is not applicable to:- general ventilation, air make up or air movement systems;- air conditioning systems;- grinding dust.This document applies to systems designed and manufactured after its publication.