AGO - Refuse derived fuel

This International Standard specifies a classification system for solid recovered fuels (SRF)
and a template for the specification of their properties.
SRF are produced from non-hazardous waste.
Excluded:
— untreated municipal solid waste
— Solid Biofuels included in the scope of ISO TC238

This document describes a method for determination of sorption of graded thermally treated and densified biomass fuels such as classified in ISO/TS 17225-8.
Apart from pelletized materials as described in ISO/TS 17225-8, the method can also be applied to non-compressed or non-densified thermally treated biomass as specified in ISO 17225-1 Table 14 and Table 15.

The method should be useable for all SRF and will make it possible to obtain a representative sample from a large stock of SRF

This Standard specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid recovered fuels.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of moisture in an analysis sample
by drying the sample in an oven. It is applicable to all solid recovered fuels.

This Standard specifies the requirements and a method for the determination of volatile matter of solid
recovered fuels.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded wood briquettes.
This document covers only wood briquettes produced from the following raw materials (see
ISO 17225-1: 2021, Table 1):
— 1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood
— 1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry
— 1.3.1 Chemically untreated used wood
NOTE Thermally treated biomass briquettes (e.g. torrefied briquettes) are not included in the scope of this
document.

This International Standard provides principles and requirements for safe handling and
storage of solid recovered fuels (SRF).
The International Standard covers the handling, transportation and storage of SRF
throughout the supply chain, from the point of reception of non-hazardous waste.

This document determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded wood chips. This
document covers only wood chips produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1:2021,
Table 1):
• 1.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood;
• 1.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry;
• 1.3.1 Chemically untreated used wood.
This document covers only wood chips, which are produced with sharp tools, and does not cover hog
fuel, which is produced with blunt tools.

This International Standard specifies two methods for the determination of the biomass content in solid
recovered fuels: the selective dissolution and the 14C content method. The standard provides the
criteria for choosing the more appropriate method and some examples of application.

This International Standard defines terms and definitions concerned in all standardisation work within
the scope of ISO/TC 300, i.e. terms used in the field of production and trade of solid recovered fuels
that are prepared from non-hazardous waste.
NOTE Solid biofuels are covered by the scope of ISO/TC 238.
Definitions in other standards with a scope different from the scope of this International Standard can
be different from the definitions in this International Standard.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) by instrumental method. Depending on the amount of test portion used,
micro and macro instrumental apparatus are used.
An alternative method based on high temperature furnace combustion and IR detection is described in
Annex A.

This Technical Specification defines requirements for provision by economic operators of the required evidence that biofuels and bioliquids fulfil the sustainability criteria as defined in the Renewable Energy Directive [1]. This Technical Specification is applicable to the initial biomass production or to the point of collection for waste and residue and to each stage within the chain of custody. It also defines requirements on conformity assessment bodies when checking compliance with the present standard.
This revision is basically a small amendment to align the text with the new requirements following the iLUC Directive and include the changes listed in in document N 224 as agreed upon during the plenary meeting.

This International Standard presents analytical methods for determination of the self-heating of solid biofuel pellets. The
standard specifies the applicability and use of the analytical methods. It further establishes special procedures for sampling
and sample handling of biofuels pellets prior to the analysis of self-heating. Guidance on the applicability and use of the
data on self-heating from the analytical methods is given.

This International Standard provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels pellets in commercial and industrial applications.
The standard covers the entire handling and storage process of pellets, (i) at a pellets production plant, from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation and (ii) at a power plant from the receiving station until fed into a pulverizer or furnace.
The process of production of pellets and safety issues related to production are not covered by this standard, nor is the pulverizing or combustion process. Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included, the safety issues during the transport itself are not.

This International Standard describes simplified methods for taking samples of solid biofuels in small
scale applications and stores including preparation of sampling plans and certificates. Usually the focus
is on stores with a size of 100 t. The standard is applicable to the following solid biofuels:
- fine (up to about 10 mm nominal top size) and regularly-shaped particulate materials that can be
sampled using a scoop or pipe, e.g. sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
- coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials (up to 200 mm nominal top size) that can be
sampled using a fork or shovel, e.g. wood chips, hog fuel and nut shells;
- large pieces (above 200 mm nominal top size) which are picked manually (e.g. firewood and
briquettes);
It may be possible to use this standard on other solid biofuels. The methods described in this
International Standard may be used, for example, when a sample is to be tested for moisture content,
ash content, calorific value, bulk density, mechanical durability, particle size distribution, ash melting
behaviour and chemical composition.
This International Standard can be used also for applications and stores > 100 t if the involved parties,
e.g. provider and consumer of a biofuel, agree with.
For sampling in general, if higher precision of analytical results are needed or in doubt if this standard
is applicable ISO 18135 should be used.

This document specifies a method tor the determination of the characteristic
temperatures for the ash melting behaviour of solid biofuels.

This European Standard defines the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels and bioliquids for energy applications. This European Standard specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in the European Commission Directive 2009/28/EC [1], referred to as Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and in the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC [2] referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other European regulations.

This European Standard specifies a detailed methodology that will allow any economic operator in a biofuel or bioliquid chain to calculate the actual GHG emissions associated with its operations in a standardised and transparent manner, taking all materially relevant aspects into account. It includes all steps of the chain from biomass production to the end transport and distribution operations.
The methodology strictly follows the principles and rules stipulated in the RED and particularly its Annex V, the EC decision dated 10 June 2010 "Guideline for calculation of land carbon stocks" for the purpose of Annex V to Directive 2009/28/EC (2010/335/EU) [5] as well as any additional interpretation of the legislative text published by the EU Commission. Where appropriate these rules are clarified, explained and further elaborated. In the context of accounting for heat and electricity consumption and surpluses reference is also made to Directive 2004/8/EC [6] on "the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market" and the associated EU Commission decision of 21/12/2006 "establishing harmonised efficiency reference values for separate production of electricity and heat" [7].
The main purpose of this standard is to specify a methodology to estimate GHG emissions at each step of the biofuel/bioliquid production and transport chain. The specific way in which these emissions have to be combined to establish the overall GHG balance of a biofuel or bioliquid depends on the chain of custody system in use and is not per se within the scope of this part 4 of the EN 16214 standard. Part 2 of the standard, addresses these issues in detail also in accordance with the stipulations of the RED. Nevertheless, Clause 6 of this part of the standard includes general indications and guidelines on how to integrate the different parts of the chain.

The proposed international standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory
samples - and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels.
The methods described in this proposed document may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the
samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size
distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be
applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This International Standard provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of wood pellets in residential and other small-scale applications. It covers the supply chain from the final loading point of the bulk transport to the end-user storage and specific requirements for the bulk transport. It also covers the design and construction of pellet storage systems. This standard addresses risks of fires, dust explosions, off-gassing and other health risks. It is applicable to wood pellets in accordance with ISO 17225-2.

This European Standard only defines procedures, criteria and indicators to provide the required evidence for:
-   production of raw material in areas for nature protection purposes;
-   harvesting of raw material from non-natural highly biodiverse grasslands; and
-   cultivation and harvesting on peatland.
This European Standard specifies requirements relevant for the provision of evidence by economic operators that the production, cultivation and harvesting of raw materials is in accordance with legal or other requirements concerning the areas mentioned above.
This European Standard is applicable to production, cultivation and harvesting of biomass for biofuels and bioliquids production.
NOTE   At several occasions in the text the plural form "purposes" is used, but in practice there can be just one nature protection or harvesting of raw material purpose.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of stone content of solid biofuels by the use of sink-and-float separation combined with elutriation. This International Standard is applicable to uncompressed solid biofuels, especially woody biomass (according to EN ISO 17225-1, Table 1), like wood chips and hog fuel.

The proposed international standard describes methods for reducing combined samples (or increments) to laboratory
samples - and laboratory samples to sub-samples and general analysis samples and is applicable to solid biofuels.
The methods described in this proposed document may be used for sample preparation, for example, when the
samples are to be tested for calorific value, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, durability, particle size
distribution, ash melting behaviour, chemical composition, and impurities. The methods are not intended to be
applied to the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This International Standard describes methods for preparing sampling plans and certificates and taking samples of solid biofuels, for example, from the place where the raw materials grow, from production plant, from deliveries e.g. lorry loads, or from stock. It includes both manual and mechanical methods, and is applicable to solid biofuels that are either:
⎯ fine (particle size up to about 10 mm) and regularly-shaped particulate materials that can be sampled
using a scoop or pipe, for example: sawdust, olive stones and wood pellets;
⎯ coarse or irregularly-shaped particulate materials, particle sizes up to about 200 mm that can be sampled
using a fork or shovel, for example: wood chips and nut shells, forest residue chips, and straw;
⎯ baled materials for example: baled straw or grass;
⎯ large pieces (particles sizes above 200 mm) which are either picked manually or automatically;
⎯ vegetable waste, fibrous waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp that
has been dewatered;
⎯ round wood.
It may be possible to use this standard on other solid biofuels. The methods described in this
Standard may be used, for example, when the samples are to be tested for moisture content, ash content,
calorific value, bulk density, durability, particle size distribution, ash melting behaviour and chemical
composition. The methods are not intended for obtaining the very large samples required for the testing of bridging properties.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the gross calorific value of a solid biofuel
at constant volume and at the reference temperature 25 °C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of
certified benzoic acid.
The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of
the combustion products as liquid water. In practice, biofuels are burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure
and the water is either not condensed (removed as vapour with the flue gases) or condensed. Under both
conditions, the operative heat of combustion to be used is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant
pressure. The net calorific value at constant volume may also be used; formulas are given for calculating both
values.

This document describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a test sample of solid
biofuels by drying in an oven and is used when the highest precision is not needed, e.g. for routine
production control on site. The method described in ISO 18134 (all parts) is applicable to all solid
biofuels. The moisture content of solid biofuels (as received) is always reported based on the total mass
of the test sample (wet basis).

This standard describes the method for determining the particle density of compressed fuels such as pellets or briquettes. Particle density is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comparative determinations to be made.

This international standard specifies the method of determining the content of fines in quantities of pellets by means of manual sieving with a sieve with an aperture of 3,15 mm.

This International Standard describes methods for the determination of the total sulfur and total
chlorine content in solid biofuels. This International Standard specifies two methods for decomposition
of the fuel and different analytical techniques for the quantification of the elements in the decomposition
solutions. The use of automatic equipment is also included in this International Standard, provided that
a validation is carried out as specified and that the performance characteristics are similar to those of
the method described in this International Standard.

This International Standard gives formulae which allow analytical data relating to solid biofuels to
be expressed on the different bases in common use. Consideration is given to corrections that can be
applied to certain determined values for solid biofuels prior to their calculation to other bases.
In Annex A, tools for integrity checks of analytical results are given. In Annex B, conversion factors for
calculation into other units are given. Annex C is a guideline for the use of validation parameters as can
be found in ISO/TC 238 analytical standards.

This international standard describes method for determination of the the size distribution of particulate biofuels by the
horizontally oscillating screen method. It applies to particulate uncompressed fuels with a nominal top size of 1 mm and
above such as wood chips, hog fuel, olive stones etc. A sample is subjected to sieving through horizontally oscillating
sieves, sorting the particles in decreasing size classes by mechanical means.The sieving operation shall be horizontally
oscillating (one or two dimensional), using an appropriate stroke-frequency according to the type of material. The number of
sieves and the aperture sizes of the sieves shall be chosen according to the size specification of the actual sample material.

This international standard describes the method for determination of the particle size of disintegrated pellets. The pellets
are disolved in water and dried after which the particles are sieved to determine the size of the particles constituting the
pellets.

This international standard describes method for determination of the the size distribution of particulate biofuels by the
horizontally oscillating screen method. It applies to particulate uncompressed fuels with a nominal top size of 1 mm and
above such as wood chips, hog fuel, olive stones etc. A sample is subjected to sieving through horizontally oscillating
sieves, sorting the particles in decreasing size classes by mechanical means.The sieving operation shall be horizontally
oscillating (one or two dimensional), using an appropriate stroke-frequency according to the type of material. The number of
sieves and the aperture sizes of the sieves shall be chosen according to the size specification of the actual sample material.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used for testing the mechanical durability of briquettes. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such briquettes, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising briquettes.
The durability is measure of the resistance of densified fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation processes.

This document describes a method of determining bulk density of solid biofuels by the use of a standard measuring container. This method is applicable to all solid biofuels with a nominal top size of maximum 100 mm.
Bulk density is not an absolute value, therefore conditions for its determination have to be standandised in order to gain comparative measuring results.
Note 1: The nominal top size is defined as the aperture size of the sieve where at least 95 % by mass of the material passes (ISO DIS 16559 (14588)).
Note 2: Bulk density of solid biofuels is subject to variation due to several factors such as vibration, shock, pressure, biodegradation, drying and wetting. Measured bulk density can therefore deviate from actual conditions during transportation, storage and transhipment.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used for testing the mechanical durability of pellets. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to such pellets, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising pellets.
The durability is the measure of the resistance of compressed fuels towards shocks and/or abrasion as a consequence of handling and transportation processes.

This document aims to define the requirements and method used to determine the volatile matter content of solid biofuels. It is intended for persons and organisations that manufacture, plan, sell, erect or use machinery, equipment, tools and entire plants related to solid biofuels, and to all persons and organisations involved in producing, purchasing, selling and utilising solid biofuels.
The volatile matter content is determined as the loss in mass, less that due moisture, when solid biofuel is subject to partial pyrolysis under standardized conditions.

This document describes the methods for the determination of diameter and length of pellets. Concerning the pellet length methods for both determination of the proportion of oversized pellets and for the determination of the average length are included.

This document specifies a method for the determination of ash content of all solid biofuels.

This document describes the method of determining the moisture in the analysis sample by drying the sample in an oven. It is intended to be used for general analysis samples according to ISO WD XXXXX (14780). The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels.
Since biofuels in small particle size are very hygroscopic, their moisture content will vary with the change of humidity of the atmosphere and therefore, the moisture of the analyses sample should always be determined simultaneously when portions are weighed out for other analytical determinations, for example calorific value, carbon, nitrogen.

This document describes the method of determining the total moisture content of a sample of solid biofuels by drying in an oven and should be used when high precision of the determination of moisture content is necessary. The method described in this document is applicable to all solid biofuels.
The total moisture content of biofuels is not an absolute value and conditions for its determination have to be standardised to enable comporative determinations to be made.

This I nternational Standard is intented for the determination of the minor elements As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn in all solid biofuels. Further it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the disgest. The determination of other elements as Se, Ti and Th is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

This International Standard describes a method for the determination major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Na and Tl. The determination of other elements such as Barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in this International Standard.

This Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels

This International Standard describes a method for the determination of the water soluble chloride, sodium and potassium content in solid biofuels by extraction with water in a closed container and their following quantification by different analytical techniques.

This Standard specifies a method for the determination of the size distribution of particulate biofuels by the rotary screen method. The method described is meant for particulate biofuels only, namely materials that either have been reduced in size, such as most wood fuels, or are physically in a particulate form e.g. olive stones, nutshells, grain etc. This Standard applies to particulate uncompressed fuels with a nominal top size of 3,15 mm and over, e.g. wood chips, hog fuel, olive stones etc.

EN ISO 16559 determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from - forestry and arboriculture, - agriculture and horticulture, - aquaculture Materials originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are not within the scope but relevant terms are included for information. Areas covered by ISO/TC28/SC7 “Liquid biofuels” and ISO/TC193 “Natural gas” are excluded. Other standards with a different scope than this International Standard may have different definitions than this standard.

EN ISO 17225-5 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications of graded firewood. This part of ISO 17225 covers only firewood produced from the following raw materials (see ISO 17225-1, Table 1): - 1.1.1 Whole trees without roots - 1.1.3 Stem wood - 1.1.4 Logging residues (thick branches, tops etc.) - 1.2.1 Chemically untreated wood residues.