PKG - Testing of metallic materials

This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at
ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of
thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm.
NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the
punch diameter ratio.

This document specifies a method for the measurement of effective focal spot dimensions above 0,1 mm of X-ray systems up to and including 1000 kV tube voltage by means of the pinhole camera method with digital evaluation. The tube voltage applied for this measurement is restricted to 200 kV for visual film evaluation.
The imaging quality and the resolution of X-ray images depend highly on the characteristics of the effective focal spot, in particular the size and the two dimensional intensity distribution as seen from the detector plane.
This test method provides instructions for determining the effective size (dimensions) of standard (macro focal spots) and mini focal spots of industrial X-ray tubes. This determination is based on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a "pinhole" technique and evaluated with a digital method.
For the characterization of commercial X-ray tube types (i.e. for advertising or trade) it is advised that the specific FS values of Annex A are used.

This document specifies the Small Punch method of testing metallic materials and the estimation of tensile, creep and fracture mechanical material properties from cryogenic up to high temperatures.

This document specifies a procedure for developing forming-limit diagrams and forming-limit curves
for metal sheets and strips of thicknesses from 0,3 mm to 4 mm.

This document defines the terms related to phased arrays used in ultrasonic non-destructive testing.
Note: The general terms used in ultrasonic non-destructive testing are defined in EN ISO 5577.

This International Standard describes methods and acceptance criteria for verifying the performance of ultrasonic equipment (i.e. instrument and probe combined as defined in Part 1 and Part 2) by the use of appropriate standard calibration blocks. These methods are not intended to prove the suitability of the equipment for particular applications. The methods described are suitable for the use by operators working under site or shop floor conditions. The methods only apply to pulse echo equipment using Ascan presentation, with gain controls or attenuators calibrated in steps not greater than 2 dB and used essentially in contact testing. These methods are specifically intended for manual testing equipment.
For automated testing different tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory performance.

This document specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo plastic
deformation in bending.
This document applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant product
standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or
welded joints, for which other standards exist.

This International Standard covers probes used for ultrasonic testing in the following categories with centre frequencies in the range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz, focusing and without focusing means:
a) single or dual-transducer contact probes generating longitudinal or transverse waves;
b) single-transducer immersion probes generating longitudinal waves.

This document describes the test method for determining residual stresses in polycrystalline materials
by neutron diffraction. It is applicable to both homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials including
those containing distinct phases.
The principles of the neutron diffraction technique are outlined. Suggestions are provided on:
— the selection of appropriate diffracting lattice planes on which measurements should be made for
different categories of materials,
— the specimen directions in which the measurements should be performed, and
— the volume of material examined in relation to the material grain size and the envisaged stress state.
Procedures are described for accurately positioning and aligning test pieces in a neutron beam and for
precisely defining the volume of material sampled for the individual measurements.
The precautions needed for calibrating neutron diffraction instruments are described. Techniques for
obtaining a stress-free reference are presented.
The methods of making individual measurements by neutron diffraction are described in detail.
Procedures for analysing the results and for determining their statistical relevance are presented.
Advice is provided on how to determine reliable estimates of residual stresses from the strain data and
on how to estimate the uncertainty in the results.

This document specifies a method for determining the tensile strain hardening exponent n of flat
products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials.
The method is valid only for that part of the stress-strain curve in the plastic range where the curve is
continuous and monotonic (see 8.4).
In the case of materials with a serrated stress-strain curve in the work hardening range (materials
which show the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, e.g. AlMg-alloys), the automatic determination (linear
regression of the logarithm true stress vs. the logarithm true plastic strain, see 8.7) is used to give
reproducible results.

This International Standard specifies methods and acceptance criteria for assessing the electrical performance of analogue and digital ultrasonic instruments for pulse operation using A-scan display, employed for manual ultrasonic non-destructive testing with single or dual-transducer probes operating within the centre frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz. Ultrasonic instruments for continuous waves are not included in this standard. This standard may partly be applicable to ultrasonic instruments in automated systems but then other tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory performance.

ISO 16526-1:2011 specifies a method for the direct and absolute measurement of the average high voltage of constant potential (DC) X-ray systems on the secondary side of the high voltage generator. The intention is to check the correspondence with the indicated high voltage value on the control unit of the X-ray system.
This method is applied to assure a reproducible operation of X-ray systems because the voltage influences particularly the penetration of materials and the contrast of X-ray images and also the requirements concerning the radiation protection.

ISO 16526-3:2011 specifies the test method for a non-invasive measurement of X-ray tube voltages using the energy spectrum of X-rays (spectrometric method). It covers the voltage range from 10 kV to 500 kV.
The intention is to check the correspondence of the actual voltage with the indicated value on the control panel of the X-ray unit. It is intended to measure the maximum energy only and not the complete X-ray spectrum.
The procedure is applicable for tank type and constant potential X-ray units.

ISO 14096-1:2005 specifies procedures for the evaluation of basic performance parameters of the radiographic film digitisation process such as spatial resolution and spatial linearity, density range, density contrast sensitivity and characteristic transfer curve. They can be integrated into the system software and together with a standard reference film used for quality control of the digitisation process. This reference film provides a series of test targets for performance evaluation. The test targets are suitable for evaluating a digitisation system with a spatial resolution down to 25 micrometres, a density contrast sensitivity down to 0,02 optical density, a density range of 0,5 to 4,5 and a film size capacity of (350 x 430) mm2. This standard does not address signal processing and display of the digitised data.

ISO 16526-2:2011 specifies a constancy check of a X-ray system where mainly the X-ray voltage is checked and also the tube current and the constitution of the target which can be changing due to ageing of the tube.
The thick filter method is based on a measurement of the dose rate behind a defined thick filter using defined distances between the X-ray tube, the filter and the measuring device.
This method is very sensitive to changes of the voltage, but it does not provide an absolute value for the X-ray tube voltage. Therefore, a reference value is needed and, it is recommended to find this reference, for example, within the acceptance test of the system.
The thick filter method is a rather simple technique and may be applied by the operator of an X-ray system to perform regularly a constancy check of the system.
The method can also be applied for consistency checks after changing components which may affect the X-ray tube voltage.
This method can be applied for all types of X-ray systems, i. e. for constant potential, half wave and impulse wave generators with a tube current larger than 1 mA.

EN-ISO 10113 specifies a method for determining the plastic strain ratio of flat products (sheet and strip) made of metallic materials.

ISO 14096-2:2005 specifies three film-digitisation quality classes for the requirements of non-destructive testing. The selected class depends on the radiation energy, penetrated material thickness and the quality level of the original radiographic film. ISO 14096-2:2005 does not address signal processing, display and storage of the digitised data.

EN-ISO 643 specifies a micrographic method of determining apparent ferritic oraustenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grainboundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal sizedistribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographicsectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, tothe maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grainsizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistentgrain size.

EN-ISO 6892-1 specifies the method for tensile testing of metallic materials and defines the mechanical properties which can be determined at room temperature.

This document gives requirements and recommendations for non-destructive testing (NDT) training syllabuses, with the intention of harmonizing and maintaining the general standard of training of NDT personnel for industrial needs. It also establishes the minimum requirements for effective structured training of NDT personnel to ensure eligibility for qualification examinations leading to third-party certification according to recognized standards. In addition to non-destructive testing in general, its guidelines for syllabuses cover acoustic emission testing, eddy current testing, leak testing, magnetic testing, penetrant testing, radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, visual testing, thermographic testing, and strain gauge testing. ISO/TS 25108 gives requirements and recommendations for NDT training organizations.

This document defines terms used in eddy current testing.

This document defines the general principles to be applied to non-destructive eddy current examination of products and materials in order to ensure defined and repeatable performance.

ISO 16809:2017 specifies the principles for ultrasonic thickness measurement of metallic and non-metallic materials by direct contact, based on measurement of time of flight of ultrasonic pulses only.

ISO 15708-3:2017 presents an outline of the operation of a computed tomography (CT) system and the interpretation of results with the aim of providing the operator with technical information to enable the selection of suitable parameters.
It is applicable to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and gives a consistent set of CT performance parameter definitions, including how those performance parameters relate to CT system specifications.
ISO 15708-3:2017 deals with computed axial tomography and excludes other types of tomography such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

ISO 15708-4:2017 specifies guidelines for the qualification of the performance of a CT system with respect to various inspection tasks.
It is applicable to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and gives a consistent set of CT performance parameter definitions, including how those performance parameters relate to CT system specifications.
ISO 15708-4:2017 deals with computed axial tomography and excludes other types of tomography such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

ISO 15708-2:2017 specifies the general principles of X-ray computed tomography (CT), the equipment used and basic considerations of sample, materials and geometry.
It is applicable to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and gives a consistent set of CT performance parameter definitions, including how those performance parameters relate to CT system specifications.
ISO 15708-2:2017 deals with computed axial tomography and excludes other types of tomography such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

ISO 15708-1:2017 gives the definitions of terms used in the field of computed tomography (CT). It presents a terminology that is not only CT-specific but which also includes other more generic terms and definitions spanning imaging and radiography. Some of the definitions represent discussion points aimed at refocusing their terms in the specific context of computed tomography.

This document specifies a method of determining the total image unsharpness and basic spatial
resolution of radiographs and radioscopic images. The IQI with up to 13 wire pairs can be used
effectively with tube voltages up to 600 kV. The IQI with more than 13 wire pairs can be used effectively
at tube voltages lower than 225 kV. When using source voltages in the megavolt range, it is possible that
the results are not be completely satisfactory.

This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of film and digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
This European Standard applies to the radiographic examination of pipes in metallic materials for service induced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe” as used in this standard should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels.
Weld inspection for typical welding process induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws.
The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either internally or externally.
This part of EN 16407 covers the tangential inspection technique for detection and through-wall sizing of wall loss, including:
a)   with the source on the pipe centre line, and
b)   with the source offset from it by the pipe radius.
Part 2 of EN 16407 covers double wall radiography, and note that the double wall double image technique is often combined with tangential radiography with the source on the pipe centre line.
This European Standard applies to tangential radiographic inspection using industrial radiographic film techniques, computed digital radiography (CR) and digital detector arrays (DDA).

This document specifies the determination of the size of gamma radiographic sources of 0,5 mm or greater, made from the radionuclides Iridium 192, Ytterbium 169, Selenium 75 or Cobalt 60, by a method of radiography with X-rays. The source size of a gamma radiography source is an important factor which affects the image quality of gamma ray images.
The source size is determined with an accuracy of ± 10 % but typically not better than ± 0,1 mm.
The source size is provided by the manufacturer as the mechanical dimension of the source insert. A measurement may be required if the manufacturing process is validated or monitored after implementation of the source into the holder.
This document can be used for other radionuclides after validation.
The standard test method ASTM E 1114 provides further information on the measurement of the Ir-192 source size, the characterization of the source shape, and its correct assembly and packaging.

This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of film and digital radiography with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the subject.
This European Standard applies to the radiographic examination of pipes in metallic materials for service induced flaws such as corrosion pitting, generalized corrosion and erosion. Besides its conventional meaning, "pipe" as used in this standard should be understood to cover other cylindrical bodies such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and pressure vessels.
Weld inspection for typical welding process induced flaws is not covered, but weld inspection is included for corrosion/erosion type flaws.
The pipes may be insulated or not, and can be assessed where loss of material due, for example, to corrosion or erosion is suspected either internally or externally.
This part of EN 16407 covers double wall inspection techniques for detection of wall loss, including double wall single image (DWSI) and double wall double image (DWDI).
Note that the DWDI technique described in this part of EN 16407 is often combined with the tangential technique covered in EN 16407-1.
This European Standard applies to in-service double wall radiographic inspection using industrial radiographic film techniques, computed digital radiography (CR) and digital detector arrays (DDA).

This document gives requirements and recommendations for non-destructive testing (NDT) training
organizations, with the intention of harmonizing and maintaining the general standard of training of
NDT personnel for industrial needs.
It also establishes the minimum requirements for effective structured training of NDT personnel to
ensure eligibility for qualification examinations leading to third-party certification according to
recognized standards.
NOTE ISO/TS 25107 gives requirements and recommendations for NDT training syllabuses intended for
training.

This document specifies the methods for
a) uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension,
b) interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation,
c) stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured,
d) a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation
or extension not necessarily being reported.
NOTE A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.

This document defines the procedures for non-destructive testing using active thermography.
These testing procedures can be applied to different materials (e.g. composites, metals and coatings) and are appointed, but not limited to the:
- detection of discontinuities (e.g. voids, cracks, inclusions, delamination);
- determination of layer or part thicknesses;
- determination and comparison of thermophysical properties.
This standard is describing data acquisition and analysis principles for active thermography and is giving an informative guideline for appropriate selection of the excitation source. Acceptance criteria are not defined in this standard.
Active thermography is applied in industrial production (compound materials, vehicle parts, engine parts, power plant parts, joining technology, electronic devices, etc) and in maintenance and repair (aerospace, power plants, civil engineering, etc).

This document specifies a procedure for the control of film processing systems.

This document specifies a method of tensile testing of metallic materials at temperatures higher than
room temperature.

This standard describes the techniques to be applied for the detection of a leak, using a tracer gas and a tracer gas specific leak detector

This draft European Standard specifies the calibration of those leaks that are used for the adjustment of leak detectors for the determination of leakage rate in everyday use. The preferred calibration method in this case is a comparison with a standard leak. In this way the leaks used for routine use become traceable to a primary standard as the ISO 9000 series of standards require. The comparison procedures are preferably applicable to helium leaks, because this test gas can be selectively measured by a mass spectrometer leak detector (MSLD) (the definition of MLSD is given in EN 1330-8). Calibration by comparison (see methods A and B below) with known standard leaks is easily possible for leaks with reservoir and leakage rates below 10-7Pa.m3/s. From 10-7 Pa.m3/s to 10-4 Pa.m3/s no leaks reliable enough to be used as transfer standard exist. Leaks in this range can only be calibrated by measurement of flow in a calibrated capillary tube (see method C below). Leakage rates greater than 10-4 Pa.m3/s can be measured by flow meters calibrated against primary national standards.

This document specifies the method of verification and calibration of testing machines for determining
Knoop hardness for metallic materials in accordance with ISO 4545-1.
A direct method of verification and calibration is specified for the testing machine, indenter, and the
diagonal length measuring system. An indirect verification method using reference blocks is specified
for the overall checking of the machine.
If a testing machine is also to be used for other methods of hardness testing, it will be verified
independently for each method.

This document gives tables of Vickers hardness for use in tests carried out in accordance with
ISO 6507-1.

This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of
decarburization of steel products.

This document specifies methods for testing metallic sheet materials to determine the stress-strain
characteristics at high strain rates. This document covers the use of elastic-bar-type systems.
The strain-rate range between 10−3 and 103 s−1 is considered to be the most relevant to vehicle crash
events based on experimental and numerical calculations such as the finite element analysis (FEA)
work for crashworthiness.
In order to evaluate the crashworthiness of a vehicle with accuracy, reliable stress-strain
characterization of metallic materials at strain rates higher than 10−3 s−1 is essential.
This test method covers the strain-rate range above 102 s−1.
NOTE 1 At strain rates lower than 10−1 s−1, a quasi-static tensile testing machine that is specified in ISO 7500-1
and ISO 6892-1 can be applied.
NOTE 2 This testing method is also applicable to tensile test-piece geometries other than the flat test pieces
considered here.

This document specifies a method of verification and calibration of testing machines and diagonal
measuring system for determining Vickers hardness in accordance with ISO 6507-1.
A direct method of verification and calibration is specified for the testing machine, indenter and the
diagonal length measuring system. An indirect verification method using reference blocks is specified
for the overall checking of the machine.
If a testing machine is also to be used for other methods of hardness testing, it shall be verified
independently for each method.
This document is also applicable to portable hardness testing machines but not applicable to hardness
testing machines based on different measurement principles, e.g. ultrasonic impedance method.

This document specifies the Vickers hardness test method for the three different ranges of test force for
metallic materials including hardmetals and other cemented carbides (see Table 1).
The Vickers hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals between
0,020 mm and 1,400 mm. Using this method to determine Vickers hardness from smaller indentations
is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the
limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry.
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by
the user.
For specific materials and/or products, particular International Standards exist.

This document specifies a method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect
verification of Vickers hardness testing machines, as specified in ISO 6507-2.
The method is applicable only for indentations with diagonals ≥0,020 mm.g

This document specifies the method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect
verification of Knoop hardness testing machines as specified in ISO 4545-2.
The method is applicable only for indentations with long diagonals ≥0,020 mm.

This document specifies the calibration and verification of tension/compression testing machines.
The verification consists of:
— a general inspection of the testing machine, including its accessories for the force application;
— a calibration of the force-measuring system of the testing machine;
— a confirmation that the performance properties of the testing machine achieve the limits given for
a specified class.
NOTE This document addresses the static calibration and verification of the force-measuring systems. The
calibration values are not necessarily valid for high-speed or dynamic testing applications. Further information
regarding dynamic effects is given in the Bibliography.
CAUTION — Some of the tests specified in this document involve the use of processes which can
lead to a hazardous situation.

This document specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials for test forces from
0,009 807 N to 19,613 N.
The Knoop hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals ≥0,020 mm.
Using this method to determine Knoop hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this
document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement
and imperfections in tip geometry. ISO 14577-1 allows the determination of hardness from smaller
indentations.
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by
the user.
Special considerations for Knoop testing of metallic coatings can be found in ISO 4516.

This European Standard specifies fundamental techniques of computed radiography with the aim of enabling satisfactory
and repeatable results to be obtained economically. The techniques are based on the fundamental theory of the subject and
tests measurements. This document specifies the general rules for industrial computed X- and gamma radiography for flaw
detection purposes, using storage phosphor imaging plates (IP). It is based on the general principles for radiographic
examination of metallic materials on the basis of films (ISO 5579). The basic set-up of radiation source, detector and the
corresponding geometry shall be applied in agreement with ISO 5579 and the corresponding product standards as e.g. ISO
17636 for welding and EN 12681 for foundry. It does not lay down acceptance criteria of the imperfections. Digital
detectors provide a digital grey value image which can be viewed and evaluated on basis of a computer only. This practice
describes the recommended procedure for detector selection and radiographic practice. Selection of computer, software,
monitor, printer and viewing conditions are important but not in the main focus of this standard.
The procedure specified by this standard, provides the minimum requirements and practice which permits to expose and
acquire digital radiographs with equivalent sensitivity for detection of imperfections as film radiography and as specified in
ISO 5579.

This document covers following phased array probes used for ultrasonic non-destructive testing in contact technique (with or without a wedge) or in immersion technique, with centre frequencies in the range 0,5 MHz – 10 MHz.
- linear,
- encircling,
- 2D matrix,
- partial annular sectorial (Type “Daisy”)
This document specifies the characterisation tests that have to be done at the end of the fabrication of a phased array probe. It defines both methodology and acceptance criteria.
This document does not describe methods and acceptance criteria to characterise the performance of an ultrasonic phased array instrument or the performance of a combined system. These are described in EN ISO 18563-1 and in EN ISO 18563-3.