PKG - Testing of metallic materials

This document defines the terms used in ultrasonic non-destructive testing and forms a common basis for standards and general use.
This document does not cover specific terms used in ultrasonic testing with arrays.
NOTE            Terms used in ultrasonic testing with arrays are defined in ISO 23243.

This document specifies a test procedure for determination of the size of industrial radiographic gamma sources of 0,5 mm or greater, made from the radionuclides Iridium 192, Ytterbium 169, Selenium 75 or Cobalt 60, by a radiography method with X-rays. The source size of a gamma radiation source is an important factor which affects the image quality of gamma ray images.
The source size is determined with an accuracy of ±10 % but typically not better than ±0,1 mm.
The source size is provided by the manufacturer as the mechanical dimension of the source insert. A measurement can be required if the manufacturing process is validated or monitored after implementation of the source into the holder.
This document can be used for other radionuclides after validation.
The standard test method ASTM E1114 provides further information on the measurement of the Ir-192 source size, the characterization of the source shape, and its correct assembly and packaging.

This document specifies a method for the measurement of effective focal spot dimensions above 0,1 mm of X-ray systems up to and including 1 000 kV X-ray voltage by means of the pinhole camera method with digital evaluation. The tube voltage applied for this measurement is restricted to 200 kV for visual film evaluation and can be selected higher than 200 kV if digital detectors are used.
The imaging quality and the resolution of X-ray images depend highly on the characteristics of the effective focal spot, in particular the size and the two-dimensional intensity distribution as seen from the detector plane. Compared to the other methods specified in the EN 12543 series and the ISO 32543 series, this method allows to obtain an image of the focal spot and to see the state of it (e.g. cratering of the anode).
This test method provides instructions for determining the effective size (dimensions) of standard (macro focal spots) and mini focal spots of industrial X-ray tubes. This determination is based on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” technique and evaluated with a digital method.
For the characterization of commercial X-ray tube types (i.e. for advertising or trade), the specific FS (focal spot) values of Annex A can be used.

This document gives guidance on the qualification of the performance of a computed tomography (CT) system with respect to various testing tasks.
This document is applicable only to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and provides a consistent set of definitions of CT performance parameters, including the relationship between these performance parameters and CT system specifications.
This document is applicable to industrial computed tomography.
This document does not apply to other techniques of tomography such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

This document specifies the minimum image quality values (using IQIs) to ensure a uniform radiographic image quality. This document specifies the minimum IQI values for the two testing classes, A and B, of radiographic techniques as specified in ISO 5579. This document is applicable to the two types of image quality indicators as detailed in ISO 19232-1 for wire-type IQIs and ISO 19232-2 for step/hole-type IQIs, and for the two testing, classes A and B, as specified in ISO 5579.

This document specifies the general principles and techniques for the characterization and sizing of previously detected discontinuities in order to ensure their evaluation against applicable acceptance criteria.
This document is applicable, in general terms, to discontinuities in those materials and applications covered by ISO 16810.
Phased array techniques can also be applied but additional steps or verifications can be needed.

This document specifies the general principles for the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique for both detection and sizing of discontinuities in low-alloyed carbon steel components.
This document also applies to other types of materials, provided the application of the TOFD technique is performed with necessary consideration of geometry, acoustical properties of the materials, and the test sensitivity.
Although this document is applicable, in general terms, for discontinuities in materials and applications covered by ISO 16810, it contains references to the application on welds. This approach has been chosen for reasons of clarity as to the probe positions and directions of scanning.
Unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents, the minimum requirements specified in this document apply.
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, this document is applicable to the following categories of test objects as specified in ISO 16811:
—     category 1, without restrictions;
—     categories 2 and 3, specified restrictions apply (see Clause 10);
—     categories 4 and 5 require special procedures, which are also addressed (see Clause 10).
NOTE            Techniques for the use of TOFD for weld testing are described in ISO 10863 and the related acceptance criteria are given in ISO 15626.

This document specifies principles for determination of the thickness of metallic and non-metallic materials using the contact technique or immersion technique, based on measurement of the time of flight of ultrasonic pulses only.

This document provides an overview of the operation of a computed tomography (CT) system. This document specifies steps for interpretation of CT results with the aim of providing the operator with technical information to enable selection of suitable parameters.
This document is applicable to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and specifies a consistent set of definitions of CT performance parameters, including how these performance parameters relate to CT system specifications.
This document is applicable to computed axial tomography.
This document does not apply to other types of tomography such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

This document specifies test methods and acceptance criteria, within the frequency range of 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz, for assessing the performance of equipment dedicated for determining thickness using pulse-echo ultrasound, e.g. according to ISO 16809.
This document only specifies the verifications required for the determination of thickness.
This document is applicable to instruments with numerical display and instruments with A-scan presentation, each using either single- or dual-transducer probes.
The tests described in this document can be used for verifying equipment covered by ISO 22232-1 and ISO 22232-2 when used for thickness determination.

This document specifies the requirements for the dimensions, material and manufacture of a steel block for setting, checking and verification of ultrasonic test equipment used in manual testing.

This document specifies principles for the tandem technique and the longitudinal-longitudinal-transverse wave (LLT) technique for detection of discontinuities perpendicular to the surface or almost perpendicular to the surface.
The general principles for ultrasonic testing of industrial products are described in ISO 16810.
The tandem or LLT techniques can be used for the detection of embedded planar discontinuities.
This document gives guidelines for the testing of metallic materials with a thickness between 40 mm and 500 mm with parallel or concentric surfaces.
The procedures provided in this document can be used for testing of other materials or smaller thickness if special measures are taken according to a written testing procedure.
Phased array techniques can also be applied for the tandem technique and the LLT technique, but additional steps or verifications can be needed.

This document specifies the principles of ultrasonic through-transmission techniques.
Through-transmission techniques can be used for:
—     detection of discontinuities;
—     determination of sound attenuation.
The general principles required for the use of ultrasonic testing of industrial products are described in ISO 16810.
The through-transmission technique is used for the testing of flat products, e.g. plates and sheets.
Further, it can be used for tests, for example:
—     where the shape, dimensions or orientation of possible discontinuities are unfavourable for direct reflection;
—     of materials with high sound attenuation;
—     on thin test objects.

This document specifies the general rules for setting the time-base range and sensitivity (i.e. gain adjustment) of a manually operated ultrasonic instrument with A-scan display in order that reproducible determinations can be made of the location and echo height of a reflector.
This document is applicable to contact techniques employing a single probe with either a single transducer or dual transducers. This document does not apply to the immersion technique and techniques employing more than one probe.

This document specifies the general principles of X-ray computed tomography (CT), the equipment used and basic considerations of sample, materials and geometry.
This document is applicable only to industrial imaging (i.e. non-medical applications) and provides a consistent set of definitions of CT performance parameters, including the relationship between these performance parameters and CT system specifications.
This document is applicable to industrial computed tomography.
This document does not apply to other techniques of tomography, such as translational tomography and tomosynthesis.

This document provides specifications for testing miniaturised metallic test pieces where not enough material is available for test pieces according to ISO 6892-1.
The guidelines in this document are not intended to replace the requirements of the standard method described in ISO 6892-1.
This document refers to conventionally manufactured materials.
NOTE 1        Additional information regarding testing of additively manufactured materials are given in ISO/ASTM 52909[5].
NOTE 2        Further information on the performance of miniaturised test pieces in tensile testing and the comparability of respective results is available in References [8] to [14].

This document describes the test method for determining residual stresses in polycrystalline materials by the synchrotron X-ray diffraction method. The method can be applied to both homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials including those containing distinct phases.
Information on how to carry out residual stress measurements by the synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique is provided as:
-   the selection of appropriate diffracting lattice planes on which measurements should be made for different categories of materials,
-   the specimen directions in which the measurements should be performed,
-   the volume of material examined in relation to the material grain size and the envisaged stress state,
-   the selection of the stress-free reference (sample) facilitating the residual strain calculation, and
-   the methods available for deriving residual stresses from the measured strain data.
Procedures are presented for calibrating synchrotron X-ray diffraction instruments, enabling:
-   accurately positioning and aligning test pieces;
-   precisely defining the volume of material sampled for the individual measurements;
and also for:
-   making measurements;
-   carrying out procedures for analysing the results;
-   determining their uncertainties.
The principles of the synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique are described and put into perspective with EN 15305:2008 and EN ISO 21432:2020, which are used to measure stresses in the bulk of a specimen.

This document defines terms used in the field of computed tomography (CT). It presents vocabulary that is not only CT-specific but which also includes other more generic terms and definitions spanning imaging and radiography. Some of the definitions represent discussion points aimed at refocusing their terms in the specific context of computed tomography.

This document specifies the general principles for the ultrasonic testing of industrial products that permit the transmission of ultrasound.
The specific conditions of application and use of ultrasonic testing, which depend on the type of product to be tested, are described in documents which can include:
—     product standards;
—     specifications;
—     codes;
—     contractual documents;
—     written procedures.
This document specifies the minimum applicable requirements, unless otherwise specified in the referencing documents.
This document does not specify:
—     extent of testing and scan plans;
—     acceptance criteria.
This document describes only conventional probes, however, the general principles for ultrasonic testing also apply to ultrasonic testing using array techniques. If array techniques are used, then additional steps or verifications can be needed.

This document specifies characterization tests to be performed at the end of the fabrication of an array probe. It defines both methodology and acceptance criteria.
This document is applicable to the following array probes used for ultrasonic non-destructive testing [phased array technique or signal processing technique, e.g. full-matrix capture (FMC) and total-focusing technique (TFM)] in contact technique (with or without a wedge or delay line) or in immersion technique, with centre frequencies in the range 0,5 MHz to 10 MHz:
a)       array probes with elements in one direction:
—    1-D-linear array (linear array);
—    1-D-curved array;
—    annular array;
b)       array probes with elements in two directions:
—    2-D-array (matrix array);
—    sectorial annular array;
—    partial sectorial annular array.
This document does not give methods and acceptance criteria to characterize the performance of an ultrasonic phased array instrument or the performance of a complete system, which are given in ISO 18563–1 and in ISO 18563–3.

This document specifies a method for determining the hardenability of steel by end quenching (Jominy test) by using a test piece 25 mm in diameter and at least 100 mm long.
By agreement and for a defined field of application, the test described in this document can be replaced by the calculation of the Jominy curve according to an accepted mathematical model.

This document specifies micrographic methods of determining apparent ferritic or austenitic grain size in steels. It describes the methods of revealing grain boundaries and of estimating the mean grain size of specimens with unimodal size distribution. Although grains are three-dimensional in shape, the metallographic sectioning plane can cut through a grain at any point from a grain corner, to the maximum diameter of the grain, thus producing a range of apparent grain sizes on the two-dimensional plane, even in a sample with a perfectly consistent grain size.

The document specifies requirements for the dimensions, material and manufacture of a steel
block for calibrating ultrasonic test equipment used in ultrasonic testing with the phased array
technique

This document specifies the general principles required for leak detection by acoustic emission testing (AT). It is addressed to the application of the methodology on structures and components, where a leak flow as a result of pressure differences appears and generates acoustic emission (AE).
It describes phenomena of the AE generation and influence of the nature of fluids, shape of the gap, wave propagation and environment.
The different application techniques, instrumentation and presentation of AE results are discussed. Also included are guidelines for the preparation of application documents which describe specific requirements for the application of the acoustic emission testing.
Annex A gives procedures for some leak-testing applications.

This document addresses ultrasonic test systems implementing array probes, for contact technique (with or without wedge) or for immersion technique, with centre frequencies in the range of 0,5 MHz to 10 MHz.
This document provides methods and acceptance criteria for determining the compliance of the complete system (see 3.2). Its purpose is for the verification of the correct operation of the system prior to testing or verification of the absence of degradation of the system.
The methods are not intended to prove the suitability of the system for particular applications but are intended to prove the capability of the complete system (used for an application) to operate correctly according to the settings used. Tests can be performed on individual ultrasonic beams (for phased array technique, see 9.4.4) or on resulting images (for phased array technique and total focusing technique, see 9.4.3).
The tests can be limited to the functions that are intended to be used for a certain application.
This document does not cover the sensitivity setting of the system for a specific application. Nor does it apply to the characterization or verification of the mechanical scanning equipment. It is intended that these items will be covered by the test procedure.
This document does not address the phased array technique using tandem technique.
The characterization of beams, as recommended in case of dead elements or for more in-depth knowledge of the beams, is presented in Annex A. It is not applicable for signal processing technology using arrays.
NOTE            Unless stated otherwise, in this document ‘TFM’ and ‘TFM technique’ refer to the total focusing technique as defined in ISO 23243, and to related techniques, see for example ISO 23865 and ISO 23234.

This document specifies the requirements for the dimensions, material, and manufacture of a steel step wedge standard block for the setting of an ultrasonic instrument.

This document specifies the method for Rockwell regular and Rockwell superficial hardness tests for scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, K, 15N, 30N, 45N, 15T, 30T, and 45T for metallic materials and is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
For specific materials and/or products, other specific International Standards apply (e.g. ISO 3738-1 and ISO 4498).

This document specifies a method for the calibration of reference blocks to be used for the indirect and daily verification of Rockwell hardness testing machines and indenters, as specified in ISO 6508-2. This document also specifies requirements for Rockwell machines and indenters used for calibrating reference blocks and specifies methods for their calibration and verification.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of hard metal for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.

This document specifies two separate methods of verification of testing machines (direct and indirect) for determining Rockwell hardness in accordance with ISO 6508-1, together with a method for verifying Rockwell hardness indenters.
The direct verification method is used to determine whether the main parameters associated with the machine function, such as applied force, depth measurement, and testing cycle timing, fall within specified tolerances. The indirect verification method uses a number of calibrated reference hardness blocks to determine how well the machine can measure a material of known hardness.
This document is applicable to stationary and portable hardness testing machines.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the use of tungsten carbide composite for ball indenters is considered to be the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball.

The function of an industrial radiographic illuminator is to provide sufficient diffuse light for viewing of developed radiographic films (radiographs).
This document specifies the minimum requirements for industrial radiographic illuminators used for viewing radiographs.

This document defines the decarburization and specifies three methods of measuring the depth of decarburization of steel products.

This document specifies the Vickers hardness test method for the three different ranges of test force for metallic materials, including hard metals and other cemented carbides (see Table 1), metallic coatings and other inorganic coatings.
The Vickers hardness test is specified in this document for lengths of indentation diagonals between 0,020 mm and 1,400 mm. Using this method to determine Vickers hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry.
The Vickers hardness specified in this document is also applicable for metallic and other inorganic coatings including electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic coatings on aluminium.
This document is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface and to measurements on cross-sections, provided that the characteristics of the coating (smoothness, thickness, etc.) permit accurate readings of the diagonal of the indentation.
This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,030 mm when testing normal to the coating surface. This standard is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,100 mm when testing a cross-section of the coating. ISO 14577-1 can be used for the determination of hardness from smaller indentations.”
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user.
For specific materials and/or products, relevant International Standards exist.

This document specifies the Knoop hardness test method for metallic materials for test forces from 0,009 807 N to 19,613 N.
This document specifies Knoop hardness tests for length of the long diagonal ≥0,020 mm. Using this method to determine the Knoop hardness from smaller indentations is outside the scope of this document as results would suffer from large uncertainties due to the limitations of optical measurement and imperfections in tip geometry.
The Knoop hardness test specified in this document is also applicable for metallic and other inorganic coatings including electrodeposited coatings, autocatalytic coatings, sprayed coatings and anodic coatings on aluminium. This document is applicable to measurements normal to the coated surface and to measurements on cross-sections, provided that the characteristics of the coating (smoothness, thickness, etc.) permit accurate readings of the diagonal of the indentation. This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,007 mm when testing normal to the coating surface. This document is not applicable for coatings with thickness less than 0,020 mm when testing a cross-section of the coating. ISO 14577-1 can be used for the determination of hardness from smaller indentations.
A periodic verification method is specified for routine checking of the testing machine in service by the user.

This document specifies the methods for:
a)    uninterrupted creep tests with continuous monitoring of extension;
b)    interrupted creep tests with periodic measurement of elongation;
c)    stress rupture tests where normally only the time to fracture is measured;
d)    a test to verify that a predetermined time can be exceeded under a given force, with the elongation or extension not necessarily being reported.
NOTE       A creep test can be continued until fracture has occurred or it can be stopped before fracture.

This document specifies a method of instrumented Charpy V-notch pendulum impact testing on metallic materials and the requirements concerning the measurement and recording equipment.
With respect to the Charpy pendulum impact test described in ISO 148-1, this test provides further information on the fracture behaviour of the product under impact testing conditions.
The results of instrumented Charpy test analyses are not directly transferable to structures or components and shall not be directly used in design calculations or safety assessments.
NOTE            General information about instrumented impact testing can be found in References [1] to [5].

This document specifies a method for designating test specimen axes in relation to product texture by means of an X-Y-Z orthogonal coordinate system.
This document applies equally to unnotched and notched (or precracked) test specimens.
This document is intended only for metallic materials with uniform texture that can be unambiguously determined.
Test specimen orientation is decided before specimen machining, identified in accordance with the designation system specified in this document, and recorded.

This document specifies the requirements for the dimensions, material, manufacture and methods of use for calibration block No. 2 for setting and checking ultrasonic test equipment.

This document specifies the functional characteristics of multi-channel ultrasonic phased array instruments used for array probes and provides methods for their measurement and verification.
This document is also applicable to ultrasonic phased array instruments in automated systems; but other tests can be needed to ensure satisfactory performance. When the phased array instrument is a part of an automated system, the acceptance criteria can be modified by agreement between the parties involved.
This document also can partly be applicable to FMC instruments and TFM instruments.
This document gives the extent of the verification and defines acceptance criteria within a frequency range of 0,5 MHz to 10 MHz.

This document specifies a method for determination of the biaxial stress-strain curve of metallic sheets having a thickness below 3 mm in pure stretch forming without significant friction influence. In comparison with tensile test results, higher strain values can be achieved.
NOTE      In this document, the term "biaxial stress-strain curve" is used for simplification. In principle, in the test the "biaxial true stress-true strain curve" is determined.

This document specifies general requirements for in-service acoustic emission (AE) monitoring. It relates to detection, location and grading of AE sources with application to metallic pressure equipment and other structures such as bridges, bridge ropes, cranes, storage tanks, pipelines, wind turbine towers, marine applications, offshore structures. The monitoring can be periodic, temporary or continuous, on site or remote-controlled, supervised or automated. The objectives of AE monitoring are to define regions which are acoustically active as a result of damage or defect evolution.

This document specifies a method and establishes guidelines for non-destructive testing using active thermography with laser excitation.
Active thermography with laser excitation is mainly applicable, but not limited, to different materials (e.g. composites, metals, ceramics) and to:
- the detection of surface-breaking discontinuities, particularly cracks;
- the detection of discontinuities located just below the surface or below coatings with an efficiency that diminishes rapidly with a few mm depth;
- the detection of disbonds and delamination parallel to the examined surface;
- the measurement of thermal material properties, like thermal diffusivity;
- the measurement of coating thickness.
The requirements for the equipment, for the verification of the system, for the surface condition of the test object, for the scanning conditions, for the recording, the processing and the interpretation of the results are specified. This document does not apply to the definition of acceptance criteria.
Active thermography with laser excitation can be applied in industrial production as well as in maintenance and repair (vehicle parts, engine parts, power plant, aerospace, etc.).

ISO 18203:2016 specifies a method of measuring the case hardening depth, surface hardening depth, nitriding hardness depth and total thickness of surface hardening depth obtained, e.g. thermal (flame and induction hardening, electron beam hardening, laser beam hardening, etc.) or thermochemical (carbonitriding, carburizing and hardening, hardening and nitriding, etc.) treatment.

This document specifies requirements for the qualification and certification of personnel who perform industrial non-destructive testing (NDT) in the following methods.
a) acoustic emission testing;
b) eddy current testing;
c) leak testing (hydraulic pressure tests excluded);
d) magnetic testing;
e) penetrant testing;
f) radiographic testing;
g) strain gauge testing;
h) thermographic testing;
i) ultrasonic testing;
j) visual testing (direct unaided visual tests and visual tests carried out during the application of another NDT method are excluded).
The system specified in this document is also applicable to other NDT methods or to NDT techniques within an established NDT method, provided a comprehensive scheme of certification exists and the NDT method or NDT technique is covered by international, regional or national standards or the NDT method or the NDT technique has been demonstrated to be effective to the satisfaction of the certification body.
NOTE 1    The term "industrial" implies the exclusion of applications in the field of medicine.
NOTE 2    CEN/TR 14748 provides guidance on the methodology for qualification of non-destructive tests.
NOTE 3    This document specifies requirements for what are, in effect, third party conformity assessment schemes. These requirements do not directly apply to conformity assessment by second or first parties, but relevant parts of this document can be referred to in such arrangements.
NOTE 4    The term “direct unaided visual testing” implies where there is an uninterrupted optical path from the observer’s eye to the test area and the observer uses no tools or devices (e.g. mirror, endoscope, fibre optic).
NOTE 5    Calculations of strain based on other NDT methods are excluded.

This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to austenitic stainless steels within the tensile strength range 450 to 750 N/mm2 and in the solution treated condition.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) non-austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds 25√S0 or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.

This document specifies a method of converting room temperature percentage elongations after fracture obtained on various proportional and non-proportional gauge lengths to other gauge lengths.
Formula (1), on which conversions are based, is considered to be reliable when applied to carbon, carbon manganese, molybdenum and chromium molybdenum steels within the tensile strength range 300 N/mm2 to 700 N/mm2 and in the hot-rolled, hot-rolled and normalized or annealed conditions, with or without tempering.
These conversions are not applicable to:
a) cold reduced steels;
b) quenched and tempered steels;
c) austenitic steels.
These conversions are not applicable when the gauge length exceeds  or where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20.

This document specifies test routines for the periodic verification of the performance of acoustic emission (AE) test equipment, i.e. sensors, pre-amplifiers, signal processors, external parametric inputs.
It is intended for use by qualified personnel to implement an automated verification process.
Verification of the measurement characteristics is advised after purchase of equipment, in order to obtain reference data for later verifications. Verification is also advised after repair, modifications, use under extraordinary conditions, or if one suspects a malfunction.
The procedures specified in this document do not exclude other qualified methods, e.g. verification in the frequency domain. These procedures apply in general unless the manufacturer specifies alternative equivalent procedures.
Safety aspects of equipment for use in potentially explosive zones are not considered in this document.

This document specifies the application of the time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) technique in testing of metals for quantifying loss of thickness due to erosion and/or corrosion.
This document applies to all types of corrosion and/or erosion damage, particularly those defined in EN ISO 16809.
This document applies to unalloyed or low-alloyed steels.
It applies to components with a nominal thickness ≥ 6 mm. For smaller thicknesses, feasibility tests are performed to validate the test technique.
For other materials, feasibility tests are essential, too.
The TOFD technique can be used as a stand-alone technique or in combination with other non-destructive testing techniques, for in-service testing, in order to detect material loss caused by erosion and/or corrosion.
This technique is based on analysis of TOFD images using reflected and/or diffracted ultrasonic signals.
This document does not specify acceptance levels.

This document specifies the technical requirements and test procedures for penetrant materials for their type testing and batch testing. This document covers the temperature range from 10 °C to 50 °C. Additional tests in ISO 3452-5 or ISO 3452-6 can be required outside this range.
On-site control tests and methods are detailed in ISO 3452‑1.

This document specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks, laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested using white light or UV-A (365 nm) radiation. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and not excessively porous (castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.)
This document also includes requirements for process and control testing, but is not intended to be used for acceptance criteria. It gives neither information relating to the suitability of individual test systems for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.
NOTE 1   Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.
NOTE 2   The term "discontinuity" is used in this document in the sense that no evaluation concerning acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
NOTE 3   CEN/TR 16638 addresses penetrant testing using actinic blue light.

This document specifies testing conditions for use when constructing a forming-limit curve (FLC) at ambient temperature and using linear strain paths. The material considered is flat, metallic and of thickness between 0,3 mm and 4 mm.
NOTE The limitation in thickness of up to 4 mm is proposed, giving a maximum allowable thickness to the punch diameter ratio.