ISO 22327:2018
(Main)Security and resilience — Emergency management — Guidelines for implementation of a community-based landslide early warning system
Security and resilience — Emergency management — Guidelines for implementation of a community-based landslide early warning system
This document gives guidelines for a landslide early warning system. It provides a definition, aims to improve understanding, describes methods and procedures to be implemented, and gives examples of types of activities. It is applicable to communities vulnerable to landslides, without taking secondary effects into consideration. It recognizes population behaviour response planning as a key part of the preparedness. It takes into account the approach of ISO 22315 and provides additional specifications for landslides.
Sécurité et résilience — Gestion des urgences — Lignes directrices pour la mise en oeuvre d'un système d'alerte locale immédiat de glissement de terrain
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22327
First edition
2018-10
Security and resilience — Emergency
management — Guidelines for
implementation of a community-
based landslide early warning system
Sécurité et résilience — Gestion des urgences — Lignes directrices
pour la mise en oeuvre d'un système d'alerte locale immédiat de
glissement de terrain
Reference number
ISO 22327:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
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ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Landslide early warning system . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Risk assessment . 2
4.3 Dissemination and communication of knowledge . 3
4.4 Establishment of a disaster preparedness team . 3
4.5 Development of an evacuation map and routes . 4
4.6 Development of standard operating procedures . 4
4.7 Monitoring, early warning and evacuation drill . 5
4.8 Commitment of the local authority and community on the sustainability of the LEWS . 6
Annex A (informative) Example of the proposed community disaster preparedness team .7
Annex B (informative) Example of the layout of the evacuation map and route .8
Annex C (informative) Example of evacuation map and route . 9
Annex D (informative) Example of symbols in the evacuation map and route.10
Annex E (informative) Example of the scheme of a community-based LEWS .11
Annex F (informative) Example of the flow of warning information and evacuation command .12
Annex G (informative) Example of evacuation SOP .13
Bibliography .15
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
Foreword
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
Introduction
Landslides are one of the most widespread and commonly occurring natural hazards. Landslides may
occur in different types of topographic and geologic settings. The occurrence of landslides may increase
significantly due to uncontrolled land use development and human interference into unstable slopes. In
many countries, landslides cause substantial socio-economical losses.
Landslide mitigation can be carried out both by structural and non-structural efforts. Structural
mitigation includes adjustment of slope geometry, slope reinforcement, and protection and improvement
of drainage systems, all of which require a high cost. The alternative option of relocation is not practical
for residents living in areas prone to landslides. As a result, the most effective disaster risk reduction
can be achieved by non-structural mitigation through improvement of the community’s preparedness
by implementing an early warning system.
The goal of the development of a community-based early warning system is to empower individuals and
communities who are vulnerable to hazards to act in sufficient time and in appropriate ways to reduce
the possibility of injury, loss of life and damage to property and the environment. The implementation
of a community-based early warning system is consistent with the Sendai Framework for Disaster
[14]
Risk Reduction of 2015–2030 . The fourth priority of the framework emphasizes the improvement
of preparedness in order to respond effectively to a disaster, by implementing an early warning system
and improving the dissemination of information about early warning of natural disasters at local,
national, regional and international levels.
[15]
According to UN-ISDR , a complete and effective early warning system consists of four interrelated
key elements:
a) risk knowledge;
b) monitoring and warning service;
c) dissemination and communication;
d) response capability.
The implementation of a community-based early warning system takes into account the correlation
between a strong bond and effective communication channels among all of these elements.
Demographic, social, economic and cultural aspects are most often left out in the implementation of early
warning systems, compared to other technical aspects. Early warning system guidelines promote the
role of the community and social aspects in general. Efforts to train people to respond to the warnings
should be followed up by experts/researchers and by decision-makers at local and national levels.
By referring to the four key elements of community-based early warning system, this document for a
landslide early warning system promotes uniformity in the development and implementation of early
warning systems and will improve the preparedness of the communities vulnerable to landslides.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22327:2018(E)
Security and resilience — Emergency management —
Guidelines for implementation of a community-based
landslide early warning system
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for a landslide early warning system. It provides a definition, aims to
improve understanding, describes methods and procedures to be implemented, and gives examples of
types of activities.
It is applicable to communities vulnerable to landslides, without taking secondary effects into
consideration.
It recognizes population behaviour response planning as a key part of the preparedness.
It takes into account the approach of ISO 22315 and provides additional specifications for landslides.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22300, Security and resilience — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22300 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
mass movement
displacement of materials such as soil, rock, mud, snow or a combination of matter down a slope under
the influence of gravity
3.2
landslide
wide variety of processes that result in the downward and outward movement of slope-forming
materials including rock, soil, artificial fill or a combination of these
3.3
community vulnerability
characteristics and conditions of individuals, groups or infrastructures that put them at risk for the
destructive effects of a hazard
3.4
early warning
provision of information through local networks, allowing affected individuals to take action to avoid
or reduce risks and to prepare responses
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
3.5
community-based early warning system
method to communicate information to the public through established networks
Note 1 to entry: The warning system can consist of risk knowledge, monitoring and warning service,
dissemination and communication, and response capability to avoid, reduce risks and prepare responses against
disaster.
[SOURCE: ISO 22300:2018, 3.43, modified — “early” has been added to the term and Note 1 to entry has
been added.]
3.6
evacuation
organized, phased and supervised removal of people from dangerous or potentially dangerous areas to
places of safety
3.7
evacuation command
series of orders to evacuate people
3.8
evacuation drill
activity that practises a particular skill related to evacuation (3.7) and often involves repeating the
same thing several times
EXAMPLE A drill to practice safely evacuating a neighbourhood or village from a landslide (3.2)
[SOURCE: ISO 22300:2018, 3.74, modified — “related to evacuation” in the term has been added and the
example has been changed.]
4 Landslide early warning system
4.1 General
The community-based landslide early warning system (LEWS) should comprise seven main sub-
systems:
a) risk assessment (4.2);
b) dissemination and communication of knowledge (4.3);
c) establishment of a disaster preparedness team (4.4);
d) development of an evacuation route and map (4.5);
e) development of standard operating procedures (4.6);
f) monitoring, early warning and evacuation drill (4.7);
g) commitment of the local government and community on the operation and maintenance of the
whole system (4.8).
4.2 Risk assessment
The risk assessment should be based on ISO 31000 and should consist of technical (geomorphology,
geology and geotechnics), institutional and socioeconomic/cultural surveys of vulnerable communities.
ISO 31000 should be adapted to meet the specific requirements of the landslide context including risk
identification.
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ISO 22327:2018(E)
A technical survey for risk identification should be conducted to understand the geological conditions
in vulnerable communities, to classify the types of landslide and range of hazard, to assess the potential
physical extent of landslide, to collect information regarding the indicators of ground movement, and to
determine landslide susceptibility and stable zones. These indicators may include cracks and subsidence,
appearance of water springs, fractures of structure and tilting poles and trees. These indicators can be
used to determine the placement of the landslide early warning system instruments. Information on
lithology types and distribution, slope forming material composition, geological structure types and
its orientation distribution, slope crack and slope inclination should also be included when identified
during the technical survey.
The purpose of an institutional survey is to understand whether there are established organizations
currently responsible for monitoring and mitigating hazards in the disaster-prone areas.
A socioeconomic or culture survey collects information on community demographics, such as
population, by age, education and financial situation, the number of households, vehicles and livestock,
and cultural considerations. It also provides information on the community’s knowledge concerning
landslide hazards. This information provides insight into the community’s perception on landslide risk
and landslide disaster risk reduction means (technology, population preparedness, etc.) that can be
used to improve the successful introduction of the early warning system and to gain an understanding
of the community’s vulnerabilities and complexities.
NOTE 1 Information on potential vulnerable inhabitants and infrastructure due to landslide is important to
determine the level of community vulnerability.
NOTE 2 The community’s eagerness and motivation to actively participate is relevant to design strategies for
disaster risk reduction programmes that are suitable for the local social conditions.
Training and education programmes should be conducted in order to prepare and increase people
awareness.
NOTE 3 The programmes can give knowledge and increase people’s capacity to be able to decide what needs
to be done in order to prevent and protect themselves from landslides.
4.3 Dissemination and communication of knowledge
Dissemination and communication of knowledge provides the community with comprehension
and understanding with respect to potential for a landslide disaster. Methods and materials of the
dissemination and communication should be developed based on the preliminary data of the disaster
risk assessments.
The community should be provided wit
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