ISO/CIE 28077:2016
(Main)Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin cancers)
Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin cancers)
ISO/CIE 28077:2016 specifies the action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers.
Spectre d'action de la photocarcinogenèse (cancers de la peau hors mélanome)
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/CIE
STANDARD 28077
Second edition
2016-10-01
Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum
(non-melanoma skin cancers)
Spectre d’action de la photocarcinogenèse (cancers de la peau hors
mélanome)
Reference number
©
ISO/CIE 2016
© ISO/CIE 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office CIE Central Bureau
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 Babenbergerstraße 9/9A
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland A-1010 Vienna, Austria
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +43 1 714 3187
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org ciecb@cie.co.at
www.iso.org www.cie.co.at
ii © ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 1
4 The action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers .1
5 Tabulated and graphic values . 2
Bibliography . 7
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
ISO/CIE 28077 was prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-32, Action Spectrum for Photocarcinogenesis,
as CIE S 019. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 28077:2006), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
iv © ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in
human beings. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates
with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer)
requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This
document proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental
laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumour response in human skin. The
experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental
data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm.
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/CIE 28077:2016(E)
Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin
cancers)
1 Scope
This document specifies the action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CIE S 017/E:2011 and the following
terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
ultraviolet radiation
UVR
radiation for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation
Note 1 to entry: The range between 100 nm and 400 nm is commonly subdivided into: UV-A: 315 nm to 400 nm;
UV-B: 280 nm to 315 nm; UV-C: 100 nm to 280 nm.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011, Term 17-1367, modified —Notes 2 and 3 have been omitted.]
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
SCUP Skin Cancer Utrecht-Philadelphia (an action spectrum proposed in Reference [1])
SCUP-m designates the original SCUP action spectrum, based entirely on mouse data
SCUP-h designates a proposed action spectrum estimated by correcting for differences in UV
transmissions between human and murine epidermis
UV-A1 wavelength range from 340 nm to 400 nm
UV-A2 wavelength range from 315 nm to 340 nm
4 The action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers
The effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation in causing photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers
[1-16]
has been studied for many years . The action spectrum defined in this document was first published
[16]
by the CIE as the product of research by CIE Technical Committee 6-32, as CIE 138/2. The document
stated the following recognized limitations to this action spectrum:
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved 1
“The UV-A1 part (340 nm–400 nm) of the SCUP action spectra has large margins of uncertainty
(from 10 %–20 % at 340 nm to an order of magnitude at 390 nm); the minimum at 350 nm and
especially the secondary maximum at 380 nm are not well defined. Recent biochemical data do,
however, indicate that action spectra for some types of DNA damage from reactive oxygen species,
such as released by UV-A, show a minimum around 350 nm.
Exploiting this as yet ill-defined fine structure in the UV-A1 region of the SCUP-h action spectrum
(e.g. for optimizing commercial tanning lamps) would be unjustified. Because the Committee report
should provide a standard for risk assessment in regulatory applications, its recommendation
eliminates the uncertainty associated with the fine structure of the SCUP-h action spectrum.
Committee consensus involved flattening the plateau at the 340 nm level. Mathematically, this
results
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/CIE
STANDARD 28077
Second edition
2016-10-01
Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum
(non-melanoma skin cancers)
Spectre d’action de la photocarcinogenèse (cancers de la peau hors
mélanome)
Reference number
©
ISO/CIE 2016
© ISO/CIE 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office CIE Central Bureau
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 Babenbergerstraße 9/9A
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland A-1010 Vienna, Austria
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +43 1 714 3187
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org ciecb@cie.co.at
www.iso.org www.cie.co.at
ii © ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 1
4 The action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers .1
5 Tabulated and graphic values . 2
Bibliography . 7
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
ISO/CIE 28077 was prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-32, Action Spectrum for Photocarcinogenesis,
as CIE S 019. The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 274, Light and lighting.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 28077:2006), of which it constitutes a
minor revision.
iv © ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is recognized as a major cause of non-melanoma skin cancer in
human beings. Skin cancer occurs most frequently in the most heavily exposed areas and correlates
with degree of outdoor exposure. Describing the relationship of exposure (dose) to risk (skin cancer)
requires the availability of a biological hazard function or action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis. This
document proposes the adoption of an action spectrum (weighting function) derived from experimental
laboratory data and modified to estimate the non-melanoma tumour response in human skin. The
experimental data are sufficient for estimating effectiveness down to about 250 nm, but experimental
data are not sufficient for specifying effectiveness above 400 nm.
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/CIE 28077:2016(E)
Photocarcinogenesis action spectrum (non-melanoma skin
cancers)
1 Scope
This document specifies the action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in CIE S 017/E:2011 and the following
terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
ultraviolet radiation
UVR
radiation for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation
Note 1 to entry: The range between 100 nm and 400 nm is commonly subdivided into: UV-A: 315 nm to 400 nm;
UV-B: 280 nm to 315 nm; UV-C: 100 nm to 280 nm.
[SOURCE: CIE S 017/E:2011, Term 17-1367, modified —Notes 2 and 3 have been omitted.]
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
SCUP Skin Cancer Utrecht-Philadelphia (an action spectrum proposed in Reference [1])
SCUP-m designates the original SCUP action spectrum, based entirely on mouse data
SCUP-h designates a proposed action spectrum estimated by correcting for differences in UV
transmissions between human and murine epidermis
UV-A1 wavelength range from 340 nm to 400 nm
UV-A2 wavelength range from 315 nm to 340 nm
4 The action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers
The effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation in causing photocarcinogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancers
[1-16]
has been studied for many years . The action spectrum defined in this document was first published
[16]
by the CIE as the product of research by CIE Technical Committee 6-32, as CIE 138/2. The document
stated the following recognized limitations to this action spectrum:
© ISO/CIE 2016 – All rights reserved 1
“The UV-A1 part (340 nm–400 nm) of the SCUP action spectra has large margins of uncertainty
(from 10 %–20 % at 340 nm to an order of magnitude at 390 nm); the minimum at 350 nm and
especially the secondary maximum at 380 nm are not well defined. Recent biochemical data do,
however, indicate that action spectra for some types of DNA damage from reactive oxygen species,
such as released by UV-A, show a minimum around 350 nm.
Exploiting this as yet ill-defined fine structure in the UV-A1 region of the SCUP-h action spectrum
(e.g. for optimizing commercial tanning lamps) would be unjustified. Because the Committee report
should provide a standard for risk assessment in regulatory applications, its recommendation
eliminates the uncertainty associated with the fine structure of the SCUP-h action spectrum.
Committee consensus involved flattening the plateau at the 340 nm level. Mathematically, this
results
...
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