SIST EN 1948-1:2006

Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs - Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs

This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2 and EN 1948-3 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions. This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling. The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods: "filter/condenser method" "dilution method" "cooled probe method" Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures. During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources. The procedure described in the three parts of EN 1948 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1). Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are available yet.

Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung der Massenkonzentration von PCDD/PCDF und dioxin-ähnlichen PCB - Teil 1: Probenahme von PCDD/PCDF

Diese Europäische Norm legt die Probenahme der PCDD/PCDF fest. Sie ist wesentlicher Bestandteil
des vollständigen Messverfahrens. Die Anwendung der anderen beiden Teile EN 1948-2:2006 und
EN 1948-3:2006, die die Extraktion und Reinigung bzw. die Identifizierung und Quantifizierung beschreiben,
ist notwendig für die Bestimmung der PCDD und PCDF.
Diese Europäische Norm ist für die Messung von PCDD/PCDF-Emissionskonzentrationen von stationären
Quellen im Bereich von 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 konzipiert.
In dieser Europäische Norm werden sowohl die Verfahrensvalidierung als auch ein Rahmen für die Qualitätskontrollanforderungen,
die bei jeder PCDD/PCDF-Probenahme erfüllt werden müssen, festgelegt.
Der Nutzer hat die Möglichkeit, zwischen drei unterschiedlichen Verfahren zu wählen:
? Filter/Kühler-Methode;
? Verdünnungsmethode;
? Gekühltes-Absaugrohr-Methode.
Jedes Probenahmeverfahren wird durch einige Probenahmesysteme veranschaulicht, die ausführlich im Anhang
B als geprüfte Ausführungsbeispiele beschrieben werden.
Anhand von Vergleichsmessungen, die mit den drei Probenahmeverfahren an städtischen Müllverbrennungsanlagen
bei einer PCDD/PCDF-Emission von 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 durchgeführt wurden, wurden diese drei Verfahren
innerhalb des erwarteten Unsicherheitsbereiches für gleichwertig erachtet. Die Validierungsmessungen
wurden im Abgas von städtischen Müllverbrennungsanlagen im PCDD/PCDF-Emissionsbereich von etwa
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 und einer Staubbeladung von 1 mg/m3 bis 15 mg/m3 durchgeführt. Obwohl diese Europäische
Norm hauptsächlich für Abgasemissionen aus Müllverbrennungsanlagen entwickelt und validiert wurde,
zeigen die praktischen Erfahrungen, dass sie auch für weite Konzentrationsbereiche und verschiedene Emissionsquellen
angewendet werden kann.
Das in den drei Teilen der EN 1948:2006 beschriebene Verfahren legt Anforderungen für die Bestimmung der
17 Kongenere fest, die zur Berechnung des Gesamt-I-TEQ benötigt werden (siehe Tabelle A.1).

Emissions de sources fixes - Détermination de la concentration massique en PCDD/PCDF et PCB de type dioxine - Partie 1: Prélevement des PCDD/PCDF

La présente Norme européenne spécifie le prélevement de PCDD/PCDF. Elle fait partie intégrante du mode opératoire complet de mesurage. L’utilisation des deux autres parties de la présente Norme (EN 1948 2 et EN 1948 3), décrivant d’une part l’extraction et la purification et d’autre part l’identification et la quantification, est nécessaire pour déterminer les PCDD et les PCDF.
Cette norme a été élaborée pour mesurer des concentrations en PCDD/PCDF de l’ordre de 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 dans les émissions de sources fixes.
Cette norme spécifie a la fois les exigences de validation de la méthode et un ensemble d’exigences de contrôle qualité qui doivent etre respectées pour tout prélevement de PCDD/PCDF.
L’opérateur a la possibilité de choisir parmi trois méthodes différentes :
-   « la méthode a filtre/condenseur » ;
-   « la méthode a dilution » ;
-   « la méthode a sonde refroidie ».
L’Annexe B illustre chaque méthode de prélevement par quelques systemes de prélevement décrits en détail et donnés a titre d’exemple de modes opératoires éprouvés.
A la suite de mesurages comparatifs effectués sur les fumées d’un incinérateur d’ordures ménageres a un niveau d’émission d’environ 0,1 ng l-TEQ/m3, ces trois méthodes ont été jugées comparables dans la plage d’incertitude attendue. Des essais de validation ont été effectués sur les fumées d’incinérateurs d’ordures ménageres a un niveau d’émission d’environ 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 et a une concentration en poussieres allant de 1 mg/m3 a 15 mg/m3. Bien que la présente Norme européenne ait été élaborée et validée a l’origine pour des effluents gazeux émis par des incinérateurs, la pratique montre qu’elle peut s’appliquer a des plages de concentrations larges et a diverses sources d’émission.
Le mode opératoire décrit dans les trois parties de la norme EN 1948 spécifie les exigences permettant de déterminer les 17 congéneres nécessaires pour calculer l’I-TEQ total (voir le Tableau A.1).

Emisije nepremičnih virov – Določevanje masne koncentracije PCDD/PCDF in dioksinu podobnih PCB – 1. del: Vzorčenje PCDD/PCDF

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2006
• ICS: 13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
• Technical Committee: KAZ - Air quality
• Current Stage: 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
• Start Date: 01-May-2006
• Due Date: 01-May-2006
• Completion Date: 01-May-2006
• Directive: 89/369/EEC - Prevention of air pollution from new municipal waste incineration plants
• Directive: 89/429/EEC - Reduction of air pollution from existing municipal waste incineration plants
• Directive: 94/67/EC - Incineration of hazardous waste
• Directive: TP180 - Uredba o sežigalnicah odpadkov in napravah za sosežig odpadkov
• Mandate: M/BC/CEN/91/12 - Standardization mandate for CEN concerning a standardized measurement method for dioxins and furans emissions in exhausted gas
• Ref Project: EN 1948-1:2006 - Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs - Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs

Relations

• Replaces: SIST EN 1948-1:1999 - Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs - Part 1: Sampling
• Effective Date: 01-May-2006

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 1948-1:2006
01-maj-2006
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 1948-1:1999
(PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY±'RORþHYDQMHPDVQHNRQFHQWUDFLMH3&''3&')LQ
GLRNVLQXSRGREQLK3&%±GHO9]RUþHQMH3&''3&')
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass concentration of
PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs - Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung der Massenkonzentration von
PCDD/PCDF und dioxin-ähnlichen PCB - Teil 1: Probenahme von PCDD/PCDF
Emissions de sources fixes - Détermination de la concentration massique en
PCDD/PCDF et PCB de type dioxine - Partie 1: Prélevement des PCDD/PCDF
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1948-1:2006
ICS:
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
SIST EN 1948-1:2006 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 1948-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2006
ICS 13.040.40 Supersedes EN 1948-1:1996
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Determination of the mass
concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs - Part 1:
Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs
Emissions de sources fixes - Détermination de la Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung der
concentration massique en PCDD/PCDF et PCB de type Massenkonzentration von PCDD/PCDF und dioxin-
dioxine - Partie 1: Prélèvement ähnlichen PCB - Teil 1: Probenahme von PCDD/PCDF
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 January 2006.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1948-1:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 3
Introduction. 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references. 8
3 Terms and definitions. 9
4 Symbols and abbreviations. 11
5 Principle of the complete PCDD/PCDF measurement procedure. 12
6 Sampling device and materials. 15
7 Minimum requirements for sampling. 18
8 Safety measures and transport. 21
9 Preparations and sampling . 21
Annex A (informative)  Toxicity and toxic equivalency. 27
Annex B (informative)  Examples of operation. 30

Annex C (informative)  Examples of adsorbents and their preparations and cleaning. 58
Annex D (informative)  Sampling measurement record. 59
Annex E (informative)  Relations to EU Directives. 62
Bibliography. 63

2

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
Foreword
This European Standard (EN 1948-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2006.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This European Standard supersedes EN 1948-1:1996.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association to support Essential Requirements of EU Directive 94/67/EC of
16 December 1994 [i] on the incineration of hazardous waste. This directive is now replaced by EU Directive
2000/76/EC of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste [ii] and this European Standard also supports
the Essential Requirements of the new EU Directive 2000/76/EC (see also Annex E).
The precision and the performance characteristics were determined between 1992 and 1995 in four
comparative and validation trials at waste incinerators sponsored by the European Commission, the European
Free Trade Association and the German Federal Environment Agency.
The revision of this EN between 2001 and 2004 only refers to the normative part. The information given in the
informative annexes as examples of operation are kept unchanged, as they represent the state of the art at
time of the validation measurements of EN 1948:1996 between 1992 and 1995.
This European Standard EN 1948:2006 consists of three parts dealing with the determination of the mass
concentration of PCDDs and PCDFs in stationary source emissions:
Part 1: Sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs;
Part 2: Extraction and clean-up of PCDDs/PCDFs;
Part 3: Identification and quantification of PCDDs/PCDFs.
All three parts are necessary for the performance of the dioxin measurements.
In addition for the sampling, extraction and analyses of dioxin-like PCBs the Technical Specification
1
CEN/TS 1948-4 is developed and will be transferred to a European Standard after corresponding validation
measurements or after an approval time of three years respectively.
Important changes made in the revision of EN 1948-1:
1. Title: Broadening of the title with regard to the future EN 1948-4 for the determination of dioxin-like
PCBs
2. Foreword:

1
) To be published.
3

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
• Deletion of all precursor documents which were basis for elaboration of EN 1948 as well as the
names of the standardisation bodies involved in the elaboration of EN 1948
• Update of the hint regarding mandate of the standardisation project and regarding fulfilment of
the Essential Requirements of EU Directives 94/67/EC and 2000/76/EC
• Addition of a hint, that the revision only refers to the normative parts of the standard. The
Informative Annex B “Examples of operation” is kept unchanged and represents the state of the
art at time of the validation measurements of EN 1948:1996 between 1992 and 1995
• Addition of hint with regard to the future document EN 1948-4 dealing with the analyses of dioxin-
like PCBs
3. Introduction: New hint that only skilled operators who are trained in handling highly toxic compounds
should apply the method described in this European Standard (identical to EN 1948-2 and EN 1948-3)
4. Scope:
• Addition of a hint, that EN 1948 can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various
emission sources
• Addition of a hint, that the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of
other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs
5. Normative references:
• Update of the references to EN 1948-2:2006, EN 1948-3:2006
• Reference to EN 13284-1:2001 regarding determination of low range mass concentration of dust
instead of ISO 9096, therefore deletion of all references to ISO 9096 and replacement by
EN 13284-1:2001
• Additional normative reference to EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
• Deletion of reference to ISO 4793:1980
6. Clause 3 Terms and definitions:
• Distinction between Clause 3 "Terms and definitions" and Clause 4 "Symbols and abbreviations"
resulting in a different numbering of the following chapters
• Corrected definition of "field blank" for clarification
• Corrected definition of "analytical blank" for clarification
• Corrected definition of "sampling standard": only furans
• "Syringe standard" renamed to read "recovery standard"
• Corrected definition of "recovery standard": only dioxins
• Additional definition of "dioxin-like PCBs"
• Additional definition of "flue gas sample volume"
• Additional definition of "measurement series" resp. "sampling campaign"
4

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
• Corrected definition and requirement of isokinetic sampling according to EN 13284-1:2001
• Additional definition and calculation of limit of detection
• Additional definition and calculation of limit of quantification
• Additional definition of WHO-TEF/WHO-TEQ
7. Clause 5.1 Sampling:
• Addition of a hint, that a higher temperature than 20°C/40°C (depending of the chosen sampling
method) can be used for the sample gas if it is demonstrated that the results obtained are
equivalent.
• Corrected clarification regarding the temperature falling below the dew point resp. regarding the
increase of the relative humidity
8. Clause 6.1 General sampling device:
• Extension of the general sampling devices, deletion of the old subclauses 5.1.1 to 5.1.4 dealing
with the single compilation of the devices for the different sampling methods, because all details
are listed in Annex B
• Additional note regarding oxygen concentration and its influence on the performance
characteristics
• Harmonisation of the sampling device requirements with other existing standards EN 13284-1,
EN 14790, EN 14789
9. Clause 6.2 Materials: Enlargement of the requirements for materials
10. Clause 6.3 Cleaning the sampling device: New subclause 6.3
11. Clause 7.1 Method validation criteria:
• a) Requirements for the plane filter efficiency according to EN 13284-1:2001
• c) Correction of the validation requirement regarding the flue gas sample volume
• c) Additional validation requirements with regard to the mean adsorber temperature
12. Clause 7.2 Requirements for sampling:
• Maximum sampling time of 8 h was deleted
• d) The field blank must be carried out according to the new subclause 7.3
• e) Addition of the requirement regarding quantification limit according to EN 1948-3, addition of
formula for calculation of the quantification limit according to EN 1948-3, addition of notes
regarding minimum flue gas sample volume and regarding minimum sampling time according
2000/76/EG
• f) Addition of the spiked parts of the equipment
13. Clause 7.3 Field blank requirements: Additional section dealing with a completed and corrected
compilation of all field blank requirements
5

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
14. Clauses 7.4, 7.5, 7.6 Additional sampling minimum requirements for the 3 different methods:
• Addition of a footnote, that a temperature limit of 125 °C is required for the filter of the
filter/condenser method to avoid chemical reactions on activated surfaces.
• Deletion of the requirement to connect the sampling device according to figures in Annex B
• Deletion of the requirement to cool des sample gas temperature with a maximum of 20 °C resp.
40 °C
15. Additional requirement of leak check when changing
Clause 9.3.4.2 Changing sampling line:
sampling
16. Clause 9.3.5.1 Sample recovery from the sampling train: Additional requirements with regard to
rinsing the equipment, the rinsing solution becomes part of the sample
17. Clause 9.3.5.2 Sample storage: Deletion of the requirement to store the samples below 4 °C.
Additional requirement to use screw-caps with aluminium-lined seals for storing
18. Clause 9.4 Calculation of flue gas volume: Correction of the formula for conversion to standard
conditions
19. Clause 9.5 Sampling report:
• Addition of the content and the relevance of the sampling report
• e) Addition of requirement regarding the identification of the used parts of the sampling
equipment
• g) Harmonisation of the requirement regarding isokinetic sampling according to EN 13284-1:2001
20. Annex A: Revision/update of the Toxicity of PCDD/PCDF according to the requirements of the WHO
21. Annex B: Addition of bibliography references
22. Annex B 1.5b: Correction of filter position
23. Annex E / F: Deletion of annexes dealing with humidity and oxygen content determination
24. Annex E: Update of the hint regarding mandate of the standardisation project and regarding fulfilment
of basic requirements of EU Directives 94/67/EC and 2000/76/EC
25. Bibliography: Update
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

6

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
Introduction
Two groups of related chlorinated aromatic ethers are known as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs); they consist of a total of 210 individual substances (congeners):
75 PCDDs and 135 PCDFs.
PCDDs and PCDFs can form in the combustion of organic materials; they also occur as undesirable by-
products in the manufacture or further processing of chlorinated organic chemicals. PCDDs/PCDFs enter the
environment via these emission paths and through the use of contaminated materials. In fact, they are
universally present in very small concentrations. The 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted congeners are toxicologically
significant. Toxicologically much less significant than tetrachlorinated to octachlorinated dibenzodioxins/-
dibenzofurans are the 74 monochlorinated to trichlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (for toxicity
equivalent factors, see Annex A).
Only skilled operators who are trained in handling highly toxic compounds should apply the method described
in this European Standard.
7

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete
measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2 and
EN 1948-3 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary
for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
3
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements
which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
 "filter/condenser method"
 "dilution method"
 "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of
proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level
3
of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of
uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of
3 3 3
about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m to 15 mg/m . Although this European Standard is
primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience
shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of EN 1948 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to
measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for
determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see
CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are available yet.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1948-2:2006, Stationary source emissions — Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs
and dioxin-like PCBs — Part 2: Extraction and clean-up of PCDDs/PCDFs
EN 1948-3:2006, Stationary source emissions — Determination of the mass concentration of PCDDs/PCDFs
and dioxin-like PCBs — Part 3: Identification and quantification of PCDDs/PCDFs
EN 13284-1, Stationary source emissions — Determination of low range mass concentration of dust — Part 1:
Manual gravimetric method
EN 14789, Stationary source emissions — Determination of volume concentration of oxygen (O ) —
2
Reference method — Paramagnetism
8

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
EN 14790, Stationary source emissions - Determination of the water vapour in ducts
EN ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories (ISO/IEC
17025:2005)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN 1948-2:2006,
EN 1948-3:2006 and the following apply.
3.1
analytical blank value
value determined by a blank sample covering the complete analytical procedure including extraction, clean-up,
identification and quantification including all the relevant reagents and materials
3.2
congener
any one of the 210 individual PCDDs/PCDFs
3.3
dioxin-like PCBs
any PCB showing similar toxicity as the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs/PCDFs according to WHO [iii]
3.4
extraction standard
13
C -labelled 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDDs/PCDFs, added before extraction. These standards are also
12
used for calculation of results
3.5
field blank value
value determined by a blank sample covering a specific procedure to ensure that no significant contamination
has occurred during all steps of the measurement and to check that the operator can achieve a quantification
level adapted to the task
3.6
flue gas sample volume
expressed at standard conditions of temperature and pressure on a dry basis and if required corrected to the
reference concentration of oxygen
3.7
isokinetic sampling
sampling at a flow rate such that the velocity and direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle are the
same as the velocity and direction of the gas in the duct at the sampling point
[EN 13284-1:2001, definition 3.5 ]
3.8
keeper
high boiling point solvent added to the sampling standard solution
3.9
limit of detection (LOD)
minimum value of the measurand for which the measuring system is not in the basic state, with a stated
probability
NOTE 1 The limit of detection, also referred to as capability of detection, is defined by reference to the applicable basic
state. But it may be different from "zero", for instance for oxygen measurement as well as when gas chromatographs are
used.
9

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
[prEN ISO 9169:2004, definition 3.2.6 [iv]]
NOTE 2 The measurement value can be distinguished from the analytical blank value with a confidence of 99 %. The
limit of detection is expressed as the mean analytical blank value (b ) plus three times the standard deviation of the
ave
analytical blank (s ).
b
LOD =b + 3s (1)
ave b
where
LOD is the detection limit;
b is the mean analytical blank value;
ave
s is standard deviation of the analytical blank.
b
NOTE 3 In this European Standard the limit of detection should preferably be calculated from the analytical blank b .
ave
If this is not possible, the limit of detection can be calculated from the signal to noise ratio according to EN 1948-3:2006,
8.1.
3.10
limit of quantification (LOQ)
limit above which a quantification of the measurand is possible, expressed as the mean analytical blank value
plus, either, five to ten times the standard deviation of the analytical blank. The factor F depends to the
accepted measurement uncertainty.
LOQ =b + F s (2)
ave b
where
LOQ is the quantification limit;
b is the mean analytical blank value;
ave
s is standard deviation of the analytical blank
b
NOTE In this European Standard the limit of quantification should preferably be calculated from the analytical blank
b . If this is not possible, the limit of quantification can be calculated from the signal to noise ratio according to
ave
EN 1948-3:2006, 8.1 using the requirement of EN 1948-3:2006, 8.3e.
3.11
measurement series
sampling campaign
several successive measurements carried out at the same sampling site and at the same process operating
conditions (in this European Standard often the wording sampling campaign is used)
3.12
pattern
chromatographic print of any series of PCDD/PCDF isomers
3.13
PCDD/PCDF isomers
PCDDs or PCDFs with identical chemical composition but different structure
3.14
profile
graphic representation of the sums of the isomer concentrations of the PCDDs and the PCDFs
10

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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
3.15
recovery standard
13
C -labelled 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDDs, added before GC injection
12
3.16
sampling standard
13
C -labelled 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDFs, added before sampling
12
3.17
spiking
13
addition of C -labelled PCDDs and PCDFs standards
12
3.18
standard pressure
101,3 kPa
3.19
standard temperature
273,15 K
3.16
WHO-TEF
toxic equivalent factor proposed by WHO [iii] (for detailed description see Annex A)
3.17
WHO-TEQ
toxic equivalent obtained by multiplying the mass determined with the corresponding WHO-TEF including
PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs (for detailed description see Annex A)
NOTE WHO-TEQ , WHO-TEQ should be used to distinguish different compound classes.
PCB PCDD/PCDF
4 Symbols and abbreviations
4.1 General
HRGC
high resolution gas chromatography
HRMS
high resolution mass spectrometry
I-TEF
international toxic equivalent factor (for a detailed description, see Annex A)
I-TEQ
international toxic equivalent obtained by weighting the mass determined with the corresponding I-TEF (for a
detailed description, see Annex A)
LOD
limit of detection
LOQ
limit of quantification
PCB
polychlorinated biphenyl
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EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
PCDD/PCDF
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran
PTFE
polytetrafluoroethylene
PU foam
polyurethane foam
WHO-TEF
toxic equivalent factor of the World Health Organisation
WHO-TEQ
toxic equivalent of the World Health Organisation
4.2 Congeners of PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
PeCDD
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
HxCDD
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
HpCDD
Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
OCDD
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
TCDF
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran
PeCDF
Pentachlorodibenzofuran
HxCDF
Hexachlorodibenzofuran
HpCDF
Heptachlorodibenzofuran
OCDF
Octachlorodibenzofuran
5 Principle of the complete PCDD/PCDF measurement procedure
5.1 Sampling
5.1.1 General
Gas is sampled isokinetically in the duct. The PCDDs/PCDFs, both adsorbed on particles and in the gas
phase, are collected in the sampling train. The collecting parts can be a filter, a condensate flask and a solid
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SIST EN 1948-1:2006
EN 1948-1:2006 (E)
or liquid adsorbent appropriate to the sampling system chosen. There is the choice between three different
sampling systems:
 filter/condenser method;
 dilution method;
 cooled probe method.
Schematic representations of the sampling methods are given in Figures 1 to 3.
13
The main collecting parts are spiked with C -labelled PCDDs/PCDFs before sampling to determine the
12
sampling recovery rate of the congeners. The sample gas is brought to a temperature specific to the sampling
system and the gaseous and particulate PCDDs/PCDFs are trapped.
Sampling shall be carried out according to EN 13284-1. Exceptions with their justification shall be reported.
The minimum requirements of the sampling procedure to be met are described in this European Standard.
Examples of operation are listed in Annex B. The described systems meet the minimum requirements of
Clause 7, but differ in their approach.
5.1.2 Filter/condenser method
The principle of the method is shown in Figure 1. Different variants for this system are possible (see Figures
B.1, B.2 and B.5).

Figure 1 — Schematic representation of the filter/condenser method
The filter is placed downstream of the nozzle (in the stack) or after the probe (out of the stack). The filter shall
2
be kept below 125 °C ), but above the flue gas dew point. When a high dust loading is expected, a quartz
wool filter or a cyclone may be incorporated into the sampling train before the filter to prevent the filter from
being overloaded. Downstream, a condenser is attached to cool the sample gas below 20 °C. An upper
temperature can be used if it is demonstrated that the results obtained are equivalent. The gaseous and
aerosol parts of the PCDDs and PCDFs are captured by impingers and/or solid adsorbents.
In a variant of this sampling system the solid adsorber unit can be linked between condenser and condensate
flask (see Figure B.5).

2
) In order to avoid chemical reactions on activated surfaces the temperature limit of 125 °C is required.
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The system with division of flow differs in the way that after filtering there is a flow divider. The main stream
with a high volume flow to handle the isokinetic conditions passes the filter. The side stream after flow division
is identical to the device with condenser and adsorber unit described above (see Figure B.2).
5.1.3 Dilution method
The principle of the method is shown in Figure 2. Differences in the details of this system are possible (see
Figures B.6 and B.8).

Figure 2 — Schematic representation of the dilution method
The sample gas is collected via a heated probe. The waste gas is cooled very rapidly in a mixing channel
below 40 °C using dried, filtered and, if appropriate, cooled air. An upper temperature can be used if it is
demonstrated that the results obtained are equivalent. The dilution avoids the relative humidity of the sampling
gas rising to 100 %.
After dilution a filter is used to collect the particulate PCDDs/PCDFs contained in the waste gas stream. For
the separation of the gaseous PCDDs/PCDFs a solid adsorbent is linked downstream.
5.1.4 Cooled probe method
The principle of the method is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 — Schematic representation of the cooled probe method
Different systems of this variant are possible (see Figures B.9 and B.11). The sample gas passes the nozzle
and a water-cooled probe, in which it is cooled below 20 °C. An upper temperature can be used if it is
demonstrated that the results obtained are equivalent.
The condensate is caught in a condensate flask.
...