ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)

SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; Reference Ontology and oneM2M Mapping

DTS/SmartM2M-103 264 SAP_Onth

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Nov-2015
• Technical Committee: SmartM2M - Smart M2M
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 22-Nov-2015
• Completion Date: 26-Nov-2015

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)






TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SmartM2M;
Smart Appliances;
Reference Ontology and oneM2M Mapping

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2 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)



Reference
DTS/SmartM2M-103 264 SAP_Onth
Keywords
data, IoT, M2M, ontology, semantic,
Smart Appliance

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3 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Abbreviations . 6
4 Smart Appliances reference ontology and semantics . 6
4.1 Introduction and overview . 6
4.2 Principles . 8
4.3 SAREF . 9
4.4 Observations about SAREF . 15
4.5 Extensions of SAREF . 17
5 Mapping on oneM2M resources . 18
Annex A (informative): Mapping on oneM2M Resources . 19
A.1 Mapping of ETSI SAREF to oneM2M base Ontology . 19
A.1.1 Introduction . 19
A.1.2 Sub-class relationships of ETSI SAREF with the Base Ontology . 20
A.2 Instantiation Rules for Creating the oneM2M Resource Structure . 24
Annex B (informative): Bibliography . 25
History . 26

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4 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Machine-to-Machine
communications (SmartM2M).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

ETSI

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5 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
1 Scope
The result of the European Commission Study Group on Smart Appliances ontologies takes into account all the interest
of the relevant stakeholders. The present document is an adaptation of the reviewed study to the structure of a normative
deliverable. Additionally, it develops the mapping to oneM2M. Therefore the present document has two major
objectives:
1) To provide a standardized framework for the Reference Ontology derived from the EC Study Group on Smart
Appliances.
2) To map the Reference Ontology onto the elementary oneM2M.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] European Commission and TNO: "Study on Semantic Assets for Smart Appliances
Interoperability", final report, April 2015.
NOTE: Available at https://sites.google.com/site/smartappliancesproject/deliverables.
[2] European Commission and TNO: "Smart Appliances REFerence ontology (SAREF)", April 2015.
NOTE: Available at http://ontology.tno.nl/saref.
[3] European Commission and TNO: "D-S4 - SMART 2013-0077 - Smart Appliances - Mapping
SAREF to short list assets.xlsx", February 2015.
NOTE: Available at https://sites.google.com/site/smartappliancesproject/documents.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] oneM2M TS-0012: "Base Ontology".
NOTE: Available at ftp://ftp.onem2m.org/Work%20Programme/WI-0025/.
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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
ontology: formal specification of a conceptualization, used to explicitly capture the semantics of a certain reality
smart appliances: devices, which are used in the household, e.g. for performing domestic work, and which have the
ability to communicate with each other and which can be controlled via Internet
NOTE: The following appliances are covered: Home and buildings sensors (temperature, humidity, energy-plugs,
energy clams, energy meters, water-flow, water quality, presence, occupancy, air monitors, environmental
sensors, CO sensors, weather stations, etc.) and actuators (windows, doors, stores); white goods, as
2
classified by CECED; HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), classified by Eu.bac; lighting,
with use cases as defined by LightingEurope; micro renewable home solutions (solar panels, solar
heaters, wind, etc.).
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
CECED European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
DUL DOLCE+DnS Ultralite
EC European Commission
eu.bac European building automation controls association
FAN FlexiblePower Alliance Network
FIEMSER Friendly Intelligent Energy Management Systems in Residential Buildings
HVAC Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Mirabel Micro-Request-Based Aggregation, Forecasting and Scheduling of Energy Demand, Supply and
Distribution
OM Ontology of units of Measure
oneM2M Partnership Project
TM
OSGi DAL Open Services Gateway initiative Device Abstraction Layer
OWL Web Ontology Language
SAREF Smart Appliances REFerence ontology
SEP2 Smart Energy Profile 2.0
SSN Semantic Sensor Network
SUMO Suggested Upper Merged Ontology
TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research
TR Technical Report
TS Technical Specification
UPnP® Universal Plug and Play
URL Uniform Resource Locator
W3C® World Wide Web Consortium
WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984
4 Smart Appliances reference ontology and semantics
4.1 Introduction and overview
A study on "Available Semantics Assets for the Interoperability of Smart Appliances: Mapping into a Common
Ontology as a M2M Application Layer Semantics" had been tendered by the European Commission and was carried out
by TNO. Parts of the final report of this study [1] are copied to clauses 4.1 to 4.4.
The energy utilization of Smart Appliances can be reduced if they are managed and controlled on a system level. The
system needs standardized interfaces to ensure interoperability. Many of the required standards already exist, but a
common architecture does not, resulting in a market which is too fragmented and powerless. Therefore, a reference
ontology of consensus was designed to cover the needs of all appliances relevant for energy efficiency.
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7 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
The study consisted of three tasks:
• Task 1: Take stock of existing semantic assets and use case assets.
• Task 2: Perform a translation exercise of each model (or use case) to a common ontology language and a
mapping or matching exercise between all the models.
• Task 3: Propose a reference ontology and document the ontology into the ETSI M2M architecture.
About 50 different semantic assets had been identified that describe various properties of Smart Appliances in
residential environments. After translating half of these assets into Web Ontology Language (OWL), 20 recurring
concepts were used as initial building blocks for the Smart Appliances Reference ontology (SAREF). For SAREF in
OWL language, see [2]. The concepts were mapped from the assets to SAREF to allow for translations between the
ontologies.
SAREF explicitly specifies the recurring core concepts in the Smart Appliances domain, the main relationships between
these concepts, and axioms to constrain the usage of these concepts and relationships. SAREF is based on the
fundamental principles of reuse and alignment of concepts and relationships that are defined in existing assets,
modularity to allow separation and recombination of different parts of the ontology depending on specific needs,
extensibility to allow further growth of the ontology, and maintainability to facilitate the process of identifying and
correcting defects, accommodate new requirements, and cope with changes in (parts of) SAREF.
Mappings to other concepts used by different assets/standards/models allow translation from the reference ontology to
specific assets, reducing the effort of translating from one asset to another, since the reference ontology requires one set
of mappings to each asset, instead of a dedicated set of mappings for each pair of assets. Figure 1 shows the role of the
reference ontology in the mapping by means of sample assets. The mappings of SAREF to various
assets/standards/models are available in [3].

NOTE: UPnP® and Z-Wave® are examples of suitable products available commercially. This information is given
for the convenience of users of the present document and does not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of
these products.

Figure 1: The role of SAREF in the mapping among different assets
SAREF is based on the following main concepts (in alphabetical order):
• Building Object (Door, Window).
• Building Space.
• Command (e.g. OnCommand, OffCommand, PauseCommand, GetCommand, NotifyCommand,
SetLEvelCommand).
• Commodity (e.g. Electricity, Gas, Water).
• Device (e.g. Switch, Meter, Sensor, Washing Machine).
• Device Category.
• Duration Description.
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8 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
• Function (Actuating Function, EventFunction, Metering Function, Sensing Function).
• Function Category.
• Profile.
• Property (Energy, Humidity, Light, Motion, Occupancy, Power, Pressure, Price, Smoke, Temperature, Time).
• Service.
• State.
• Task (e.g. Cleaning, Safety, Entertainment).
• Temporal Entity.
• UnitOfMeasure (e.g. Currency, EnergyUnit, Power Unit, Temperature Unit).
4.2 Principles
The Smart Appliances REFerence ontology (SAREF) is conceived as a shared model of consensus that facilitates the
matching of existing assets in the smart appliances domain, reducing the effort of translating from one asset to another,
since SAREF requires one set of mappings to each asset, instead of a dedicated set of mappings for each pair of assets.
Different assets share some recurring, core concepts, but they often use different terminologies and adopt different data
models to represent these concepts. Using SAREF, different assets can keep using their own terminology and data
models, but still can relate to each other through their common semantics. In other words, SAREF enables semantic
interoperability in the smart appliances domain.
SAREF explicitly specifies recurring core concepts in the smart appliances domain, the main relationships between
these concepts, and axioms to constrain the usage of these concepts and relationships. SAREF has been created based
on the following fundamental principles:
• Reuse and alignment of concepts and relationships that are defined in existing assets. Since a large amount of
work was already being done in the smart appliances domain, nothing has been re-invented, but harmonized
and aligned what was already there. SAREF is based on the core concepts that were identified as especially
relevant to describe the existing assets. Despite the heterogeneity of these existing assets, when considering
their semantic coverage, three main trends could be identified with focus on:
1) devices, sensors and their specification in terms of functions, states and services;
2) energy consumption/production information and profiles to optimize energy efficiency; and
3) building related semantic models.
In SAREF these trends are called, function-related, energy-related and building-related, respectively.
SAREF includes not only the necessary concepts and relationships to characterize these trends individually,
but also to link these trends to each other. For example, the concept of building space links function-related
assets to building-related assets, since a device designed to accomplish a certain function is located in a
specific room of the home or office in a building. Another example is the concept of profile that links
function-related assets to energy-related assets, since a device designed to accomplish a certain function can be
associated with a certain energy/power profile that can be used for energy optimization purposes.
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9 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
• Modularity to allow separation and recombination of different parts of the ontology depending on specific
needs. SAREF provides building blocks that can be combined to accommodate different needs and points of
view. The starting point is the concept of device, which is actually common to all assets considered in the
study, although some assets may refer to it with different names, such as resource or product, but mappings
for that are provided. For example, a "switch" is a device. A device is always designed to accomplish one or
more functions, therefore, SAREF offers a lists of basic functions that can be eventually combined in order to
have more complex functions in a single device. For example, the switch mentioned above offers an actuating
function of type "switching on/off". Each function has some associated commands, which can also be picked
up as building blocks from a list. For example, the "switching on/off" function is associated with the
commands "switch on", "switch off" and "toggle". Depending on the function(s) it accomplishes, a device can
be found in some corresponding states that are also listed as building blocks, so that it is easy and intuitive to
combine devices, functions and states. The switch considered in our example can be found in one of the two
states "on" or "off". SAREF also provides a list of properties that can be used to further specialize the
functioning of a device. For example, a "light switch" specializes the more general "switch" described above
for the purpose of controlling the "light" property. An extensive explanation of SAREF, its classes and
relationships is presented in the next clause.
• Extensibility to allow further growth of the ontology. Different stakeholders can specialize the SAREF
concepts according to their needs and points of view, add more specific relationships and axioms to refine the
general (common) semantics expressed in the reference ontology, and create new concepts, as long as they
explicitly link these extensions to at least one existing concept and/or relationship in SAREF. The minimum
requirement is that any extension/specialization shall comply with SAREF.
• Maintainability to facilitate the process of identifying and correcting defects, accommodate new
requirements, and cope with changes in (parts of) SAREF. According to the extensibility criterion mentioned
above, a new module/ontology can be created to further extend/specialize concepts of SAREF.
4.3 SAREF
SAREF focuses on the concept of device, which is defined in the context of the Smart Appliances study as "a tangible
object designed to accomplish a particular task in households, common public buildings or offices. In order to
accomplish this task, the device performs one or more functions". Examples of devices are a light switch, a temperature
sensor, an energy meter, a washing machine. A washing machine is designed to wash (task) and to accomplish this task
it performs the start and stop function. The saref:Device class and its properties are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Device class and its properties
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10 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
A saref:Device shall have some properties that uniquely characterize it, namely its model and manufacturer
(saref:hasModel and saref:hasManufacturer properties, respectively). Optionally, a description of the
device can also be provided (saref:hasDescription property). These properties are depicted in Figure 2 using
green rectangles that represent OWL Datatype properties, which are properties that relate a class (the Device class
here) to data values, namely a string data value in this example. In contrast, OWL Object properties are represented
using blue rectangles and relate a class to another class. For example, the saref:isLocatedIn object property in
Figure 2 relates the saref:Device class to the saref:BuildingSpace class, whereas a building space defines
the physical spaces of the building where a device is located, such as a kitchen or a living room. Figure 3 shows the
saref:BuildingSpace class and its properties.

Figure 3: Building Space and Building Object classes
A building space contains devices or building objects (the saref:BuildingObject class), where building objects
are objects in the building that can be controlled by devices, such as doors or windows that can be automatically opened
or closed by an actuator. A building space has also a saref:hasSpaceType property that can be used to specify the
type of space, for example, the living room or the bedroom. The saref:BuildingSpace class provides the link to
the FIEMSER model that describes building related concepts, therefore, there is no need to further elaborate on these
concepts in SAREF since they are covered elsewhere. Moreover, a building space is a geo:Point characterized by a
certain altitude, latitude and longitude, which are provided by the W3C® WGS84 geo positioning vocabulary that have
been imported in SAREF. Note that the W3C® WGS84 geo vocabulary is referred to using the geo: prefix, which
distinguish it from the classes and properties of SAREF, which are referred to using the saref: prefix.
The saref:hasCategory object property in Figure 2 relates the saref:Device class to the
saref:DeviceCategory class, which provides a way to classify devices into certain categories. Note that when
analyzing the semantic assets in task 1 three main trends have been identified in the context of the Smart Appliances
study with focus on:
1) devices, sensors and their specification in terms of functions, states and services;
2) energy consumption information and profiles to optimize energy efficiency; and
3) building related data models.
Therefore, according to these trends, it is proposed to classify devices in three main categories that are called
saref:FunctionRelated, saref:EnergyRelated and saref:BuildingRelated, respectively. These
categories are shown in Figure 4.
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11 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)

Figure 4: Device Category class
Depending on which trend a certain semantic asset focuses, this asset can be assigned to one of these categories. For
TM
example, Echonet, EnOcean®, OSGi DAL, SEP2, and UPnP® could identify their devices with the category
saref:FunctionRelated, FAN and Mirabel could be assigned to the category saref:EnergyRelated, while
FIEMSER devices would better fit under the category saref:BuildingRelated. Moreover, some assets can
belong to several categories, for example, PowerOnt and CENELEC could be assigned to both the
saref:FunctionRelated and saref:EnergyRelated categories. In any case, the assignment of devices
provided by specific assets to a certain category is not mandatory and is completely flexible since the asset's owners are
free to define a new category as a subclass of saref:DeviceCategory that suits better to their point of view.
SAREF is conceived in a modular way in order to allow the definition of any device from pre-defined building blocks,
based on the function(s) that the device is designed for and the purpose for which it is used. Therefore, Figure 2 shows
that a saref:Device shall accomplish at least one function (saref:hasFunction min 1
saref:Function), and can be used for (saref:isUsedFor property) the purpose of i) offering a commodity,
such as saref:Water or saref:Gas; ii) sensing, measuring and notifying a property, such as
saref:Temperature, saref:Energy and saref:Smoke, respectively; or iii) controlling a building object,
such as a saref:Door or a saref:Window. Moreover, a device may consists of other devices
(saref:consistsOf property). For example:
• a washing machine is a device that has category saref:Appliance, accomplishes the task
saref:Washing and performs an actuating function of type saref:StartPauseFunction. Note that
from an energy related perspective, a washing machine also belongs to the category saref:Load. This
shows the flexibility of SAREF that trough the saref:DeviceCategory class allows the same device to
be classified in different ways without creating inconsistencies;
• a sensor is a device that has category saref:Sensor and performs a saref:SensingFunction;
• a temperature sensor is a device that consists of a sensor, has category saref:Sensor, performs the
saref:SensingFunction and is used for the purpose of sensing a property of type
saref:Temperature;
• a smoke sensor is a device that consists of a sensor, has category saref:Sensor, performs the
saref:SensingFunction and saref:EventFunction , and is used for the purpose of sensing a
property of type saref:Smoke and notifying that a certain threshold has been exceeded;
• a switch is a device that has category saref:Actuator and performs an actuating function of type
saref:OnOffFunction or saref:OpenCloseFunction;
• a door switch is a device that consists of a switch, has category saref:Actuator, performs the
saref:OpenCloseFunction and is used for the purpose of controlling a building object of type
saref:Door;
• a dimmer lamp is a device that has category saref:Lighting and saref:Actuator, performs an
actuating function of type saref:LevelControlFunction and is used for the purpose of controlling a
property of type saref:Light;
• a meter is a device that has category saref:Meter and performs a saref:MeteringFunction;
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12 ETSI TS 103 264 V1.1.1 (2015-11)
• an energy meter is a device that consists of a meter, has category saref:Meter, performs the
saref:MeteringFunction and is used for the purpose of measuring the saref:Energy property.
More types of devices, sensors, actuators, etc. exist and can be defined to extend SAREF. The devices described above
represent some examples that aim at explaining the rationale behind SAREF.
A function is represented in SAREF with the saref:Function and is defined as "the functionality necessary to
accomplish the task for which a device is designed". Examples of functions are the saref:ActuatingFunction,
saref:SensingFunction, saref:MeteringFunction and saref:EventFunction. The
saref:Function class and its properties are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Function class and its properties
A saref:Function can belong to a function category (saref:hasCategory property). Analogously to the
saref:DeviceCategory class, it was decided to leave the saref:FunctionCategory class open in order to
TM
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