Latest Standards, Engineering Specifications, Manuals and Technical Publications

This document specifies the classifications, requirements and test methods for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) profiles with thermo-laminated foils designed for external uses which are intended to be used for the fabrication of windows and doors.
NOTE 1   For editorial reasons, in this document, the term "window" is used for window/door.
NOTE 2   For the purpose of production control, test methods other than those specified in this document can be used.

This document proposes a method to define circular products design rules. It details principles, requirements and guidance associated with the proposed method. This document:
-   specifies requirements and guidance for integrating circularity into the design and development process of products by an organization.
-   supports organizations to develop product design rules to fulfil their chosen circular categories (e.g. the circular business models chosen by the organization or the legislation requirements).
Having the life cycle thinking as a core principle, this document provides guidance on how to reduce environmental impacts, and how to deal with challenges such as trade-offs during circular product design, without compromising functions and safety.
This document focusses on material efficiency. It is not a management system standard.
This document can be applied when no product-specific or product group standard exist. Where such documents are developed, this document can be used as reference to ensure consistency and harmonization across the different product areas and supply chains or networks.

This document specifies requirements for fire detection, alarm systems, equipment shutdown, information and communication systems, emergency lighting, emergency brake systems and fire fighting systems to cover the objectives defined in EN 45545-1:2013.
The measures and requirements specified in this document aim to protect passengers and staff in railway vehicles in the event of a fire on board by alerting staff and passengers to a fire, delaying the fire development and controlling the movement of smoke.
It is not within the scope of this document to describe measures that ensure the preservation of the railway vehicles in the event of a fire.
This part is valid for railway vehicles defined in EN 45545-1:2013.

This European Standard defines the terminology to be used in the field of sustainability criteria for the production of biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels for energy applications. This European Standard specifically considers some relevant terms and definitions used in the European Commission Directive 2009/28/EC [1], referred to as Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and in the European Commission Directive 2009/30/EC [2] referred to as Fuel Quality Directive (FQD), or in other European regulations.

This document specifies requirements for materials, construction, design, test methods, markings and instructions relating to them.
This document is applicable to barbecues which burn solid fuels, except single use barbecues. Barbecues which are intended to be converted from other fuels to solid fuels also should conform to this standard.

This document specifies the maximum content for alloying and residual elements (see Table 1) present in steel (usually called blackplate) used in the manufacture of packaging and packaging components or for coated steel which, as a finished product, are intended for use in direct contact with foodstuffs, products and beverages for human and pet food. For such use blackplate is normally coated but can be used uncoated for some fatty or dry products.
The main examples of use are:
-   tinplate and electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel for the manufacture of food and beverage cans ;
-    cans for conditioning foodstuffs (sugar, tea, cake, chocolate, pasta, etc.) ;
-   non-mineral oil drums, kegs, barrels.
The choice of material should be appropriate for the conditions of use.
This standard applies to cold-rolled strips in the form a coil or sheets.
This standard does not apply to categories of steel other than steel for packaging intended for use in contact with foodstuffs, products or beverages for human or animal consumption.

This document specifies classification, general requirements and test methods for flexible, factory made, buried district heating pipe systems with thermoplastic reinforced service pipes (TRSP).
The factory made bonded or non-bonded flexible pipe systems, covered by this document, consists of:
-   Thermoplastic reinforced service pipe, which consists of an inner layer made of PE-Xa, a thermoplastic intermediate layer, a reinforcement layer made of para-aramid fibres, an outer thermoplastic layer and a diffusion barrier layer, all with bonded structure;
-   Thermal insulation layer;
-   Casing made of PE.
Depending on the temperature profile, this document is applicable to a maximum operating temperature of 115 °C and maximum operating design pressure up to 1,6 MPa.
The pipe systems are designed for a service life of at least 30 years.
This document does not apply to cover surveillance systems.
NOTE   For higher temperatures or for the transport of other fluids, for example potable water, additional requirements and testing is needed. Such requirements are not specified in this document.
A guideline for testing the pipe assembly is given in Annex D.

This European Standard only defines procedures, criteria and indicators to provide the required evidence for:
-   production of raw material in areas for nature protection purposes;
-   harvesting of raw material from non-natural highly biodiverse grasslands; and
-   cultivation and harvesting on peatland.
This European Standard specifies requirements relevant for the provision of evidence by economic operators that the production, cultivation and harvesting of raw materials is in accordance with legal or other requirements concerning the areas mentioned above.
This European Standard is applicable to production, cultivation and harvesting of biomass for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels production.

This document defines the functions and characteristics of open storage facilities (collection centres). These can be independent or integrated into cultural institutions. They are dedicated to the preservation, storage, management of, and access to, collections.
NOTE For the infrastructure and technical equipment of these open storage facilities, see EN 16893:2018.

The scope of this document is the forward flow of E-Commerce items. Starting point is arrival at a lo-gistic service provider, end point is the final delivery, or at least the attempt to final delivery.
The returns flows, either caused by unsuccessful delivery, "return to sender" or as a service for recipi-ents to send a received shipment back, are not covered by the forward events. To keep this document unambiguous and easy to understand, these return flows are excluded. Return flows may be covered in a separate technical specification.
Not in scope are the logistical flows within the facilities of the producers and sellers of the items. These fall outside the responsibility of the CEN/TC 331 domain.
Excluded as well, are all events necessary for an LSP to track items within its own facilities. It is up to the LSP how to run its business, and internal standards are in place for the management of internal process-es. Internal events are considered to be of no interest to a recipient, with the exception of some of the last mile events which are mentioned later in this document.

IEC 61850-6:2009 specifies a file format for describing communication-related IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) configurations and IED parameters, communication system configurations, switch yard (function) structures, and the relations between them. The main purpose of this format is to exchange IED capability descriptions, and SA system descriptions between IED engineering tools and the system engineering tool(s) of different manufacturers in a compatible way. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows:
- functional extensions added based on changes in other Parts of IEC 61850, especially in IEC 61850-7-2 and IEC 61850-7-3;
- functional extensions concerning the engineering process, especially for configuration data exchange between system configuration tools, added;
- clarifications and corrections.
This publication is of core relevance for Smart Grid.

IEC 61076-2-101:2024 describes M12 screw-locking circular connectors with 2-way up to 17‑way, for data transmission with frequencies up to 100 MHz and signal and power transmission at up to 250 V rated voltage and up to 4 A rated current per contact.
These connectors consist of fixed and free connectors, either rewirable or non-rewirable.
Male connectors have round contacts, Ø 0,6 mm, Ø 0,76 mm, Ø 0,8 mm or Ø 1,0 mm according to number of ways and coding, all contacts with the same size.
The different codings prevent the mating of differently coded male and female connectors.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Technical specifications regarding dimensional information (Clause 5) and characteristics (Clause 6) have been updated, and new subclauses have been added.
b) New style NF (free connectors) has been added.
c) Fixed connectors with glass to metal seals (former styles WM, XM, YM, ZM and WF, XF, TF and ZF) are no longer covered by this document: relevant definitions and requirements have been removed.
d) The P-coding has been eliminated.
e) Annex B (informative) Steel conduit thread, sizes has been deleted and a new Annex B (informative) Orientation of cable outlet in relation to coding has been added.
f) The dimension specification of former styles AM and BM have been moved into a new Annex C (normative).

IEC 60456:2024 specifies methods for measuring the performance of electric washing machines for household use, with or without heating devices, and utilising cold and/or hot water supply, including those which specify the use of no detergent for normal use. It is also applicable to washing machines for communal use in blocks of flats or in launderettes and to electrical household appliances for both washing and drying textiles (household washer-dryers) with respect only to their washing related functions. It also deals with electrical appliances for water extraction by centrifugal force (spin extractors).
Household washer-dryer combined performance is assessed to IEC 62512.
Household tumble dryer performance is assessed to IEC 61121.
The object is to state and define the performance characteristics of household washing machines, the washing related functions of washer-dryers and water extraction function of spin extractors, and to describe the test methods for measuring these characteristics.
This document does not apply to washing machines for commercial use such as in commercial laundries.
The preparation of methods for measuring the performance of washing machines for commercial use is under evaluation.
This document does not specify the acoustical noise measurement for household washing machines.
Acoustical noise measurements and evaluation for household washing machines are specified in IEC 60704-1, IEC 60704-2-4 and IEC 60704-3.
This document is not intended to be used for the comparative evaluation of detergents.
This sixth edition cancels and replaces the fifth edition published in 2010 and its Amendment 1:2022. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Title changed from previous edition to more accurately describe application: "Washing machines for household use – Methods for measuring the performance".
b) Separation of the test method results from the number of test runs in a test series, with the independence of each test run or test series, allowing different test classes to be evaluated.
c) Introduction of a new standard powder detergent IEC-P, that substitutes the standard powder detergent IEC-A* by replacing sodium perborate with sodium percarbonate, for a better correlation with market offerings and in line with health/safety recommendations. Introduction of the new standard liquid detergents IEC-L and of the new wool standard detergent IEC-W with associated dosage instructions.
d) Introduction of new measurement and evaluation methods for:
- wool cleaning performance,
- LAS rinsing performance,
- gentleness of action,
- low power mode consumption,
- temperature inside the washload,
- intermittently recurring functions,
- cold water washing machines,
- replacing washing performance by cleaning performance.
e) Addition of alternative ambient conditions for conditioning of the test load with associated correction factors.
f) Extension of the description of the washing machine loading, up to and beyond 25 kg of cotton test load, and introduction of a new mixed polyester-cotton load.
g) Addition of the necessary definitions, measurement, and calculation methods for the evaluation of multi-compartment washing machines.
h) Relocation of supplementary information to the IEC free-access supporting documents dashboard: reference machine maintenance information, test materials supplier information, expanded uncertainty values and any other pertinent information for the general public.

IEC 60793-1-40:2024 establishes uniform requirements for measuring the attenuation of optical fibre, thereby assisting in the inspection of fibres and cables for commercial purposes. Four methods are described for measuring attenuation, one being that for modelling spectral attenuation:
-method A: cut-back;
-method B: insertion loss;
-method C: backscattering;
-method D: modelling spectral attenuation.
Methods A to C apply to the measurement of attenuation for all categories of the following fibres:
-class A multimode fibres;
-class B single-mode fibres.
Method C, backscattering, also covers the location, losses and characterization of point discontinuities.
Method D is applicable only to class B fibres.
Information common to all four methods appears in Clause 1 to Clause 11, and information pertaining to each individual method appears in Annex A, Annex B, Annex C, and Annex D, respectively.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2019. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) modifying the definition of attenuation to be compatible with the definition in electropedia.org

IEC/IEEE 63253-5713-8:2024 describes electrical and mechanical requirements of single-phase station service voltage transformers with system voltages of 46 kV or higher and with the maximum rated voltage of the power winding of 1 000 V.
This document is a basis for the establishment of performance and limited electrical and mechanical interchangeability requirements of the equipment are described. It is also a basis for assistance in the proper selection of such equipment.
A station service voltage transformer (SSVT) is a single-phase transformer to be connected line-to-earth on an effectively earthed system. It can be used either as an individual unit for supplying single-phase loads, or in a three-phase bank to support three-phase loads. A typical application is to supply substation power such as lighting, pump and motor loads. The SSVT can be provided with a measuring winding when requested by the user.

CISPR TR 31: 2024, which is a Technical Report, covers the rationale behind the database containing the characteristics of radio services. The database is a "living document " in the format of a spreadsheet file in the EMC Zone of the IEC web site: https://www.iec.ch/emc/radio-services-database . As new input for the IEC Radio Services Database arrives, this Technical Report provides guidance and support for the systematic collation of data on those radio services which are relevant for determination of CISPR limits according to CISPR TR 16-4-4. All interested parties are invited to contribute with relevant data to the database, e.g., via the National Committees represented in CISPR/H. The objective of the database is to register those characteristics which are relevant for derivation and specification of limits for disturbances from electric and/or electronic equipment, systems and installations. Committees responsible for generic and/or product emission EMC standards use this information together with CISPR TR 16-4-4.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) A new Clause 3 covers a line of essential definitions of radio parameters, the knowledge of which is necessary to get qualified input data for inclusion of essential requirements in the present radio services database (RSD) maintained by CISPR and IEC.
b) The radio parameters and conditions of use of radio receivers listed in Table 1 of this edition of CISPR TR 31 are provided now with instructive advice in its new Subclauses 5.1 and 5.2, on selection of data for input to the RSD and retrieval of that data for consideration and use with the limits setting model as in CISPR TR 16-4-4 which was missing in the previous edition of CISPR TR 31.
c) Finally, another new informative Annex B informs, to the extent necessary, on the principles of ITU-R on determination of data for the minimum usable field strength (to be inserted in Column (E) of the RSD) and of the associated tolerable disturbance at the antenna of the radio reception system or other self-contained radio receiver (also to be used as input with the limits-setting model in CISPR TR 16-4-4), which concerns only parties who are concerned with designing and projecting of radio-communication/broadcast networks and with coverage planning of related radio services. Knowledge of these fundamental principles also by CISPR experts will ensure that only valid data will get future input to the RSD maintained by CISPR and IEC.

IEC 60364-5-52:2009 deals with the selection and erection of wiring systems. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition, published in 2001, and constitutes a technical revision. The main changes with respect to the previous edition are as follows:
- Subclause 521.4 introduces minor changes with regard to busbar trunking systems and powertrack systems.
- Subclause 523.6 introduces minor changes with regard to the sizing of cables where harmonic currents are present.
- A new sublause 523.9 concerning single-core cables with a metallic covering has been introduced.
- Clause 525 introduces changes in the maximum value of voltage drop permitted between the origin of the consumer's installation and the equipment which should not be greater than that given in the relevant annex.
- Clause 526 introduces minor changes to electrical connections including additional exceptions for inspection of connections and additional notes.
- Clause 528 introduces additional requirements with regard to proximity of underground power and telecommunication cables.
- Clause 529 introduces minor changes to selection and erection of wiring systems in relation to maintainability, including cleaning. The contents of the corrigendum of February 2011 have been included in this copy.

IEC 61439-3:2024 defines the specific requirements for distribution boards intended to be operated by ordinary persons (abbreviated DBO throughout this document, see 3.1.101) as follows: - assemblies intended to be operated by ordinary persons (e.g. switching operations and replacing fuse-links), e.g. in domestic (household) applications; - assemblies containing outgoing circuits with protective devices intended to be operated by ordinary persons, complying e.g. with IEC 60898-1, the IEC 61008 series, the IEC 61009 series, IEC 62606, IEC 62423 and IEC 60269-3; - assemblies for applications where the nominal voltage to earth does not exceed 300 V AC (see Table G.1 of IEC 61439-1:2020); NOTE The voltage limits for DC applications are under consideration. - assemblies with a rated current (Inc) of the outgoing circuits not exceeding 125 A and a rated current (InA) not exceeding 250 A; - assemblies intended for use in connection with the generation, transmission, distribution and conversion of electrical energy, and for the control of equipment consuming electrical energy and for associated data processing; - enclosed, stationary assemblies; - assemblies for indoor or outdoor use. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2012. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) alignment with the structure of IEC 61439-1:2020; b) inclusion in the scope of more examples of the type of protection and control devices; c) deletion of type A and Type B DBOs; d) addition of a new Annex BB related to DBOs used in a prosumer’s electrical installation (PEI); e) addition of a new Annex CC related to rated current of a DBO with additional source of supply in parallel/simultaneously with another source that is connected to the DBO e.g. PV.

IEC 60068-2-87:2024 describes exposures of materials and components to UV-C radiation during ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) treatments or other processes that require UV‑C exposure and test procedures to simulate those environments. Severities representing various frequencies and intensities of UV-C exposures are described. Test conditions are described and limited to devices that utilize low pressure mercury lamps which emit most of their radiation at a single spectral line at 254 nm.

This document proposes a method to achieve circular designs of products. It details principles, requirements and guidance associated with the proposed method. This document: • specifies requirements and guidance for integrating circularity into the design and development process of products by an organization and, • supports organizations to develop product design rules to fulfil their chosen circular business targets (e.g. the circular business models chosen by the organization or the legislation requirements). Having life cycle thinking as a core principle, this document provides guidance on how to reduce environmental impacts, and how to deal with challenges such as trade-offs during circular product design, without compromising other product functions including safety. This document focusses on material efficiency. It is not a management system standard. This document can be applied when no product-specific or product group standard exist. Where such documents are developed, this document can be used as reference to ensure consistency and harmonization across the different product areas and supply chains or networks. NOTE For the purpose of this document, the following products are excluded: food, feed, medicinal products for human use, veterinary medicinal products, living plants, animals and microorganisms, products of human origin, products of plants and animals relating directly to their future reproduction.

IEC 61784-3-19:2024 specifies a safety communication layer (services and protocol) based on IEC 61784‑1-19, IEC 61784-2-19 and the IEC 61158 series (Type 24 and Type 27). It identifies the principles for functional safety communications defined in IEC 61784‑3 that are relevant for this safety communication layer. This safety communication layer is intended for implementation in safety devices only. NOTE 1 It does not cover electrical safety and intrinsic safety aspects. Electrical safety relates to hazards such as electrical shock. Intrinsic safety relates to hazards associated with potentially explosive atmospheres. This document defines mechanisms for the transmission of safety-relevant messages among participants within a distributed network using fieldbus technology in accordance with the requirements of the IEC 61508 series for functional safety. These mechanisms can be used in various industrial applications such as process control, manufacturing automation and machinery. This document provides guidelines for both developers and assessors of compliant devices and systems. NOTE 2 The resulting SIL claim of a system depends on the implementation of the selected functional safety communication profile within this system – implementation of a functional safety communication profile according to this document in a standard device is not sufficient to qualify it as a safety device.

This part of the IEC 61812 series applies to time relays and coupling relays for industrial applications (e.g. control, automation, signal and industrial equipment) and for automatic electrical controls for use in, on, or in association with equipment for residential and similar use. The term "relay" as used in this document comprises all types of relays with specified time functions and coupling relays, other than measuring relays. This document defines type test and routine test to confirm the service condition.

IEC 61000-4-41:2024 relates to broadband radiated disturbances generated by, for example, communication devices or services, transmitters or industrial electromagnetic sources or any other devices capable of generating such a signal.
The object of this document is to establish a common reference for evaluating the immunity of electrical and electronic equipment when subjected to broadband radiated electromagnetic fields.
This document specifies testing in the frequency ranges above 80 MHz, limited only by the capabilities of commercially available test instrumentation.
It forms Part 4-41 of IEC 61000. It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107.

This document specifies the classifications, requirements and test methods for unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) profiles with thermo-laminated foils designed for external uses which are intended to be used for the fabrication of windows and doors.
NOTE 1   For editorial reasons, in this document, the term "window" is used for window/door.
NOTE 2   For the purpose of production control, test methods other than those specified in this document can be used.

This document specifies two different methods for the quantitative estimation of non-metallic content remaining adhered to the steel wire obtained from the recovery of materials from end-of-life tyres.
The pyrolysis method is considered as the reference method while the hydrostatic method is considered as an in situ method.
This document includes sample collection and the preparation of representative samples based on a sampling plan for the purpose of their characterization.
This document does not apply to the operational performance or fitness for use of the materials which are deemed to be a function of agreements between the manufacturer and the customer.
This document does not apply to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. This document does not establish appropriate safety and health practices and does not determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.

This document specifies requirements for blackplate product in the form of coils intended for direct use and mostly for the production of electrolytically zinc coated plate, or coils electrolytically coated with either tin (tinplate) or chromium/chromium oxide (ECCS or ECCS-RC).
Blackplate can be a single or double reduced product and is specified in nominal thicknesses that are multiples of 0,005 mm from typical 0,10 mm up to 0,60 mm.
This document applies to coils in nominal minimum widths of 600 mm.
In addition to this document, the general technical delivery conditions of EN 10021 apply.
NOTE   Standard width coils for specific uses, e.g. tab stock, can be slit into narrow strip for supply in coil form.

The scope of this document is the forward flow of E-Commerce items. Starting point is arrival at a lo-gistic service provider, end point is the final delivery, or at least the attempt to final delivery.
The returns flows, either caused by unsuccessful delivery, "return to sender" or as a service for recipi-ents to send a received shipment back, are not covered by the forward events. To keep this document unambiguous and easy to understand, these return flows are excluded. Return flows may be covered in a separate technical specification.
Not in scope are the logistical flows within the facilities of the producers and sellers of the items. These fall outside the responsibility of the CEN/TC 331 domain.
Excluded as well, are all events necessary for an LSP to track items within its own facilities. It is up to the LSP how to run its business, and internal standards are in place for the management of internal process-es. Internal events are considered to be of no interest to a recipient, with the exception of some of the last mile events which are mentioned later in this document.

This document specifies classification, general requirements and test methods for flexible, factory made, buried district heating pipe systems with thermoplastic reinforced service pipes (TRSP).
The factory made bonded or non-bonded flexible pipe systems, covered by this document, consists of:
-   Thermoplastic reinforced service pipe, which consists of an inner layer made of PE-Xa, a thermoplastic intermediate layer, a reinforcement layer made of para-aramid fibres, an outer thermoplastic layer and a diffusion barrier layer, all with bonded structure;
-   Thermal insulation layer;
-   Casing made of PE.
Depending on the temperature profile, this document is applicable to a maximum operating temperature of 115 °C and maximum operating design pressure up to 1,6 MPa.
The pipe systems are designed for a service life of at least 30 years.
This document does not apply to cover surveillance systems.
NOTE   For higher temperatures or for the transport of other fluids, for example potable water, additional requirements and testing is needed. Such requirements are not specified in this document.
A guideline for testing the pipe assembly is given in Annex D.

This document specifies a method for determining the bending length of a nonwoven. A formula is given for calculating the flexural rigidity of the nonwoven material from the bending length. The method is not applicable to combination-type materials (composites or laminates) in which there can be a natural twist.
NOTE            This document describes a test method specific to nonwovens.

This document defines the functions and characteristics of collection storage facilities. These can be independent or integrated into cultural institutions. They are dedicated to the preservation, storage, management of, and access to, collections.
NOTE   For the infrastructure and technical equipment of these collection storage facilities, see EN 16893:2018.

This document specifies the oval chimneys for accessories for accessories used in the family of rectangular electrical connectors, operating temperature 175 °C continuous.
The connector accessory body corresponding to those oval chimneys is specified in EN 4165-014.

This document specifies methods for testing optical properties, other than wavefront aberrations[1] of microlenses in microlens arrays. It is applicable to microlens arrays with very small lenses formed on one or more surfaces of a common substrate and to graded-index microlenses.

This document specifies the methods of preparation of test specimens and the test methods for determining the properties of polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials. It gives requirements for handling test material and for conditioning both the test material before moulding and the specimens before testing.
This document specifies the procedures and conditions for the preparation of test specimens and procedures for measuring properties of the materials from which these specimens are made. Properties and test methods that are suitable and essential to characterize PE moulding and extrusion materials are listed.
The properties in this document have been selected from the general test methods in ISO 10350-1. Other test methods in wide use for or of particular significance to PE moulding and extrusion materials are also included in this document, as are the designatory properties specified in ISO 17855-1. Properties of slow crack growth, etc. are specified in documents of polyethylene (PE) materials for piping systems.
The methods of preparation and conditioning, the specimen dimensions and the test procedures specified herein are used to obtain reproducible and comparable test results. Values determined will not necessarily be identical to those obtained using specimens of different dimensions or prepared using different procedures.

This document specifies the technical parameters of track circuits associated with the interference current emissions limits for RST in the context of interoperability defined in the form of Frequency Management in ERA/ERTMS/033281 v4.0. The limits for compatibility between rolling stock and track circuits addressed in this document allow provision for known interference phenomena linked to traction power supply including associated protection (over voltage, short-circuit current and basic transient effects like in-rush current and power cut-off), and other known sources of interference. This document is intended to be used to assess compliance of track circuits and other forms of train detection systems using the rails as part of their detection principles, in the context of the European Directive on the interoperability of the trans-European railway system and the associated technical specification for interoperability relating to the control-command and signalling track-side subsystems. The document describes technical parameters to consider for achieving the compatibility of the track circuit with the emissions limits defined in the frequency management for rolling stock (ERA/ERTMS/033281 v4.0). These parameters are structured and allocated according to their basic references as follows: - technical track circuit parameters; - train based parameters; - track based parameters; - environmental and other parameters including EMC. Each parameter is defined by a short general description, the definition of the requirement, the relation to other standards and a procedure to show the fulfilment of the requirement as far as necessary. An overview of the safety relevance of each parameter is given - in the context of this document - in a separate table. This document is applicable to track circuits on all lines, including non-electrified lines. However, for track circuits intended to be installed only on non-electrified lines, some parameters can be disapplied.

This part 1 of EN 50126 - considers RAMS, understood as reliability, availability, maintainability and safety and their interaction; - considers the generic aspects of the RAMS life cycle. The guidance in this part can still be used in the application of specific standards; - defines: - a process, based on the system life cycle and tasks within it, for managing RAMS; - a systematic process, tailorable to the type and size of the system under consideration, for specifying requirements for RAMS and demonstrating that these requirements are achieved; - addresses railway specifics; - enables conflicts between RAMS elements to be controlled and managed effectively; - does not define: - RAMS targets, quantities, requirements or solutions for specific railway applications; - rules or processes pertaining to the certification of railway products against the requirements of this standard; - an approval process for the railway stakeholders. This part 1 of EN 50126 is applicable to railway application fields, namely Command, Control and Signalling, Rolling Stock and Fixed Installations, and specifically: - to the specification and demonstration of RAMS for all railway applications and at all levels of such an application, as appropriate, from complete railway systems to major systems and to individual and combined subsystems and components within these major systems, including those containing software; in particular: - to new systems; - to new systems integrated into existing systems already accepted, but only to the extent and insofar as the new system with the new functionality is being integrated. It is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspects of the existing system; - as far as reasonably practicable, to modifications and extensions of existing systems already accepted, but only to the extent and insofar as existing systems are being modified. It is otherwise not applicable to any unmodified aspect of the existing system; - at all relevant phases of the life cycle of an application; - for use by railway duty holders and the railway suppliers. It is not required to apply this standard to existing systems which remain unmodified, including those systems already compliant with any former version of EN 50126. The process defined by this European Standard assumes that railway duty holders and railway suppliers have business-level policies addressing Quality, Performance and Safety. The approach defined in this standard is consistent with the application of quality management requirements contained within EN ISO 9001.

This document specifies requirements for implementations of the C++ programming language. The first such requirement is that they implement the language, so this document also defines C++. Other requirements and relaxations of the first requirement appear at various places within this document. C++ is a general purpose programming language based on the C programming language as described in ISO/IEC 9899:2018 Programming languages — C (hereinafter referred to as the C standard). C++ provides many facilities beyond those provided by C, including additional data types, classes, templates, exceptions, namespaces, operator overloading, function name overloading, references, free store management operators, and additional library facilities.

This document specifies the determination of the bulk crystallinity (crystalline contribution relative to the total crystalline and amorphous contributions in the material) of cellulose nanomaterials using powder X-ray diffraction followed by deconvolution of the diffraction patterns based on Rietveld analysis. It is applicable to all types of cellulose nanomaterials, assuming a representative sample.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids by optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This document specifies a test method to determine the polar and dispersive fractions of the surface tension of liquids from an interfacial tension with optical methods. The method can be applied for the characterization of liquid coating materials, especially if drying effects occur during alternative measurement. If applied to liquids with non-Newtonian flow behaviour (see ISO 3219-1:2021, 3.22), restrictions can apply.

This document specifies requirements and provides guidance for the use of charge conditioners for aerosol particles, especially for particle characterization and for the generation of calibration and test aerosols. This document provides a methodology to specify the performance of charge conditioners and for adequate quality control, with respect to their application in: — particle size and concentration measurement with differential mobility analysing systems (DMAS); —particle size classification with differential electrical mobility classifiers (DEMC). For these applications, this document covers particle charge conditioning for particle sizes ranging from approximately 1 nm to 1 µm and for particle number concentrations at the inlet of the charge conditioner up to approximately 107 cm-3. This document does not address specific charge conditioner designs or other applications besides those specified in Clause 1. Radiation safety for charge conditioners with radioactive sources or x-ray tubes is not covered by this document.

This document specifies categorial structures including characterizing categories, domain constraints and semantic links for the representation of preparation of a decoction – an Ayurvedic medicinal water. This document does not cover: — the specification of categorial structures for hot infusion and cold infusion; — the specification of categorial structures for the representation of post-manufacturing processes such as packaging and labelling of Ayurvedic medicinal water; — individual Ayurvedic or herbal medicinal products.

This document specifies a method to measure the dynamic contact angle with an optical method. The dynamic advancing and the dynamic receding contact angles are determined. By using the measurement specified in this document, the wetting and dewetting properties can be characterized. The morphological and chemical homogeneity of interfaces can also be determined.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of distension and strength of the leather grain or finished surface. This method is applicable to all flexible leathers and it is particularly suitable to determine the lastability of leathers for footwear uppers.

This document provides information security controls for the energy utility industry, based on ISO/IEC 27002:2022, for controlling and monitoring the production or generation, transmission, storage and distribution of electric power, gas, oil and heat, and for the control of associated supporting processes. This includes in particular the following: — central and distributed process control, monitoring and automation technology as well as information systems used for their operation, such as programming and parameterization devices; — digital controllers and automation components such as control and field devices or programmable logic controllers (PLCs), including digital sensor and actuator elements; — all further supporting information systems used in the process control domain, e.g. for supplementary data visualization tasks and for controlling, monitoring, data archiving, historian logging, reporting and documentation purposes; — communication technology used in the process control domain, e.g. networks, telemetry, telecontrol applications and remote-control technology; — Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) components, e.g. smart meters; — measurement devices, e.g. for emission values; — digital protection and safety systems, e.g. protection relays, safety PLCs, emergency governor mechanisms; — energy management systems, e.g. for distributed energy resources (DER), electric charging infrastructures, and for private households, residential buildings or industrial customer installations; — distributed components of smart grid environments, e.g. in energy grids, in private households, residential buildings or industrial customer installations; — all software, firmware and applications installed on above-mentioned systems, e.g. distribution management system (DMS) applications or outage management systems (OMS); — any premises housing the abovementioned equipment and systems; — remote maintenance systems for abovementioned systems. This document does not apply to the process control domain of nuclear facilities. This domain is covered by IEC 63096.

This document specifies a method for the dynamic measurement of the roll-off angle on a tilt stage of a liquid drop on a solid surface. This document also specifies how the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of the drop rolling off can be determined. The roll-off angle determined through this method can be applied when evaluating easy-to-clean or anti-adherent surfaces.

REN/MSG-TFES-15-3

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The edgewise compressive strength of short sandwich construction specimens provides a basis for judging the load-carrying capacity of the construction in terms of developed facing stress.  
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtaining sandwich edgewise compressive strengths for panel design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.  
5.3 The reporting section requires items that tend to influence edgewise compressive strength to be reported; these include materials, fabrication method, facesheet lay-up orientation (if composite), core orientation, results of any nondestructive inspections, specimen preparation, test equipment details, specimen dimensions and associated measurement accuracy, environmental conditions, speed of testing, failure mode, and failure location.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compressive properties of structural sandwich construction in a direction parallel to the sandwich facing plane. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the properties and requirements for two types of asbestos-free asphalt roof coatings consisting of an asphalt base, volatile petroleum solvents, and mineral or other stabilizers, or both, mixed to a smooth, uniform consistency suitable for application by squeegee, three-knot brush, paint brush, roller, or by spraying. Type I is made from asphalts characterized as self-healing, adhesive, and ductile, while Type II is made from asphalts characterized by high softening point and relatively low ductility. The coatings shall conform to specified composition limits for water, nonvolatile matter, minerals and/or other stabilizers, and bitumen (asphalt). They shall also meet physical requirements as to uniformity, consistency, and pliability and behavior at given temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers asbestos-free asphalt roof coatings of brushing or spraying consistency.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlung radiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecond pulse, which often fluctuates in amplitude, shape, and spectrum from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see ICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a variety of applications which include the following:
(1) Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays on materials.
(2) Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.
(3) Computer code validation studies.  
4.2 This guide is written to assist the experimenter in selecting the needed dosimetry systems for use at pulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a brief summary on how to use each of the dosimetry systems. Other guides (see Section 2) provide more detailed information on selected dosimetry systems in radiation environments and should be consulted after an initial decision is made on the appropriate dosimetry system to use. There are many key parameters which describe a flash X-ray source, such as dose, dose rate, spectrum, pulse width, etc., such that typically no single dosimetry system can measure all the parameters simultaneously. However, it is frequently the case that not all key parameters must be measured in a given experiment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose rate techniques are described.  
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.  
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
1.2 This practice describes a basic procedure of ultrasonically inspecting turbine and generator rotor forgings. It does not restrict the use of other ultrasonic methods such as reference block calibrations when required by the applicable procurement documents nor is it intended to restrict the use of new and improved ultrasonic test equipment and methods as they are developed.  
1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
1.6 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Often the most critical stress to which a sandwich panel core is subjected is shear. The effect of repeated shear stresses on the core material can be very important, particularly in terms of durability under various environmental conditions.  
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtaining the sandwich core shear fatigue response. Uses include screening candidate core materials for a specific application, developing a design-specific core shear cyclic stress limit, and core material research and development.
Note 3: This test method may be used as a guide to conduct spectrum loading. This information can be useful in the understanding of fatigue behavior of core under spectrum loading conditions, but is not covered in this standard.  
5.3 Factors that influence core fatigue response and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, core geometry (density, cell size, orientation, etc.), specimen geometry and associated measurement accuracy, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, loading frequency, force (stress) ratio and speed of testing (for residual strength tests).
Note 4: If a sandwich panel is tested using the guidance of this standard, the following may also influence the fatigue response and should be reported: facing material, adhesive material, methods of material fabrication, adhesive thickness and adhesive void content. Further, core-to-facing strength may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured facings in sandwich panels with the same core and facing materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the effect of repeated shear forces on core material used in sandwich panels. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 This test method is limited to test specimens subjected to constant amplitude uniaxial loading, where the machine is controlled so that the test specimen is subjected to repetitive constant amplitude force (stress) cycles. Either shear stress or applied force may be used as a constant amplitude fatigue variable.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall consist of a noncombustible water-resistant gypsum core, surfaced with glass mat, partially or completely embedded in the core, and with a water-resistant coating on one surface. The specimens shall be tested for flexural strength, humidified deflection, core hardness, end hardness, edge hardness, nail pull resistance, water resistance, and surface water absorption. Coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel shall have surfaces true and free of imperfections that render the panel unfit for its designed use.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coated glass mat water-resistant gypsum backing panel designed for use on ceilings and walls in bath and shower areas as a base for the application of ceramic or plastic tile.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a screening basis for acceptance or rejection of transparencies during manufacturing so that units with identifiable flaws will not be carried to final inspection for rejection at that time.  
4.2 This practice may also be employed as a go-no go technique for acceptance or rejection of the finished product.  
4.3 This practice is simple, inexpensive, and effective. Flaws identified by this practice, as with other optical methods, are limited to those that produce temperature gradients when electrically powered. Any other type of flaw, such as minor scratches parallel to the direction of electrical flow, are not detectable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for detecting flaws in the conductive coating (heater element) by the observation of polarized light patterns.  
1.2 This practice applies to coatings on surfaces of monolithic transparencies as well as to coatings imbedded in laminated structures.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts. The steel shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen decarburization. All castings shall receive heat treatment followed by quench in water or rapid cool by other means as noted. The steel shall conform to both chemical composition and tensile property requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers austenitic steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts (Note 1).  
Note 1: Carbon steel castings for pressure-containing parts are covered by Specification A216/A216M, low-alloy steel castings by Specification A217/A217M, and duplex stainless steel castings by Specification A995/A995M.  
1.2 A number of grades of austenitic steel castings are included in this specification. Since these grades possess varying degrees of suitability for service at high temperatures or in corrosive environments, it is the responsibility of the purchaser to determine which grade shall be furnished. Selection will depend on design and service conditions, mechanical properties, and high-temperature or corrosion-resistant characteristics, or both.  
1.2.1 Because of thermal instability, Grades CE20N, CF3A, CF3MA, and CF8A are not recommended for service at temperatures above 800 °F [425 °C].  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The Supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4.1 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M-specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets or parentheses.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

This International Standard applies to particular all-or-nothing electrical relays denominated solid-state relays intended for performing electrical operations by single step function changes to the state of electric circuits between the OFF-state and the ON-state and vice versa. This document deals with solid-state relays which are intended for incorporation in other products or equipment. As such, solid-state relays are considered to be components and this document defines the basic safety-related and functional requirements for solid-state relays as stand-alone components. Such solid-state relays are incorporated in products or equipment which themselves have to comply with the relevant product and/or application standard(s) to meet their intended application. The following are examples of such applications: - general industrial equipment; - electrical facilities; - electrical machines; - electrical appliances; - office communications; - building automation and environmental control; - automation and process control; - electrical installation engineering; - medical engineering; - telecommunications; - vehicle engineering; - transportation engineering; - lighting control. Where the component is intended to be incorporated into the equipment by the final user without EMC knowledge, an assessment for EMC compliance is available. There are no EMC requirements for solid state relays intended for incorporation into the equipment by the equipment manufacturer, because the performance strongly depends on the application into the equipment. Solid-state switching devices with monolithic structures fall within the scope of IEC sub195 committee 47E and are not covered in this document. Semiconductor controllers and contactors fall within the scope of the IEC 60947 series of standards - Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - developed by IEC subcommittee 121A and are not covered in this document. Compliance with the requirements of this document is verified by the type tests and routine tests indicated. The object of this document is to state: - the characteristics of solid-state relays; - the requirements which solid-state relays shall comply with reference to a) their operation and behaviour; b) their 205 dielectric properties; - the tests verifying that the requirements have been met, and the test methods to be adopted; - the information to be given with the solid-state relay or in the manufacturer’s documentation.

NEW!IEC 60335-2-102:2017 is available as IEC 60335-2-102:2017 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.IEC 60335-2-102:2017 deals with the safety of gas, oil and solid-fuel burning appliances having electrical connections, for household and similar purposes, their rated voltage being not more than 250 V for single-phase appliances and 480 V for other appliances. This standard covers the electrical safety and some other safety aspects of these appliances. All safety aspects are covered when the appliance also complies with the relevant standard for the fuel-burning appliance. If the appliance incorporates electric heating sources, safety aspects concerning these electric sources are covered when the appliance also complies with the relevant part 2 of IEC 60335. Examples of appliances within the scope of this standard are – central heating boilers; – commercial catering equipment; – cooking appliances; – laundry and cleaning appliances; – room heaters; – warm air heaters; – water heaters. Appliances not intended for normal household use but which nevertheless may be a source of danger to the public, such as appliances intended to be used by laymen in shops, in light industry and on farms, are within the scope of this standard. This standard deals with the reasonably foreseeable hazards presented by appliances that are encountered by all persons. However, in general, it does not take into account – persons (including children) whose • physical, sensory or mental capabilities; or • lack of experience and knowledge prevents them from using the appliance safely without supervision or instruction; – children playing with the appliance. Attention is drawn to the fact that – for appliances intended to be used in vehicles or on board ships or aircraft, additional requirements may be necessary; This standard does not apply to – appliances intended exclusively for industrial purposes; – appliances intended to be used in locations where special conditions prevail, such as the presence of a corrosive or explosive atmosphere (dust, vapour or gas). This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2004 including its Amendment 1 (2008) and its Amendment 2 (2012). This edition constitutes constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a spillage test is introduced for appliances that have a flat surface on which a cup may be placed (15.101); terms and definitions were renumbered and some notes have been converted to normative text or deleted (19.11.2, 22.103). This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. This part 2-102 is to be used in conjunction with the latest edition of IEC 60335-1 and its amendments. It was established on the basis of IEC 60335-1:2010, its Amendment 1:2013 and its Amendment 2:2016. The attention of National Committees is drawn to the fact that equipment manufacturers and testing organizations may need a transitional period following publication of a new, amended or revised IEC publication in which to make products in accordance with the new requirements and to equip themselves for conducting new or revised tests. It is the recommendation of the committee that the content of

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