ISO/DIS 14404-4

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 14404-4
ISO/TC 17 Secretariat: JISC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-04 2020-02-26
Calculation method of carbon dioxide emission intensity
from iron and steel production —
Part 4:
Guidance for using ISO 14404 family
ICS: 13.020.40; 77.080.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
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ISO/DIS 14404-4:2019(E)
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ISO/DIS 14404-4:2019(E)
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Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 Emissions ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.2 Gas fuel ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.3 Liquid fuel ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.4 Solid fuel ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.5 Auxiliary material ................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.6 Energy carriers ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.7 Ferrous containing materials ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.8 Alloys ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.9 Product and by-product .................................................................................................................................................................. 5

3.10 Others .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

4 Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5 Principles ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

5.2 Relevance ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.3 Completeness ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8

5.4 Consistency ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.5 Accuracy ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

5.6 Transparency ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 8

6 Characteristic features of ISO 14404 Family ........................................................................................................................... 8

7 Guidance for applying ISO 14404 family to all types of steel plants ...............................................................9

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.2 Application of ISO 14404 family for steel plants not covered in Parts 1, 2 and 3 ......................11

7.2.1 Steel Plants with iron making processes other than BF and DRI .................. ......................11

7.2.2 Steel Plants with multiple process routes ...............................................................................................11

7.2.3 Steel plants which purchase pig iron from outside .........................................................................11

from outside ......................................................................................................................................................................11

7.3 Guideline for making comparisons using ISO 14404 family ........................................................................15

8 Calculation using the Universal Calculation Sheet .........................................................................................................15

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................15

8.2 Calculation procedure ....................................................................................................................................................................17

8.2.1 Data collection of crude steel production (or final steel production) ............................17

8.2.2 Data collection of direct and/or upstream CO emission sources .....................................17

8.2.3 Data collection of credit CO emissions sources ...............................................................................19

8.2.4 Calculation ..........................................................................................................................................................................20

9 Additional guidance to the entire ISO 14404 family ....................................................................................................23

9.1 Evaluation of Slag ...............................................................................................................................................................................23

9.2 Explanation of emission factors for by-product gases (informative Annex in part 1) ...........23

9.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................23

9.2.2 Explanation of emission factors based on world average electricity equivalent ..24

9.2.3 Explanation of emission factors based on natural gas equivalent .....................................25

9.2.4 Evaluation of stock ......................................................................................................................................................26

9.3 Selection of calorific values and emission factors for electricity and fuel ........................................26

Annex A (informative) Calculation of energy consumption and intensity .................................................................27

Annex B (informative) Application of ISO 14404 family ...............................................................................................................30

Annex C (informative) Universal Calculation Sheet ...........................................................................................................................31

Annex D (informative) An example of template for using different emission factors or

emission sources from Table 7 ...........................................................................................................................................................35

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................37

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The steel industry recognizes the urgent need to take actions concerning climate change. Slowing

and halting global warming requires reductions in GHG emissions on a global scale. To play a part in

achieving these reductions, it is necessary for steel plants to identify the amount of CO emitted during

the production of steel products, in order to identify next opportunities for reduction of CO .

As the calculation methods for CO emission and intensity in iron and steel industry, ISO 14404-1 (for

steel plants with blast furnace) and ISO 14404-2 (steel plants with electric arc furnace) were published

in 2013, and ISO 14404-3 (for steel plants with electric arc furnace and coal-based or gas-based direct

ISO 14404 family specifies calculation methods for the carbon dioxide (CO ) intensity of a steel plant

from the amounts of the major inputs (purchased items) and outputs (sold items), such as natural

resources, intermediate products, and energy. The concept is shown in Figure 1 —.

This calculation method only uses basic imports and exports that are commonly measured and recorded

by the plants; thus, the method requires neither the measurement of the specific efficiency of individual

equipment or processes nor dedicated measurements of the complex flow and recycling of materials

and waste heat. In this way, the calculation method ensures its simplicity and universal applicability

without requiring steel plants to install additional dedicated measuring devices or to collect additional

In addition, ISO 14404 family provides the guidance to consider the activities in the boundary that

are located outside of the site boundary by considering the upstream emissions of the intermediate

products produced in such “outsourced steel production activities”. The conceptual diagram of

Intermediate products with possibilities of considering upstream emissions include the following:

— Substances produced in the basic activities existing in the target process route (eg purchased coke

— Substances that substitute the iron source of the process route even if they do not exist in the target

ISO 14404 family is based on “CO Emissions Data Collection User Guide” established by the World

Steel Association (worldsteel), which consists more than 161 major steel companies in 60 countries

and regions of the world. Actual data collection among worldsteel members has been conducted yearly

based upon this guide since 2007. While ISO 14404 family and worldsteel "CO Emissions Data Collection

User Guide" share the same concept, they have different characteristics where the worldsteel’s User

Guide provides the method suitable for collecting data from steel plants across the world in a uniform

way, and ISO 14404 family provide methods suitable for the evaluation of CO intensity of steel plant for

Therefore, while worldsteel method applies common boundary and CO emission factors to all

steelworks regardless of their process routes, ISO 14404 family defines the boundary, CO emission

factors and intermediate products for which upstream emissions are considered for each of the process

ISO 14404 part 4 provides the guidance for calculating the CO intensity at all types of steel plants,

including steel plants with process routes not covered in ISO 14404-1, 2, 3 (steel plants with process

routes other than BF - BOF, Scrap - EAF, DRI - EAF) as well as steel plants with multiple process routes,

by defining the boundary, CO emission factors and the intermediate products for which upstream

emissions are considered for each of all types of steel plants. ISO 14404 part 4 also includes Universal

Calculation Sheet, which covers all relevant emission sources from ISO 14404-1, 2, 3, to assist the

Moreover, ISO 14404 part 4 provides additional guidance to the entire ISO 14404 family for the

ISO 14404 part 4 provides the guidance for calculating the CO intensity at steel plants with all types

of process routes, by defining the boundary, CO emission factors and the intermediate products for

which upstream emissions are considered for all types of process routes. In particular, ISO 14404 part

4 provides the guidance to apply ISO 14404 family to following types of steel plants. ISO 14404 part 4

also includes Universal Calculation Sheet, which covers all relevant emission sources from ISO 14404-1,

iv. Steel plants and rerollers purchasing part or all of crude steel from outside (7.2.4)

Moreover, ISO 14404 part 4 provides additional guidance to the entire ISO 14404 family for the

Conversion to energy consumption and to consumption efficiency can be obtained using Annex A.

While the use of the calculation result is outside Scope of this standard, appropriate applications and

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

Note 1 to entry: There are three categories of CO emission sources: direct, upstream and credit. Examples of

emission sources that are subject to this document are given in 3.1.2, 3.1.3 and 3.1.4.

Note 1 to entry: Direct CO emission is categorized as “direct GHG emissions” in ISO 14064-1.

CO emissions from imported material related to outsourced steel production activities outside the site

Note 1 to entry: CO emissions from imported material in this term are categorized as “other indirect GHG

Note 2 to entry: CO emissions from imported electricity and steam in this term are categorized as “energy

Note 1 to entry: Credit CO emission is categorized as “direct GHG emissions” in ISO 14064-1.

mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons, primarily methane, naturally occurring in the earth and used

gas other than natural gas, coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, BOF gas and town gas

coal used for smelting reduction (SR, including COREX)/ direct reduction iron (DRI), including

coal other than steam coal, coking coal, BF injection coal, sinter coal, EAF coal, coke, charcoal and SR/

inert gas separated from air at an oxygen plant, imported from outside the boundary or exported to

inert gas separated from air at an oxygen plant, imported from outside the boundary or exported to

gas separated from air at an oxygen plant, imported from outside the boundary or exported to outside

electricity imported from outside the boundary or exported to outside the boundary

bulk iron ore sintered by baking mixture of fine iron ore, coke breeze and pulverized lime

intermediate liquid iron products containing 3 % to 5 % by mass carbon produced by smelting iron ore

by-products of the carbonization of coal to coke, containing complex and variable mixtures of phenols

light oil recovered by COG gas purification, consisting mainly of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX)

other related emission sources such as plastics, scraps, desulfurization additives, alloys, fluxes for

limit of activity used to calculate CO emissions intensity for steel production activities

boundary defined by the target steel production site for the calculation of CO emission and intensity

route of steel production defined by the combination of iron source and steel making process

pouring steel directly from a ladle through a tundish into a mould shaped to form billets, blooms or

kiln used to produce burnt lime (3.5.2) by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate)

heating furnace used in hot rolling mills to heat the steel stock (billets, blooms or slabs)

covering steel with another material (tin, chrome, zinc, etc.), primarily for corrosion resistance

Kt,d,CO tons (or tonnes) of CO per unit Emission factor for calculation of direct CO emissions

Kt,u,CO tons (or tonnes) of CO per unit Emission factor for calculation of upstream CO emissions

Kt,c,CO tons (or tonnes) of CO per unit Emission factor for calculation of credit CO emissions

The application of principles is a base to ensure that calculated CO intensity is effectively usable for

steel producers to assess their production site efficiency universally without specificity of product