ISO 14661:2000
(Main)Thermal turbines for industrial applications (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines) — General requirements
Thermal turbines for industrial applications (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines) — General requirements
Turbines thermiques pour applications industrielles (turbines à vapeur, turbines à dilatation de gaz) — Prescriptions générales
La présente Norme internationale spécifie les prescriptions générales destinées à faciliter l'approvisionnement et la fourniture de turbines à vapeur et de turbines à dilatation de gaz, principalement pour des applications industrielles.Il convient que la présente Norme internationale serve de base pour toute application bien que, pour des applications spéciales, des spécifications supplémentaires peuvent être exigées, par exemple pour des besoins généraux et spécifiques de turbines à vapeur industrielles utilisées dans les industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel.La présente Norme internationale est applicable aux turbines axiale et radiale de type industriel (turbines à vapeur et turbines à dilatation de gaz). Elle spécifie les prescriptions de base pour des turbines à un ou plusieurs étages à réaction ou à impulsion, qui ne sont pas de secours ou qui sont dans un état critique. En outre, la présente Norme internationale spécifie également quelques prescriptions concernant les machines entraînées, les éléments de transmission, les systèmes de lubrification et d'étanchéité, les commandes, les instruments et les unités auxiliaires pour des installations à turbines.Des exceptions aux prescriptions établies dans la présente Norme internationale peuvent faire l'objet d'un accord entre le client et le fournisseur.
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14661
First edition
2000-06-15
Thermal turbines for industrial applications
(steam turbines, gas expansion turbines) —
General requirements
Turbines thermiques pour applications industrielles (turbines à vapeur,
turbines à dilatation de gaz) — Prescriptions générales
Reference number
ISO 14661:2000(E)
©
ISO 2000
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
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ii © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .3
3.1 Turbines.3
3.2 Power output, heat rate and steam rate .3
3.3 Connection points .5
3.4 Steam or gas conditions .5
3.5 Wetness .5
3.6 Mass flow.6
3.7 Speeds (see Figure 1).6
3.8 Operating points .7
3.9 Miscellaneous .7
4 Symbols and abbreviations.8
5 Enquiry and tender .9
5.1 General.9
5.2 Enquiry.9
5.3 Tender.9
5.4 Warranty .10
5.5 Safety requirements .10
5.6 Alternative designs.10
6 Turbines.10
6.1 General.10
6.2 Casings .12
6.3 External forces and moments .12
6.4 Bolted joints .13
6.5 Turbine casing openings for pipe connections.13
6.6 Turbine rotor .14
6.7 Casing internals.14
6.8 Inner seals .14
6.9 Balance piston and balance line .14
6.10 Outer shaft seals.14
6.11 Bearing and bearing housings.15
6.12 Dynamics.16
6.13 Baseframe (baseplate) and soleplates .18
6.14 Nameplates and rotation arrows.18
7 Driven machines, gear units and couplings .19
7.1 Driven machines .19
7.2 Gear units .19
7.3 Couplings .20
7.4 Rotor turning device.21
8 Auxiliary equipment .22
8.1 Piping .22
8.2 Inlet strainer and water separator.22
8.3 Electrical systems.23
8.4 Condensing plant.23
8.5 Gland steam or gas system.23
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
8.6 Materials for auxiliary equipment.23
8.7 Drainage system of steam turbines .23
8.8 Protection against water flow entering the turbine.24
9 Lubricating and control oil systems .24
9.1 General.24
9.2 Oil types.24
9.3 Oil reservoirs.24
9.4 Oil system pumps and their drivers.26
9.5 Oil filters.28
9.6 Oil coolers.29
9.7 Accumulators .31
9.8 Oil pipework .32
10 Governing system and protecting systems.32
10.1 General.32
10.2 Speed governing system classification .32
10.3 Speed adjustment .33
10.4 Electrical speed sensors for electric speed governing systems.33
10.5 Protection systems.33
10.6 Instrumentation.36
11 Special tools.38
12 Inspection and testing.38
12.1 General.38
12.2 Inspection .39
12.3 Testing .41
13 Preparation for shipment and storage.43
13.1 General.43
13.2 Special aspects of preparation.43
14 Foundations .43
15 Erection and commission on site .44
15.1 Preparation on site .44
15.2 Erection on site .44
15.3 Site acceptance test .44
15.4 Personnel training .44
16 Contract documents .44
16.1 Drawings.44
16.2 Technical data .44
16.3 Progress report .45
16.4 Recommended spare parts.45
16.5 Data information for installation, operation and maintenance .45
Annex A (informative) Explanations concerning dynamics.47
Annex B (normative) Explanations of terms concerning the governing system .55
Annex C (informative) Further information on foundations.61
Bibliography .63
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 14661 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 208, Thermal turbines for
industrial application (steam turbines, gas expansion turbines).
Annex B is a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes A and C are for information only.
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is a basic standard. Therefore the users of this International Standard should be aware
that additional or differing requirements may be needed to meet the needs for the particular service intended.
It is intended to add later, by means of an amendment, an annex containing data sheets appropriate to the text at
hand.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14661:2000(E)
Thermal turbines for industrial applications (steam turbines, gas
expansion turbines) — General requirements
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies general requirements intended to facilitate the procurement and supply of
steam turbines and gas expansion turbines primarily for industrial applications.
This International Standard should serve as a basis for any application although, for special applications,
supplementary specifications may also be required, for example for general and special purpose industrial steam
turbines used in the petroleum and natural gas industries.
This International Standard is applicable to axial- and radial-flow industrial-type turbines (steam turbines and gas
expansion turbines). It specifies the basic requirements for single-stage and multi-stage impulse or reaction
turbines, which are not spared or are in critical service. In addition, this International Standard also specifies some
requirements for driven machines, gear units, lubrication and sealing systems, controls, instrumentation and
auxiliary units for turbine plants.
Exceptions to the requirements laid down in this International Standard may be agreed between the purchaser and
supplier.
NOTE 1 Which standard is to be applied in the individual case is the decision of the purchaser. For instance, the purchaser
of a generator-driving turbine connected to the public network will generally be responsible for complying with the technical
requirements of the public network regardless which standard is specified. If the purchaser of a generator-driving turbine is also
the operator of the public network or if he/she is the supplier of an independent power producer (IPP), he/she usually specifies
the application of IEC 60045-1.
NOTE 2 Further standards on industrial steam turbines for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries are ISO 10436 and
ISO 10437. Information on other relevant International Standards is given in the bibliography.
NOTE 3 A bullet� at the edge of the text indicates that either a decision is required or further information is to be provided
by the purchaser. This information should be indicated on the data sheets (see “Introduction”) otherwise it should be stated in
the quotation request or in the tender.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 261, ISO general-purpose metric screw threads — General plan.
ISO 263, ISO inch screw threads — General plan and selection for screws, bolts and nuts — Diameter range 0.06
to6in.
ISO 1122-1, Glossary of gear terms — Part 1: Geometrical definitions.
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
ISO 1127, Stainless steel tubes — Dimensions, tolerances, and conventional masses per unit length.
ISO 1925, Mechanical vibration — Balancing —Vocabulary.
ISO 1940-1, Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 1: Determination of
permissible residual unbalance.
ISO 1940-2, Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 2: Balance errors.
ISO 2041, Vibration and shock — Vocabulary.
ISO 3304, Plain end seamless precision steel tubes —Technical conditions for delivery.
ISO 4200, Plain end steel tubes, welded and seamless — General tables of dimensions and masses per unit
length.
ISO 4572, Hydraulic fluid power — Filters — Multi-pass method for evaluating filtration performance.
ISO 6708, Pipe components — Definition and selection of DN (nominal size).
ISO 7005-1, Metallic flanges — Part 1: Steel flanges.
ISO 7268, Pipe components — Definition of nominal pressure.
ISO 7919-1, Mechanical vibration on non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and
evaluation criteria — Part 1: General guidelines.
ISO 7919-2, Mechanical vibration on non-reciprocating machines — Measurements on rotating shafts and
evaluation criteria — Part 2: Guidelines for large land-based steam turbine generator sets.
ISO 7919-3, Mechanical vibration on non-reciprocating machines —- Measurements on rotating shafts and
evaluation criteria — Part 3: Coupled industrial machines.
ISO 8068, Petroleum products and lubricants — Petroleum lubricating oils for turbines (categories ISO-L-TSA and
ISO-L-TGA) — Specifications.
ISO 9084, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears — Application to high speed gears and gears of
similar requirements.
ISO 10816-1, Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts —
Part 1: General guidelines
ISO 10816-2, Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts —
Part 2: Large land-based steam turbine sets in excess of 50 MW.
ISO 10816-3, Mechanical vibration — Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts —
Part 3: Industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and nominal speeds between 120 r/min and
15 000 r/min when measured in situ.
ISO 11342, Mechanical vibration — Methods and criteria for the mechanical balancing of flexible rotors.
ISO/TR 13989-1, Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel, and hypoid gears — Part 1: Flash
temperature method.
ISO/TR 13989-2, Calculation of scuffing load capacity of cylindrical, bevel, and hypoid gears — Part 2: Integral
temperature method.
IEC 60045-1, Steam turbines — Part 1: Specifications.
IEC 60079 (all parts), Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres.
IEC 60079-10 , Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Classification of hazardous areas.
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
IEC 60584 (all parts), Thermocouples.
IEC 60751, Industrial platinum resistance thermometer sensors.
IEC 61515, Mineral insulated thermocouple cables and thermocouples.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1122-1 (for geometrical
definitions), ISO 1925 (for balancing definitions), ISO 2041 (for vibration and shock definitions) and the following
apply.
NOTE Use of the word "design“ with respect to any steam conditions, power output, speed, etc. should be avoided in
contract documents. This terminology should only be applied by the equipment designer and the manufacturer to the values
used in design calculations such as the design pressure for pressure vessel.
3.1 Turbines
3.1.1
steam turbine
thermal power unit with rotating components in which the enthalpy drop of steam is converted into mechanical
energy in one or several stages
3.1.2
industrial-type steam turbine
steam turbine which is used for industrial purposes.
NOTE In addition to mechanical energy it is typical that, by the use of the turbine, steam can be exported for various
production fields. This steam can be extracted from the turbine anywhere during or at the end of expansion.
3.1.3
extraction turbine
turbine in which some of the steam is extracted part-away through the expansion in order to provide process steam
NOTE If the turbine includes means for controlling the pressure of the extracted steam, it is called a controlled (or
automatic) extraction turbine.
3.1.4
mixed pressure turbine
turbine where the working fluid enters the turbine at two or more pressures through separate inlet openings
3.1.5
gas expansion turbine
thermal power unit with rotating components, in which the enthalpy drop of a gaseous medium is converted into
mechanical energy in one or several stages
NOTE The gas expansion turbine differs from the gas turbine in that it has neither its own associated compression nor
combustion system.
3.2 Power output, heat rate and steam rate
3.2.1
rated power output
P
r
maximum power output at the turbine coupling or at the generator terminals, as specified by the purchaser,
including the relevant conditions
NOTE The governing valves will not necessarily be fully open.
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
3.2.2
maximum power output
P
max
maximum available power output at the turbine coupling or at the generator terminals, as stated by the
manufacturer, including the relevant conditions
3.2.3
heat rate
�
ratio of the absorbed heat between the motive fluid inlet(s) and outlet(s) to the power output at the coupling or at
the generator terminals, considering the specified operating conditions:
QQ-�
sr
�
=
P
where Q and Q are the heat supplied and the heat returned
s r
.
NOTE 1 The dimensions are kilojoules per kilowatt second [kJ/(kW s)] or the equivalent in a coherent unit system to obtain a
dimensionless ratio.
NOTE 2 The relationship between the heat rate and the thermal efficiency� is
t
1
� =
�
t
3.2.4
steam rate
s
ratio of the steam mass flow rate, q , at the inlet of the turbine to the power output at the coupling or at the
m
generator terminals, considering the specified operating conditions:
q
m
s�
P
. .
NOTE 1 The dimensions are kilogram per kilowatt second [kg/(kW s)] or kilogram per kilowatt hour [kg/(kW h)] or the
equivalent in a coherent unit system.
NOTE 2 The relationship between the steam rate and the thermodynamic efficiency� and the isentropic drop�h is
td s
1
s �
� � �h
td s
where� is the value of the power output divided by the isentropic power capacity.
td
NOTE 3 For mixed pressure and for extraction steam turbines it is necessary to declare in addition to the numerical value of
the steam rate the associated specific conditions for induction and for extraction steam. These are:
a) for mixed pressure turbines: induction steam
� mass flow,
� pressure,
� temperature;
b) for extraction turbines: extraction steam
� mass flow.
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ISO 14661:2000(E)
3.3 Connection points
3.3.1
inlet connections
inlet connecting point of the stop valve or casing connecting points for intake and additional induction steam stop
valves
3.3.2
outlet connections
outlet connecting point of casing for controlled or uncontrolled extractions or exhaust
3.4 Steam or gas conditions
3.4.1
steam or gas conditions
conditions which define the thermodynamic state of steam or gas, normally (static) pressure and temperature or
dryness fraction (or quality)
NOTE Steam or gas pressure should always be quoted in absolute units, not as gauge pressure.
3.4.2
initial steam or gas conditions
steam or gas conditions at the inlet to the stop valves
3.4.3
maximum operating steam or gas conditions
highest steam or gas conditions at which the turbine is required to operate continuously
NOTE The steam conditions should not exceed those permitted by IEC 60045-1.
3.4.4
maximum steam or gas conditions
most severe steam or gas conditions a
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