27.040 - Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines
ICS 27.040 Details
Gas and steam turbines. Steam engines
Gasturbinen. Dampfturbinen. Dampferzeuger
Turbines a gaz et a vapeur. Machines a vapeur
Plinske in parne turbine. Parni stroji
General Information
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- Standard1 pageEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides a basis for exchange of information about reliability, availability and maintainability between gas turbine manufacturers, users, consultants, regulatory bodies, insurance companies and others. It defines terms and definitions and also describes component life expectancy, repairs and criteria for determining overhaul intervals. This document is applicable to all elements of the gas turbine and auxiliaries.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard14 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the requirements for the design and calculation of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
The purpose of this document is to ensure that the hazards associated with water-tube boilers are reduced to a minimum by the proper application of the design according to this part of EN 12952.
- Standard165 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the standard reference conditions and ISO standard ratings for gas turbines.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
To deliver an EN ISO version of "ISO 21789 Gas turbine applications - Safety"
To extend the use of the current ISO standard by including details to assist designers, manufacturers and others by providing methods of compliance with the relevant, essential safety requirements of a range of EU Directives for gas turbine applications without prejudicing compliance with the Standard outside of the European Union.
It is proposed that the existing ISO 21789 is used as the basis of an EN ISO standard by revising as necessary such clauses that the resulting standard can be Harmonised against the applicable EU Directives.
To facilitate this, a draft combined ISO21789 / prEN ISO 21789 is proposed as a New Work Item which is to be commented / reviewed in conjunction with a combined ISO/TC192 WG10 and CEN/TC399 WG committee in accordance with the requirements of the Vienna agreement.
The additional Annexes that would be required for prEN ISO 21789 are appended to the draft.
Subsequently ISO 21789 will be updated to include applicable changes made to the new draft with the exception of the references applicable to Harmonisation.
- Standard103 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements for the design and calculation of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
The purpose of this document is to ensure that the hazards associated with water-tube boilers are reduced to a minimum by the proper application of the design according to this part of EN 12952.
- Standard165 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to atmospheric fluidized-bed and grate firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators. These systems commence at the fuel bunkers and end at the ash extraction plant. For combination of various firing systems, the individual requirements of each system apply, especially those included in EN 12952-8:2022 and EN 12952-9:2022.
If several fuels are burnt simultaneously or if a fuel quality varies considerably (e.g. moisture content), additional safety measures can be necessary, especially with respect to limitation of the fuel flow into the firing system and ensuring proper air supply to the individual fuels.
Pressurized firing systems can require enhanced safety measures, which are not given in this European Standard.
1.2 Fuels
This document covers the use of solid fuels. Pulverized fuel fired in an entrained air flow (burner) system is covered by EN 12952-9:2022.
Solid fuels covered are:
• all coal qualities, e.g. lignite or brown coal, sub-bituminous or hard brown coal, bituminous coal or hard coal, pitch coal, anthracite, coke, coal culm, coal sludge;
• other fossil solid fuels (e.g. peat, oil shale);
• biomass solid fuels (e.g. wood, wood wastes [bark], pellets, energy plants [miscanthus], harvest wastes [straw] and briquettes);
• municipal waste solid fuels (e.g. garbage, sewage sludge, refuse derived fuels [RDF]);
• industrial waste solid fuels (e.g. petrol coke, soot, tyres, paper wastes, coated wood chips, spent wood, animal product wastes).
Fuel blends from two or more groups, or fuels of unconventional or unknown quality can require special safety measures which can be proved either by practical experience gained from comparable fuels, or by suitable tests, e.g. in accordance with EN 14034-2:2006+A1:2011. Such measures specified and documented by the manufacturer.
Fuels on which the design is documented in the operating instructions (see 11.2). This includes the fuel data for 100 % input of the basic fuel and the data for any supplementary fuels together with their maximum thermal input percentage.
1.3 Operation
The requirements for operational equipment in Clause 4, Clause 5, Clause 6, Clause 7, Clause 8, Clause 9, Clause 10 and Clause 11 apply to steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained personnel familiar with the special conditions of the firing systems and the type of fuel.
- Standard23 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Firing systems
This document specifies requirements for liquid and gaseous fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators as defined in EN 12952-1:2015.
These requirements also apply to firing systems of chemical recovery boilers (black liquor boilers) with the additions and amendments specified in Annex A.
These requirements also apply to gas turbines in combination with fired/unfired heat recovery steam generators with the additions and amendments specified in Annex B.
NOTE 1 This document is not applicable to coil type boilers (flash boilers/small boilers) that use burners in accordance with EN 12953-7 for single burner installations.
NOTE 2 This document is not applicable to the storage of liquid fuels and to transfer stations of long-distance gas pipelines.
1.2 Fuels
This document specifies requirements which cover the use of liquid and gaseous fuels as defined in this document. Fuels deviating from standardized commercially available types can require additional or alternative safety measures. For black liquor these safety measures are given in Annex A.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
1.1 Firing systems
This document applies to pulverized fuel firing systems of steam boilers and hot water generators and commences at the filling equipment for the boiler bunkers or for the pulverized fuel storage system and ends at the ash extraction plant. For multifuel firing systems using separate or combined burners, these requirements apply to the pulverized fuel firing part involved. For other fuels or firing systems used in combination, other requirements apply, e.g. EN 12952-8:2022.
1.2 Fuels
These requirements cover the use of pulverized fuels (e.g. coke, anthracite, bituminous coal or hard coal, lignite or brown coal, petrol coke, oil shale and pulverized bio mass) ranging from low to high volatile matter content.
1.3 Operation
Requirements for operational equipment apply for steam boilers and hot water generators with permanent supervision by properly trained persons.
As firing systems using pulverized fuel can be designed either as direct-firing or as indirect-firing systems, operational requirements have to be differentiated. Annex A summarizes the operational requirements for firing systems including the pulverizing system.
- Standard28 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document covers the safety requirements for aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime mover applications using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms.
This document applies to mechanical, electrical, and pressure equipment components and systems necessary for the functionality of the prime mover. For example, but not limited to, a core gas turbine auxiliary gearbox, an output transmission gear box, combustion system, air filtration, gas turbine controls, oil systems, and fuel system. This document also covers integration of safety risks within the overall installation, e.g. exhaust purging or drainage.
This document details the anticipated significant hazards associated with aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime movers and specifies the appropriate preventative measures and processes for reduction or elimination of these hazards. This document addresses the risks of injury or death to humans and risks to the environment. Equipment damage without risk to humans or the environment is not covered.
The overall objective of this document is to ensure that equipment is designed, constructed, operated and maintained throughout its life in accordance with ISO 12100:2010.
This document approaches gas turbine safety from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent possible. Where no ISO or IEC standard exists, other codes or standards (such as EN, NFPA, etc.) have been included.
Minimum functional safety levels cannot be addressed in this document, as minimum functional safety levels are both application and site specific.
This document excludes the following items;
— exhaust-system structural design;
— driven equipment;
— micro turbines as covered by ISO 19372:2015;
— gas turbines used primarily for direct and indirect propulsion;
— gas turbines used for mobile applications;
— special heat source applications;
— gas turbines in research and development programs;
— compressed-air energy storage plants.
Where appropriate, this document can be used to give general guidance in such applications.
This document is not applicable to machinery or safety components manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard103 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines.
The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines.
General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS.
This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60953 establishes a Supplementary Standard (SS) for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines. The rules given in this SS follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, hereinafter called the Reference Standard (RS) but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines. General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this SS. This SS is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this SS.
- Standard101 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
The rules given in this standard are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test shall take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement shall be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60953-3:2022 This part establishes a Supplementary Standard for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines.
The rules given in this document follow the guidance given in IEC 60953-0, but contain amendments and supplements regarding guarantees and verification of the guarantees by thermal acceptance tests on retrofitted steam turbines.
General principles for the preparation, performance, evaluation, comparison with guaranteed values and the determination of the measurement uncertainties of verification tests are given in this document.
This document is applicable only when the retrofit involves some hardware change in the steam turbine equipment. Conversely, any modification on the cycle or any retrofit of other equipment of the power plant (e.g. boiler, feedwater heaters, etc.) is not covered by this document.
- Standard230 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case. The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants. Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included. Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
- Standard105 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This document covers the safety requirements for aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime mover applications using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms. This document applies to mechanical, electrical, and pressure equipment components and systems necessary for the functionality of the prime mover. For example, but not limited to, a core gas turbine auxiliary gearbox, an output transmission gear box, combustion system, air filtration, gas turbine controls, oil systems, and fuel system. This document also covers integration of safety risks within the overall installation, e.g. exhaust purging or drainage. This document details the anticipated significant hazards associated with aero derivative and industrial gas turbine prime movers and specifies the appropriate preventative measures and processes for reduction or elimination of these hazards. This document addresses the risks of injury or death to humans and risks to the environment. Equipment damage without risk to humans or the environment is not covered. The overall objective of this document is to ensure that equipment is designed, constructed, operated and maintained throughout its life in accordance with ISO 12100:2010. This document approaches gas turbine safety from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent possible. Where no ISO or IEC standard exists, other codes or standards (such as EN, NFPA, etc.) have been included. Minimum functional safety levels cannot be addressed in this document, as minimum functional safety levels are both application and site specific. This document excludes the following items; — exhaust-system structural design; — driven equipment; — micro turbines as covered by ISO 19372:2015; — gas turbines used primarily for direct and indirect propulsion; — gas turbines used for mobile applications; — special heat source applications; — gas turbines in research and development programs; — compressed-air energy storage plants. Where appropriate, this document can be used to give general guidance in such applications. This document is not applicable to machinery or safety components manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard88 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard97 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This European Standard specifies requirements for the workmanship and construction of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for the inspection during construction, documentation and marking of water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
- Standard – translation34 pagesSlovenian languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of this European Standard specifies the requirements for safety devices against excessive pressure in water tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies the requirements for the product forms for use in pressure parts of water-tube boilers and for parts welded on to pressure parts:
plates;
wrought seamless tubes;
electrically welded tubes;
submerged, plasma and TIG arc-welded tubes;
forgings;
castings;
rolled bars;
welding consumables;
fasteners;
seamless composite tubes.
- Standard40 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60953-0:2022 constitutes a technical revision.This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) IEC 60953-2:1990 has been used as the basis to develop IEC 60953-0;
b) Outdated measuring techniques have been updated and the corresponding reduction of the expected test result measuring uncertainty indicated;
c) Guarantee of power output at specified steam flow has been included;
d) A proposal for assignment of unaccounted for leakages has been included;
e) Correction methods and guarantee comparisons are updated;
f) Various appendices deleted:
- Appendix B (flow nozzle)
- Appendix E (generalized correction curves)
- Appendix G (power measurement uncertainty)
g) Annex added:
- Annex E (Temperature variation method) taken over from IEC 60953-3:2002,Annex L
The rules given in this document are applicable to thermal acceptance tests covering a wide range of accuracy on steam turbines of every type, rating and application. Only the relevant portion of these rules will apply to any individual case.
The rules provide for the testing of turbines, whether operating with either superheated or saturated steam. They include measurements and procedures required to determine specific enthalpy within the moisture region and describe precautions necessary to permit testing while respecting radiological safety rules in nuclear plants.
Uniform rules for the preparation, carrying out, evaluation, comparison with guarantee and calculation of measuring uncertainty of acceptance tests are defined in this standard. Details of the conditions under which the acceptance test can take place are included.
Should any complex or special case arise which is not covered by these rules, appropriate agreement is to be reached by manufacturer and purchaser before the contract is signed.
This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 60953-2, published in 1990.
- Standard209 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
IEC TR 63388:2021 introduces the widely used technical scheme of cogeneration (also known as combined heat and power (CHP)), and gives the corresponding cases. The technical schemes of cogeneration covered in this technical report can be divided into two categories. One is cogeneration based on steam turbine, which is generally applied in thermal power plants; The other is cogeneration based on other prime movers, such as fuel cell, micro gas turbine, internal combustion engine, Stirling engine, ORC, etc.
This document gives some cases of cogeneration, mainly including:
• CHP based on extraction turbine;
• CHP based on back pressure turbine;
• Low-vacuum heating mode;
• LP cylinder steam bypassed heating mode;
• CHP based on steam turbine with synchro-self-shift clutches;
• Gas-steam combined cycle CHP;
• Micro gas turbine CHP;
• Stirling engine CHP;
• Fuel cell CHP; and
• ORC CHP.
The characteristics, components and technical requirements of these technical schemes are introduced in this document.
By collecting existing standards of CHP, this document also identifies the gaps of CHP standardization and put forward a roadmap for future CHP standards.
This document is prepared based on limited expert resources. Thus, some cogeneration cases could not be covered in this document, such as:
• Solar cogeneration; and
• Internal combustion engine cogeneration.
- Technical report43 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The purpose of this document is to establish, in a general way, suitable procedures for
commissioning and operation of hydraulic machines and associated equipment, and to indicate
how such machines and equipment should be commissioned and operated.
Commissioning and operation of the associated equipment are not described in detail in this
document but is considered in the commissioning and operation procedure as a separate step.
Machines of up to about 15 MW and reference diameters of about 3 m are generally covered
by IEC 62006.
It is understood that a guideline of this type will be binding only if the contracting parties have
agreed upon it.
The guidelines exclude matters of purely commercial interest, except those inextricably
connected with the conduct of commissioning and operation.
The guidelines are not concerned with waterways, gates, drainage pumps, cooling-water
equipment, generators, motor-generators, electrical equipment (e.g. circuit breakers,
transformers) etc., except where they cannot be separated from the hydraulic machinery and
its equipment.
Wherever the guidelines specify that documents, drawings or information are supplied by a
supplier (or by suppliers), each individual supplier should furnish the appropriate information
for its own supply only.
- Standard50 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60034 applies to large three-phase synchronous generators, having rated
outputs of 10 MVA and above driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines. Also
included are synchronous Mvar compensators of the same output range connected to a grid for
the purpose of exchanging reactive power.
This document supplements basic requirements for rotating machines given in IEC 60034-1.
Common requirements are specified together with specific requirements for air, hydrogen or
liquid cooled synchronous generators or compensators.
This document also gives the precautions to be taken when using hydrogen cooled generators
including:
• rotating exciters driven by synchronous generators;
• auxiliary equipment needed for operating the generators;
• parts of the building where hydrogen might accumulate.
These requirements also apply to a synchronous generator driven by both a steam turbine and
a combustion gas turbine as part of a single shaft combined cycle unit.
These requirements do not apply to synchronous generators driven by water (hydraulic)
turbines or wind turbines.
NOTE The precautions taken when using hydrogen are valid for all cases where hydrogen is used as a coolant.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
This part of IEC 60045 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving
generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for
other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part
of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment
are not included in this document.
The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and
alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements
clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance
with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60045-1:2020 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment are not included in this document. The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition: a) Scope clarification and boundaries of applicability; b) general update to state-of-the-art technology; c) integration of product safety: Clause 5; d) integration of automation, incorporating the former annex on electronic governors: Clause 11; e) Informative Annex A on welding added.
- Standard75 pagesEnglish languagesale 10% offe-Library read for1 day
IEC 60045-1:2020 is applicable primarily to land-based horizontal steam turbines driving generators for electrical power services. Some of its provisions are relevant to turbines for other applications. Generator, gear box and other auxiliaries which are considered as a part of the system are also mentioned in this document. Detailed specifications for this equipment are not included in this document.
The purpose of this document is to make an intending purchaser aware of options and alternatives which it may wish to consider, and to enable it to state its technical requirements clearly to potential suppliers. Consequently, final technical requirements will be in accordance with an agreement between the purchaser and the supplier in the contract.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1991. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) Scope clarification and boundaries of applicability;
b) general update to state-of-the-art technology;
c) integration of product safety: Clause 5;
d) integration of automation, incorporating the former annex on electronic governors: Clause 11;
e) Informative Annex A on welding added.
- Standard146 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This document specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, materials of construction, modelling, controlling, fabrication, inspection, testing, installation, start-up and operation of industrial gas turbine (GT) exhaust systems with or without waste heat recovery unit (WHRU). Gas turbines can be on-shore or off-shore for such sectors as oil and gas, chemical and process industries, utilities, or other intensive energy users. For this document, the exhaust system means all items in the turbine exhaust gas stream between the GT exhaust gas collector outlet flange and the termination/s to the atmosphere. The following items are not covered by this document: — heat recovery steam generator equipment (HRSG); — supplementary fired systems; — auxiliary fired systems; — exhaust gas collector (also known as exhaust plenum); — fire detection and extinguishing systems; — emissions controls equipment intended to modify the gaseous composition of the exhaust gas; — WHRUs that are of the firetube type, where the turbine exhaust gas (TEG) passes through the tubes.
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard96 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document is applicable to land-based gas turbines with fluid-film bearings and power outputs greater than 3 MW and an operating speed under load between 3 000 r/min and 30 000 r/min. In some cases (see the list of exclusions below), this includes other rotating machinery coupled either directly or through a gearbox. The evaluation criteria provided in this document are applicable to the vibration of the main input and output bearings of the gearbox but are not applicable to the vibration of the internal gearbox bearings nor to the assessment of the condition of those gears. Specialist techniques required for evaluating the condition of gears are outside the scope of this document. This document is not applicable to the following: i) gas turbines with power outputs greater than 40 MW at rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO 20816-2); ii) aero-derivative gas turbines (including gas turbines with dynamic properties similar to those of aero-derivatives); NOTE ISO 3977-3 defines aero-derivatives as aircraft propulsion gas generators adapted to drive mechanical, electrical or marine propulsion equipment. Large differences exist between heavy-duty and aero-derivative gas turbines, for example, in casing flexibility, bearing design, rotor-to-stator mass ratio and mounting structure. Different criteria, therefore, apply for these two turbine types. iii) gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 3 MW (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); iv) turbine driven generators (see ISO 20816-2, ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); v) turbine driven pumps (see ISO 10816-7); vi) turbine driven rotary compressors (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); vii) the evaluation of gearbox vibration (see this clause) but does not preclude monitoring of gearbox vibration; viii) the evaluation of combustion vibration but does not preclude monitoring of combustion vibration; ix) rolling element bearing vibration. This document establishes provisions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ broad-band vibrations: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings. These are in terms of the following: - vibration under normal steady-state operating conditions; - vibration during other (non-steady-state) conditions when transient changes are taking place, including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes; - changes in vibration which can occur during normal steady-state operation.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard23 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard23 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 10494:2018 specifies methods for measuring the noise emission of a turbine or turbine set under steady-state operating conditions. It specifies methods for measuring the sound pressure levels on a measurement surface enveloping a source, and for calculating the sound power level produced by the source. It gives requirements for the test environment and instrumentation, as well as techniques for obtaining the surface sound pressure level from which the A-weighted sound power level of the source and octave or one-third-octave band sound power levels are calculated. These methods can be used to conduct performance tests even if the purpose of the test is simply to determine the sound pressure level around the machine. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to turbines and turbine sets: - for power plant and industrial applications (e.g. stationary); - for installation on board ships, or offshore installations, road and railway vehicles. ISO 10494:2018 does not apply to gas turbines in aircraft applications. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to only the part of the turbine set (turbine, driven equipment and attached components) located above the floor and inside a continuous enveloping measurement surface bounded by this floor. ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to steady-state operation and excludes transients such as start-up and shut-down, when the noise emission can be higher for short times. Under these conditions, this document does not apply.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard40 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 10494:2018 specifies methods for measuring the noise emission of a turbine or turbine set under steady-state operating conditions. It specifies methods for measuring the sound pressure levels on a measurement surface enveloping a source, and for calculating the sound power level produced by the source. It gives requirements for the test environment and instrumentation, as well as techniques for obtaining the surface sound pressure level from which the A-weighted sound power level of the source and octave or one-third-octave band sound power levels are calculated. These methods can be used to conduct performance tests even if the purpose of the test is simply to determine the sound pressure level around the machine.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to turbines and turbine sets:
- for power plant and industrial applications (e.g. stationary);
- for installation on board ships, or offshore installations, road and railway vehicles.
ISO 10494:2018 does not apply to gas turbines in aircraft applications.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to only the part of the turbine set (turbine, driven equipment and attached components) located above the floor and inside a continuous enveloping measurement surface bounded by this floor.
ISO 10494:2018 is applicable to steady-state operation and excludes transients such as start-up and shut-down, when the noise emission can be higher for short times. Under these conditions, this document does not apply.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard37 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 18888:2017 specifies standard rules for preparing, conducting, evaluating and reporting thermal performance tests on combined cycle and cogeneration power plants driven by gas turbines for base and part load operation with or without supplementary firing. ISO 18888:2017 is applicable to - thermal performance tests for general information, - thermal acceptance tests for determining the performance of the combined cycle plant in relation to a contractual guarantee, and - comparative tests designed to check the performance differentials of the combined cycle and cogeneration power plants, for testing before and after modifications, upgrades or overhauls. It can be used to determine the following thermal performance test goals and expected values, under specific operating and reference conditions within defined test boundaries: - electrical power output; - heat rate or thermal efficiency; - process steam and/or district heat w/o generation of electrical power output by means of a steam turbine. ISO 18888:2017 does not apply to individual equipment component testing, which is covered by corresponding standards. It is not intended to be applied to the following test goals: - environmental testing for example emissions, noise; - vibration testing; - operational testing; - absolute or comparative performance of specific components of the combined cycle covered by dedicated standards (e.g. gas turbines).
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ISO 20816-2:2017 is applicable to land-based gas turbines, steam turbines and generators (whether coupled with gas and/or steam turbines) with power outputs greater than 40 MW, fluid-film bearings and rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min. The criteria provided in this document can be applied to the vibration of the gas turbine, steam turbine and generator and other shaftline components (such as synchronizing clutches, exciters or flywheel masses). ISO 20816-2:2017 establishes provisions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ, broad-band vibration: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings. These are in terms of the following: - vibration under normal steady-state operating conditions; - vibration during other (non-steady-state) conditions when transient changes are taking place, including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes; - changes in vibration which can occur during normal steady-state operation. ISO 20816-2:2017 is not applicable to the following: i) electromagnetic excited vibration with twice line frequency at the generator stator windings, core and housing; ii) aero-derivative gas turbines (including gas turbines with dynamic properties similar to those of aero-derivatives); NOTE ISO 3977‑3 defines aero-derivatives as aircraft propulsion gas generators adapted to drive mechanical, electrical or marine propulsion equipment. Large differences exist between heavy-duty and aero-derivative gas turbines, for example, in casing flexibility, bearing design, rotor-to-stator mass ratio and mounting structure. Different criteria, therefore, apply for these two turbine types. iii) steam turbines and/or generators with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW or with rated speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (although generators seldom fall into this latter category) (see ISO 20816-3); iv) gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 40 MW or with rated speeds other than 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO 20816-3 or ISO 20816-4); v) the evaluation of combustion vibration but does not preclude monitoring of combustion vibration.
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ISO 19859:2016 specifies the minimum technical and documentation requirements for the evaluation and procurement of gas turbine systems for electrical power generation. It applies to simple cycle and combined cycle gas turbines for both onshore and offshore applications, where applicable. It also applies to gas turbines used in cogeneration (see ISO 11086:1996, Annex B). Testing of the gas turbine in combination with a generator is included in the scope. It is not applicable to gas turbines used for all types of propulsion including aircraft, mobile barges, floating production vessels and marine propulsion applications and microturbines. ISO 19859:2016 defines the requirements for gas turbine power generation from an international perspective based on the content of existing, recognized ISO and IEC standards to the greatest extent practical. Nonetheless, it is recognized that within the industry other codes or standards are used, some of which are included in the text of this International Standard. The use of other such codes and standards is permissible provided an appropriate and acceptable level of requirements, functional design and safety is achieved and agreement has been reached for their use between the Purchaser and Contractor and such use is suitably documented. Consideration should be given to applying/using standards in the following hierarchical order: international; regional; national; local. ISO 19859:2016 identifies the requirements for both the Purchaser and Contractor attributable to the design and procurement of a gas turbine power generation package. The defined requirements apply to the scope of supply, except where excluded, encompassing the following equipment and the associated selected options, located within the power generation package, (see 3.14), listed below: - gas turbine package; - load shaft coupling and clutch, as applicable; - air inlet system; - exhaust system; - fuel equipment; - control equipment; - electrical equipment; - additional auxiliary systems, including starting, lubrication, barring, compressor wash, pipework, drains and vents; - fire and gas protection; - cooling water equipment. Where applicable to the integrity of the gas turbine package, the interface and applicable design requirements are included for equipment, utilities and supplies that interface with the power generation package. The following equipment is excluded from the scope of supply, but references are included where required for interface or performance measurement: - generator and auxiliary systems, except the module control option; - steam turbine and auxiliary systems; - equipment external to the power generation package. Data sheets in Annex A of this International Standard are provided for defining requirements and exchanging information between the Purchaser and the Contractor. The Purchaser fills in the data sheets for the tender and forwards them to the Contractor. The Contractor responds by completing the applicable data sheets for their tender. Annex A identifies the different types of data sheets and how they are to be used. Where the Contractor does not comply with a selected requirement of this International Standard, this is detailed as an exception, referencing the applicable clause and describing the deviation and any alternatives available in a document listing all the exceptions taken. Where the text in this International Standard requests procedures and operating, maintenance and commissioning manual information or equipment that would require the disclosure/supply of proprietary information/equipment which the Contractor is not prepared to release, such exceptions are listed. Where this situation exists, the Contractor will be prepared to release appropriate personnel and equipment to undertake all the tasks that otherwise would be undertaken by the Purchaser. A bullet ● at the beginning of a paragraph in the text of this International Standard indicates an optiona
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1.1 General
This European Standard applies to water-tube boilers with volumes in excess of two litres for the generation of steam and/or hot water at a maximum allowable pressure PS greater than 0,5 bar and with a temperature in excess of 110 °C as well as auxiliary installations (other plant equipment).
The purpose of this European Standard is to ensure that the necessary essential safety requirements according to Annex I of the Pressure Equipment Directive are fulfilled in order to guarantee the safety of water tube boilers.
This aim will be achieved by:
- the proper application of the design, manufacturing, testing and inspection methods and techniques,
- the provision of protective measures against hazards, which cannot be eliminated, and
- the provision of information on residual hazards and other measures to reduce risk,
which are incorporated in the various parts of this European Standard.
The requirements of this European Standard take account of pressure-related hazards, which apply to water tube boilers, including failure of pressure-retaining components due to overheating.
This standard recognizes that it is not possible to cover all the combinations of situations that might arise.
1.2 Boiler assembly
For the purpose of this European Standard, the boiler assembly includes:
- the water-tube boiler including all the pressure parts from the feedwater inlet (including the inlet valve) up to and including the steam and/or hot water outlet (including the outlet valve or, if there is no valve, the first circumferential weld or flange downsteam of the outlet header);
- all superheaters, reheaters, economizers, that are not capable of isolation from the main system by interposing shut-off valves, associated safety accessories and interconnecting piping;
- additionally, the piping that is connected to the boiler involved in services such as draining, venting, desuperheating, etc., up to and including the first isolating valve in the tubing line downstream of the boiler;
- reheaters which are independently fired, and are separately provided with their safety accessories including all control and safety systems.
The following equipment and components can be integrated in the assembly at the discretion of the manufacturer:
- isolatable superheaters, reheaters, economizers and related interconnecting piping;
- the heat supply or firing system;
- the means of preparing and feeding the fuel to the boiler including the control systems;
- the means of providing the boiler with feedwater including the control system;
- the pressure expansion vessels and tanks of hot water generating plant.
1.3 Other plant equipment
a) The boiler supporting structural steelwork, the thermal insulation and/or brickwork and the casing;
b) the means of providing the boiler with air including the forced draught fans and air pre-heaters which are heated by the gases of combustion;
c) the facilities for moving flue gases through the boiler up to the stack inlet, including the induced draught fans and the air pollution reducing equipment located in the flue gas removal path;
d) all other equipment necessary for the operation of the boiler plant.
1.4 Exclusions
This European Standard does not apply to the following types of boiler plant:
a) boilers other than stationary boilers;
b) shell type boilers;
c) electrical boilers;
d) nuclear primary circuits, the failure of which can cause an emission of radioactivity.
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ISO 19372:2015 covers the safety requirements for industrial, commercial, and residential automated stationary microturbine (micro gas turbine) engine generator assemblies with an individual system or subsystem output rating with nominal supply voltages not exceeding 1 000 V for alternating current (A.C.) and not exceeding 1 500 V for direct current (D.C.), 500 kW per individual unit/subsystem or less that are intended for installation and use in ordinary and hazardous location using liquid or gaseous fuels and the safety related control and detection systems and essential auxiliaries for all types of open cycles, closed-cycle, and semi-closed (simple, combined, regenerative, reheat, etc.) used in onshore and offshore applications including floating production platforms.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the organisation and content of operating instructions for water-tube boilers and auxiliary installations as defined in EN 12952-1 when placed on the market.
To what extent the following aspects are used for the establishment of an operating instruction depends on the stipulated scope of delivery and of the requirements by contract regarding plant operation and maintenance.
NOTE The manufacturer’s scope of supply may be either pressure equipment, or pressure equipment and “auxiliary” plant such as motors, pumps and fans.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the essential requirements for equipment and protective devices for water-tube boiler plant as defined in EN 12952-1, to ensure the boiler operates safely within the allowable limits (pressure, temperature, etc.).
NOTE 1 Additional requirements specially needed for boilers without manual intervention are specified in Clause 7.
NOTE 2 Requirements for equipment for chemical recovery boilers are given in Annex A.
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This part of this European Standard specifies the organisation and content of operating instructions for watertube boilers and auxiliary installations as defined in EN 12952-1 when placed on the market. To what extent the following aspects are used for the establishment of an operating instruction depends on the stipulated scope of delivery and of the requirements by contract regarding plant operation and maintenance.
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This European Standard is applicable to water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1:2001.
This European Standard specifies procedures for calculating the creep and/or the fatigue damage of boiler components during operation. These calculations are not required to be carried out by the manufacturer as part of his responsibilities within this European Standard.
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IEC 60669-2-6:2012 is applicable to fireman's switches used for the breaking of the low-voltage circuits for exterior and interior signs and luminaires e.g. neon signs for a.c. only with a rated voltage not exceeding 440 V and a rated current not exceeding 125 A.
This publication is to be read in conjunction with IEC 60669-1:1998.
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IEC/TS 61994-3:2011(E) specifies the terms and definitions for piezoelectric dielectric oscillators representing the state-of-the-art, which are intended for use in the standards and documents of IEC TC 49.
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ISO 26382:2010 describes the technical declarations for a cogeneration system (CGS) that simultaneously supplies electric power and heating and/or cooling, for planning, evaluation and procurement. It applies to the identification of investigation items for project evaluation, CGS evaluation, and primary information works for CGS procurement. It also specifies necessary check items in CGS planning, provides a procedure to obtain the satisfactory configuration of the CGS for each project, and includes a detailed process diagram of the key development steps.
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This International Standard applies to open-cycle gas-turbine power plants using combustion systems supplied with gaseous and/or liquid fuels as well as closed-cycle and semi-closed-cycle gas-turbine power plants. It can also be applied to gas turbines in combined cycle power plants or in connection with other heat-recovery systems. In cases of gas turbines using free-piston gas generators or special heat sources (for example synthetic gas of chemical processes, blast furnace gas), this International Standard can be used as a basis but suitable modifications are necessary. Acceptance tests of gas turbines with emission control and/or power augmentation devices that are based on fluid injection and/or inlet air treatment are also covered by this International Standard and it is necessary that they be considered in the test procedure, provided that such systems are included in the contractual scope of the supply subject to testing. This International Standard does not apply to emission testing, noise testing, vibration testing, performance of specific components of the gas turbine, performance of power augmentation devices and auxiliary systems, such as air inlet cooling devices, fuel gas compressors, etc., conduct test work aiming at development and research, adequacy of essential protective devices, performance of the governing system and protective systems, and operating characteristics (starting characteristics, reliability testing, etc.).
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This European Standard specifies requirements for limiters (or limiting devices) which are incorporated into safety systems for water-tube boilers as defined in EN 12952-1.
A limiter (or limiting device) can be either:
- a safety accessory as defined in the Pressure Equipment Directive, Article 1, clause 2.1.3, and needs to include the safety logic and final actuator, or
- one element of a safety system, for example, a self-monitoring water level sensor used as part of a safety accessory as defined in the Pressure Equipment Directive, Article 1, clause 2.1.3. The overall boiler protection function shall be provided in association with additional safety logic (where appropriate) and a final actuator.
The design requirements and examination of functional capability for the limiters are covered in this European Standard.
For an explanation of the extent of the limiter (or limiting device) see Figure A.1.
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ISO 19860:2005 applies to data-acquisition and trend-monitoring systems for gas turbine installations and associated systems. ISO 19860:2005 classifies and defines monitoring systems and their technical terms and establishes a system for conversion and validation of measured quantities in order to enable a comparison of the various systems, their features and their performances.
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This part of EN 60953, also called retrofit code (RC), establishes a supplementary retrofit code for thermal verification tests of retrofitted steam turbines.
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ISO 3977-3:2004 covers the design requirements for the procurement of all applications of gas turbines and gas turbine systems, including gas turbines for combined cycle systems and their auxiliaries, by a purchaser from a packager. It also provides assistance and technical information to be used in the procurement. It is not intended to deal with local or national legislative requirements with which the installation may be required to conform. ISO 3977-3:2004 is applicable to simple-cycle, combined-cycle and regenerative-cycle gas turbines working in open systems. It is not applicable to gas turbines used to propel aircraft, road construction and earth moving machines, agricultural and industrial types of tractors and road vehicles. In cases of gas turbines using special heat sources (for example, chemical process, nuclear reactors, furnace for a super-charged boiler), ISO 3977-3:2004 provides a basis.
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This European Standard applies to the design of equipment for boiler plants to reduce air pollutants in the flue gases.
NOTE The effects of explosion are not considered in this Part of the is European Standard.
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This draft European Standard covers the safety requirements regarding the storage and use of:
- liquefied pressurized ammonia for steam boiler plants;
- liquid ammonia water solution for the reduction of NOx in the flue gas from boiler plants.
Annex A summarizes the operational aspects.
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