oSIST prEN ISO 17225-1:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 17225-1:2020
01-april-2020

Trdna biogoriva - Specifikacije goriv in razredi - 1. del: Splošne zahteve (ISO/DIS

Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements (ISO/DIS

Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

4 Symbols and abbreviated terms ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

5 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels ..................................................................................................... 4

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.2 Woody biomass ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

6.2.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood................................................................................................... 9

6.2.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry........................................................ 9

6.2.3 Used wood ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

6.2.4 Blends and mixtures ..................................................................................................................................................10

6.3 Herbaceous biomass .......................................................................................................................................................................10

6.3.1 Herbaceous biomass from agriculture and horticulture ............................................................10

6.3.2 By-products and residues from food and herbaceous processing industry ..............10

6.3.3 Blends and mixtures ..................................................................................................................................................10

6.4 Fruit biomass .........................................................................................................................................................................................10

6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit ..........................................................................................................................10

6.4.2 By-products and residues from food and fruit processing industry ................................10

6.4.3 Blends and mixtures ..................................................................................................................................................10

6.5 Aquatic biomass ..................................................................................................................................................................................10

6.6 Biomass blends and mixtures .................................................................................................................................................10

7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties .....................................................11

7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels ................................................................................................................................................11

7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels ...............................................................................................................11

Annex A (informative) Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels and examples of particles

sizes for wood chips and hog fuel ....................................................................................................................................................41

Annex B (informative) Typical values of solid biomass fuels ..................................................................................................45

Annex C (informative) Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different

biomass .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................56

Annex D (informative) Calculation of the net calorific value at different bases and energy

density as received ..........................................................................................................................................................................................58

Annex E (informative) Comparison of moisture content as received and dry basis ........................................61

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................63

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition ISO 17225-1:2014, which has been technically

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

The objective of the ISO 17225 series is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles

for solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good

understanding between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment

manufacturers. It will also facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting.

Solid biomass covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat

Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilization chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to

final use of bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary

uses (non-fuels) as a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products, etc.

The classifications given in this International Standard are provided with the objective of using biomass

Although the product standards from Part 2 of the ISO 17225 series may be obtained separately,

they require a general understanding of the standards based on and supporting ISO 17225-1. It is

In the product standards, graded means that solid biofuel is used either in commercial applications,

such as in households and small commercial and public sector buildings or industrial applications,

which demand the use of fuels with specified quality (properties) expressed by quality classes like A1,

This part of ISO 17225 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels of raw

Chemically treated material may not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels

higher than those in typical virgin material values (see Annex B) or higher than typical values of the

NOTE Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit, aquatic biomass and biodegradable

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 16948, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

ISO 16967, Solid biofuels — Determination of major elements — Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na and Ti

ISO 16993, Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another

ISO 16994, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulfur and chlorine

ISO 17827-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 1:

ISO 17827-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle size distribution for uncompressed fuels — Part 2:

ISO 17831-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes —

ISO 17831-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 2:

ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total

ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total

ISO 18846-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of fines content — Part 1: Reference method

ISO 18846-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of fines content — Part 2: Simplified method

ISO 18847, Solid biofuels — Determination of particle density of pellets and briquettes

ISO 19743, Solid biofuels — Determination of content of heavy extraneous materials larger than 3,15 mm

ISO 21945, Solid biofuels — Simplified sampling method for small scale applications and stores

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

Note 1 to entry: Examples of chemical treatments are listed in informative Annex C.

facility that utilize solid biofuel burning appliances or equipment that have similar fuel requirements

as residential appliances Note 1 to entry: Commercial applications should not be confused with

industrial applications, which can utilize a much wider array of materials and have vastly different fuel

The symbols and abbreviated terms used in this part of ISO 17225 comply with the SI system of units as

E Designation for energy density as received, E [MJ/m or kWh/m loose or stacked volume]

Q Designation for net calorific value as received, q [MJ/kg or kWh/kg] at constant pressure

NOTE 1 Fixed carbon (%) is calculated by the following: 100 - [moisture (w-%) + ash (w-%)+volatile matter

NOTE 2 1 MJ/kg equals 1 GJ/t or 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/

NOTE 3 Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in Tables 3 to

15. For designation of chemical properties, chemical symbols such as S (sulfur), Cl (chlorine), and N (nitrogen) are

For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2.

For specification of properties see Tables 3 to 15. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered

by Tables 3 to 14. Table 15 is a general master table to be used for a specification of solid biofuels not

Tables 3 to 15 list the normative properties, which shall be specified and informative properties, which

are voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form.

In the case of wood chips (Table 5) the properties of dimensions, fines, moisture and ash are normative

Product standards for graded solid biofuels are given in other parts of this ISO series.

The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system

Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the

Fruit biomass is biomass from those parts of a plant which are from or hold seeds.

Aquatic biomass is from so called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, which are plants that have

If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass should be stated.

The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box

in the classification table and appears on four levels. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas

mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture shall be described

If a solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.

The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main

groups, primarily stating whether the biomass is a virgin material, a by-product or a residue from the

Groups in Table 1 are further divided into third and fourth level sub-groups. The purpose of Table 1

is to allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuel material based on origin with as much

detail as needed. With the help of typical values from informative Annex B information on physical and

b) Blend (1.1.1.5) of broad-leaf and coniferous whole trees without roots (1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2 );

x) Blend (5.1); 80w-% sawdust from coniferous (1.2.1.2) and 20 w-% reed canary grass (2.1.2.1);

y) Mixture (1.1.1.5); whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1), whole trees without roots from

z) Blend (1.2.3); 99 w-% sawdust (1.2.1), 1 w-% glued wood (glue content of whole mass 0,1 w-%)

1.2 By-products and resi- 1.2.1 Chemically untreated 1.2.1.1 Broad-leaf with bark