ASTM F1291-22

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by different clothing systems. For example, variations in the design and fabric used in component garments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering, closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions. Garment insulation values can be compared as well (see Annex A1).  
4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.  
4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units as standard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are given in Test Method D1518.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on measuring the local thermal resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.  
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.  
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.  
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Each system shall be used independently of the other. The thermal resistance units, clo or SI, shall be identified clearly and consistency of units shall be maintained throughout reporting process.  
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 61.020 - Clothes
• Technical Committee: F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
• Drafting Committee: F23.60 - Human Factors

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1291 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,
the distribution of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface area
for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into account.
Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to determine the
thermal comfort or stress of people in a variety of environments (see Practice F2732, ASHRAE 55-
2013, and ISO 7730:2005). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is more important in
environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insu-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measure-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ment of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
measuring the local thermal resistance values for individual
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
measurement on a standing manikin.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the par-
2. Referenced Documents
ticular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmen-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tal conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting
movement.
Systems Using a Hot Plate
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
regarded separately as standard. Each system shall be used
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
independently of the other. The thermal resistance units, clo or
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resis-
SI, shall be identified clearly and consistency of units shall be
tance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
maintained throughout reporting process.
F2732 Practice for Determining the Temperature Ratings for
Cold Weather Protective Clothing
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can
be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on Personal
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
F23.60 on Human Factors. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F1291 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1291-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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F1291 − 22
3
2.2 ASHRAE Standards: closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The
ASHRAE 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that
Human Occupancy predict the physiological responses of p
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1291 − 16 F1291 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Thermal Insulation of Clothing Using a
1
Heated Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The type of clothing worn by people directly affects the heat exchange between the human body and
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The insulation provided by a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,
the distribution of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface area
for heat loss. Insulation measurements made on fabrics alone do not take these factors into account.
Measurements of the resistance to dry heat loss provided by clothing can be used to determine the
thermal comfort or stress of people in cold to comfortablea variety of environments (see Practice
F2732, ASHRAE 55-2013, and ISO 7730:2005). However, the moisture permeability of clothing is
more important in environmental conditions where heat balance can only be achieved by the
evaporation of sweat.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the
resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on measuring the local
thermal resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions
of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown
in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system Each system shall be used
independently of the other. The thermal resistance units, clo or SI, shall be identified clearly and consistency of units shall be
maintained throughout reporting process.
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.60 on Human Factors.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016July 1, 2022. Published October 2016August 2022. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
F1291 - 15.F1291 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/F1291-16.10.1520/F1291-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1291 − 22
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1518 Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F2370 Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
F2732 Practice for Determining the Temperature Ratings for Cold Weather Protective Clothing
3
2.2 ASHRAE Standards:
ASHRAE 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
4
2.3 ISO Standards:
ISO 7730:2005 Mo
...