F23 - Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clothing material’s ability to assist in the evaporation of liquid sweat by managing liquid moisture is of considerable importance when trying to maximize cooling and comfort benefits to the wearer while active. Understanding how much energy is released back to the skin is critical in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems or athletic wear.  
4.1.1 The cooling energy released back to the wearer can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using standard results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 This test method accounts for a clothing material’s ability to assist in evaporating liquid water during a sweating phase, as well as its ability to dry after the cessation of sweating.  
4.2.1 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials during active work (sweating) is often seen as a positive, as it would assist in keeping the body cooler.  
4.2.2 A large amount of cooling energy released from clothing materials after active work (no sweating) is often seen as a negative, as it known to cause a chilling effect to the wearer.  
4.2.3 The longer it takes for a clothing material to dry after becoming wet is perceived as a negative, as it increases the potential for chilling the wearer.  
4.3 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is, however, an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, the cooling provided from liquid evaporation may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the perfo...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cooling energy released back to the wearer’s skin by a clothing material’s ability to move and evaporate controlled dosages of water under controlled ambient conditions using a sweating hot plate.  
1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the cooling energy during a simulated “sweating” phase and in a drying phase. Calculations are also provided to determine the drying time and how efficient the clothing material is at assisting in the evaporation of liquid water by comparing it to the maximum amount of energy that can be lost.  
1.2 This test method does not address all properties that affect a clothing material’s ability to lose heat from the body. Consider measuring properties such as air permeability, insulation, and evaporative resistance.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices establish standard procedures designed for qualitatively evaluating the performance characteristics of protective ensembles or ensemble elements in terms of comfort, fit, function, and durability. Limited quantitative measures are also provided.  
5.2 These practices are suitable for both end users and manufacturers to evaluate performance characteristics of protective ensembles and ensemble elements.  
5.2.1 End users may use these practices to qualitatively determine how well protective ensembles and ensemble elements (gloves, boots, and respirators) and ensemble components (communications systems, cooling devices, and undergarments) meet their particular application.  
5.2.2 Manufacturers of protective ensembles and ensemble elements may use these practices to determine the qualitative performance characteristics in existing or proposed designs.  
5.3 Option A permits a qualitative evaluation of protective ensemble or ensemble element mobility by subjecting the protective ensemble to a manned exercise routine. Option B permits a qualitative evaluation of protective ensemble or ensemble element function. Each procedure can be used to assess ensemble comfort and fit by relating test subject responses and by comparing the dimensions and weights of both the test subject and suit.
Note 1: The accumulation of suit and human subject dimension data may eventually be used by manufacturers or end users in standards to improve the sizing of chemical protective suits and the integration of ensemble components in protective ensembles.  
5.4 The use of these practices is primarily for qualitative purposes only. In general, results from use of these practices on one type of ensemble may not be comparable to other test results on a different ensemble due to the subjective nature of test results.  
5.5 Certain aspects of these practices are quantitative. The effect of wearing the ensemble or ensemble element can also be assessed by the measurement of t...
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1.1 These practices are intended for evaluating protective ensembles and ensemble elements to determine the suitability of the ensemble or ensemble components in a work environment on the basis of its comfort, fit, function, and durability.  
1.1.1 Option A is a manned exercise scenario intended to evaluate the impact of the ensembles and ensemble elements on wearer mobility when worn in a series of different physical exercises that are intended to evaluate the range of motion permitted by the ensemble or ensemble element.  
1.1.2 Option B is a manned work task scenario intended to determine the impact of the ensemble or ensemble element on wearer function.  
1.1.3 Recording the length of time used to complete these tasks provides a means for quantifying the impact of the ensemble or ensemble element on the wearer function.  
1.1.4 Relating the ability of the subject to completely perform all tasks provides a qualitative assessment for the impact of the ensemble or ensemble element on wearer function.  
1.1.5 The optional evaluation of ensembles or ensemble elements for liquid or vapor integrity following the exercise protocols provides a basis for evaluating the impact of wearing on ensemble or ensemble element integrity.  
1.1.6 The optional evaluation of donning and doffing instructions provides a basis for evaluating the potential for errors which may impact the effectiveness of the ensemble.  
1.2 These practices apply to protective ensembles and certain ensemble elements that are used for protection against different chemical, biological, physical, thermal, and other hazards, but are primarily useful for ensembles that include barrier layers such as liquid splash protective ensembles used for protection against hazardous chemicals or highly infectious diseases, or vapor protective ensembles used for chemical protection.  
1.3 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The v...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the initial filtration efficiency of materials by sampling representative volumes of the upstream and downstream latex aerosol concentrations in a controlled airflow chamber.  
5.2 This test method provides specific test techniques for both manufacturers and users to evaluate materials when exposed to aerosol particle sizes between 0.1 and 5.0 μm.  
5.2.1 This test method establishes a basis of efficiency comparison between materials.
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1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the initial particle filtration efficiency of materials using monodispersed aerosols.  
1.1.1 This test method utilizes light-scattering particle counting in the size range of 0.1 to 5.0 μm and airflow test velocities of 0.5 to 25 cm/s.  
1.2 The test procedure measures filtration efficiency by comparing the particle count in the feed stream (upstream) to that in the filtrate (downstream).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification is intended to help ensure barrier face coverings meeting the stated requirements provide (1) a means of source control for individual wearers by reducing expelled aerosols from the wearer’s nose and mouth into the air; and (2) a degree of particulate filtration that potentially reduces the amount of aerosols inhaled by the wearer.
Note 1: The source control/protection provided by barrier face coverings depends on several factors not considered in this specification, such as material degradation from wearer challenges including perspiration, talking, sneezing, and the length of time the barrier face covering is worn. Further research is needed to expand the evidence base for the protective effect of face coverings and, in particular, to identify the combinations of materials that maximize both their blocking and filtering effectiveness, as well as fit, comfort, durability, and consumer appeal. (https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/masking-science-sars-cov2.html.)
Note 2: There are currently no established methods for measuring outward leakage from a barrier face covering, medical mask, or respirator. Nothing in this specification addresses or implies a quantitative assessment of outward leakage and no claims can be made about the degree to which a barrier face covering reduces expired human-generated aerosols.  
1.2 This specification establishes minimum design, performance (testing), labeling, user instruction, reporting and classification, and conformity assessment requirements for barrier face coverings.  
1.2.1 Design criteria include setting minimum areas of face coverage over the wearer’s nose and mouth, prohibiting open vents or valves, requiring a means for retaining the barrier face covering on the wearer’s head, and providing a representation of product sizing. Manufacturers are further required to perform a design analysis for assessing leakage of exhaled air from the barrier face covering where the general approach is described in the product report. Manufacturers are permitted to conduct quantitative testing as specified in this specification to supplement the design analysis. Accessories, such as braces or other devices that allow the barrier face covering to better conform to the wearer’s face, are addressed as part of this specification if used for the purpose of reducing leakage.  
1.2.2 Performance and testing criteria define minimum barrier face covering filtration efficiency and airflow resistance performance properties. Sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency represents the ability to capture and reduce respirable aerosols that potentially contain viruses and bacteria. Airflow resistance represents the wearer’s ease of breathing or breathability while wearing the barrier face covering. The impact of repeated cleaning or laundering on continued performance is applied for measuring performance properties for those barrier face coverings that are intended for reuse. Manufacturers are permitted to also provide test results for bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) as supplemental information to the mandatory performance measurement of sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency.
Note 3: The principal performance criteria for barrier face covering determined by testing are sub-micron particle filtration efficiency and airflow resistance. Quantitative leakage assessment testing is optional for information purposes and is not required. This testing is not likely to be representative of outward leakage from the barrier face covering and should not be claimed to represent the amount of source control offered by the face covering. Bacterial filtration efficiency testing is also optional and not required. It is significantly different than sub-micron filtration efficiency, and the results of BFE testing cannot be interchanged or directly compared.  
1.2.3 Labeling requirements specify the minimum content for labels that appear on the barrier face cover...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method offers a procedure for evaluating medical face mask resistance to synthetic blood penetration that is useful in establishing claims for penetration resistance performance of medical face masks and ranking their performance. However, this test method does not define acceptable levels of penetration resistance because this determination must be made by each responsible user organization based on its own specific application and conditions. Therefore, when using this test method to make claims for the performance of medical face masks, the specific conditions under which testing is conducted must be described.  
5.2 Medical face masks may be intended to resist liquid penetration from the splatter or splashing of blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluid, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials and the design of the mask itself. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 0.042 to 0.060 N/m.6 To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the synthetic blood is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. The resulting surface tension of the synthetic blood is 40 ± 5 dyn/cm (0.040 ± 0.005 N/m).  
5.3 The synthetic blood mixture is prepared with a red dye to aid in visual detection and a thickening agent to simulate the flow characteristics of blood. The synthetic blood will not always duplicate the polarity, and thus the wetting behavior and subsequent penetration, of real blood and other body fluids through protective clothing materials.  
5.4 During a medical procedure, a blood vessel is occasionally punctured, resulting in a high-velocity stream of blood impacting a protective medical face mask. The impact velocity depends...
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1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of medical face masks to penetration by the impact of a small volume (~2 mL) of a high-velocity stream of synthetic blood. Medical face mask pass/fail determinations are based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for face exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.  
1.3 This test method is primarily intended to address the performance of finished medical face masks. While this test method may also be used to assess performance of materials or certain material constructions used in medical face masks, it is important to note the performance of finished medical face masks may be impacted by the interaction of the materials used and how they have been assembled. Results can differ depending on testing a final finished medical face mask or materials taken from manufactured medical face masks.  
1.4 This test method does not address other factors with the potential to affect the overall protection offered by the medical face mask and its operation (such as filtration efficiency and pressure drop).  
1.5 This test method does not address breathability of the medical face mask materials or any other properties affecting the ease of breathing through the medical face mask. This test method evaluates medical face masks as an item of protective clothing. This test method does not evaluate the performance of medical face masks for airborne exposure pathways or in the prevention of the penetration of aerosolized body fluids deposited on the medical face mask.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the cooling provided by different personal cooling systems (PCS) worn with a common base ensemble. Any base ensemble can be selected based on the intended end use of the PCS.  
4.1.1 The test method is intended to allow garments based on various cooling technologies to be evaluated fairly and objectively, by taking into account both dry and evaporative heat transfer.  
4.2 The measurements of heat removal rates and duration of cooling provided by the PCS depend on the apparatus, the base ensemble, and the techniques used.  
4.2.1 Departures from the instructions in this test method will potentially lead to significantly different test results.  
4.2.2 Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature, air motion measurement, humidity, evaporative cooling, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Report any departures with the results.
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1.1 This test method uses a sweating manikin in an environmental chamber to measure the heat removal rate and cooling duration provided by a personal cooling garment worn with a base ensemble.2  
1.1.1 The use of a sweating heated manikin is essential because of the potentially large amount of heat dissipation from the body associated with evaporative cooling.  
1.2 The experimental values obtained for the cooling rates and cooling duration apply only to the particular PCS and additional garments worn during the test and for the environmental conditions used.  
1.2.1 It is feasible that this test method will yield unrealistically high cooling rates for ambient air circulation systems since the manikin’s surface stays continuously saturated during the test and the relative humidity in the chamber is relatively low; consequently the convective and evaporative heat loss rates from the body to the environment are probably higher from the manikin than they would be from a human, particularly in environments with higher levels of humidity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice contains the recommendations for minimal informational requirements for the identification of chemical protective clothing items. It is intended to provide the user with some of the basic information necessary for the proper selection and use of the chemical protective clothing.  
3.2 For some items of chemical protective clothing, such as disposable chemical protective gloves, it is recognized that it is not practical that the labeling information be provided directly on the product. Therefore, it is permissible that this information be provided on the direct packaging that contains the product. As an example, it is possible to put the recommended product information on the dispenser box that contains multiple pairs of disposable chemical protective gloves.  
3.3 Additional information beyond the content recommended by this practice is permitted to be applied to the label. This additional label content can include statements indicating compliance with specific standards, warnings, limitations associated with the product, and certain types of use, care, and maintenance information as addressed in Practice F2061.  
3.4 Rules and regulations in Title 16 Code of Federal Regulations Part 303 cover the identification of fibers in textile products, specifically the disclosure of the fiber content and the manner of labeling products for purposes of applying tariffs on imported products and for informing the consumer. This practice is not intended to be a replacement for the requirements in 16 CFR 303, which may still apply to certain types of chemical protective clothing.
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1.1 This practice covers the informational content of labels in or on chemical protective clothing. This practice also addresses putting label content on chemical protective clothing packaging when it is not practical to attach the label directly to the chemical protective clothing or print it on the chemical protective clothing item based on the size or type of the product.  
1.2 This practice describes the recommended format and minimal content of the information to be included on the labels used for chemical protective clothing.  
1.2.1 For the purposes of this practice, chemical protective clothing includes but is not limited to: suits, garments, and partial-body garments such as hoods, aprons, sleeve protectors, gloves, and footwear.  
1.2.2 Protective clothing is defined as any single item or combination of items used for the purpose of isolating parts of the body from direct contact with a potential hazard. It does not include individual parts of a protective clothing item designed to be worn as part of another item (for example, a face shield or lens) unless it may be worn independently of the other items and still be used in a protective manner. For example, a glove or boot, unless permanently attached to a garment or suit, would be considered a protective clothing item requiring labeling, while a visor or vent valve would not. In summary, the intent of this practice is to only require labeling of parts of an ensemble that can be used independently for the protection of the user.  
1.3 This practice does not cover user information provided by means other than item labeling such as instructions, informational packets, brochures, or other written means. User information is partly addressed in Practice F2061.  
1.4 This practice excludes those items covered under 16 CFR 303 unless specifically designed for use as chemical protective clothing.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision o...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.  
5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 Medical protective clothing materials are intended to be a barrier to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors can affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluid, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 42 to 60 dyn/cm (0.042 to 0.060 N/m) (1).7 To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the synthetic blood is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. The resulting surface tension of the synthetic blood is approximately 40 ± 5 dyn/cm (0.040 ± 0.005 N/m).  
5.3 The synthetic blood mixture is prepared with a red dye to aid in visual detection and a thickening agent to simulate the flow characteristics of blood.  
5.4 Part of the protocol in Procedures A and B in Table 1 for exposing the protective clothing material specimens with synthetic blood involves pressurizing the test cell to 13.8 kPa [2.0 psig]. This hydrostatic pressure has been documented to discriminate between protective clothing material performance and to correlate with visual penetration results that are obtained with a human factors validati...
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1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by synthetic blood under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing pass/fail determinations are based on visual detection of synthetic blood penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick inner liners which readily absorb the synthetic blood.  
1.2 This test method is a means for selecting protective clothing materials for subsequent testing with a more sophisticated barrier test as described in Test Method F1671/F1671M.  
1.3 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method must review modes for work/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific application.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments, or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognize...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a measurable criterion of performance about the level of cut resistance provided by different types of protective garments and protective coverings worn by chainsaw operators.  
5.2 This test method is intended to show to what level a protective garment can offer resistance to the cutting action of a chainsaw.  
5.3 The protection that can be demonstrated by the garments and coverings tested in accordance with this test method is achieved by: (1) the cut resistance of the material to cutting when put in contact with saw chain; (2) pulling a part of the material or yarns in the material so that they are drawn into the chain and drive mechanism to block the chain movement; (3) the fibers of the materials used to demonstrate both high resistance to cutting and the capacity to absorb rotational energy, so that chain speed can be slowed down sufficiently to stop the movement of the saw chain; or (4) any combination of these.  
5.4 This test method does not purport to evaluate comfort of lower body protective garments.  
5.5 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of components to be evaluated. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method2 measures cut resistance of garments and devices worn to protect the lower body (legs) when operating a chainsaw.  
1.2 This test method may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the evaporative resistance imposed by different clothing items or ensembles as long as each test is conducted using the same experimental procedures and test conditions. For example, variations in the design and material used in gloves can be evaluated. The effects of layering, closures, and fit can also be measured.  
4.2 The measurement of the evaporative resistance imposed by clothing is complex and dependent upon the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer, temperature, humidity and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evaporative resistance of clothing items that cover only the head (Option 1), a hand (Option 2), or a foot (Option 3). It describes the measurement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer from a heated sweating thermal manikin form to the testing environment.  
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a stationary head manikin form (Option 1), hand manikin form (Option 2), or foot manikin form (Option 3).  
1.1.2 The effects of body form position, movement, and contact with other surfaces are not addressed in this test method.  
1.2 The evaporative resistance values obtained apply only to the particular clothing items evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test.  
1.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shall be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide information and guidance on the proper selection, use, and maintenance of respirators, which will help safeguard the life and health of respirator wearers. This practice is written for all persons concerned with respiratory protection, but especially for those primarily responsible for establishing and administering an acceptable respirator program. This practice contains requirements recommended for enforcement authorities in establishing regulations or codes for respiratory protection use.  
4.2 Exceptions—Users of this practice shall be aware that regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different from this practice.
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1.1 This practice sets forth minimally accepted practices for occupational respirator use; provides information and guidance on the proper selection, use, and maintenance of respirators; and contains requirements for establishing, implementing, and evaluating respirator programs.  
1.2 This practice covers the use of respirators to protect persons against the inhalation of harmful air contaminants and oxygen-deficient atmospheres in the workplace. The following are not covered by this practice:  
1.2.1 Underwater breathing devices,  
1.2.2 Aircraft oxygen systems,  
1.2.3 Supplied-air suits,  
1.2.4 Use of respirators under military combat conditions, and  
1.2.5 Medical inhalators and resuscitators.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a measurable criterion of performance about the level of cut resistance provided by different types of protective garments and protected coverings worn by chainsaw operators.  
5.2 This test method is intended to show to what level a protective garment can offer resistance to the cutting action of a chainsaw.  
5.3 The protection which can be demonstrated by the garments and coverings tested in accordance with this test method is achieved by: (1) the cut resistance of the material to cutting when put in contact with saw chain; (2) pulling a part of the material or yarns in the material so that they are drawn into the chain and drive mechanism to block the chain movement; (3) the fibers of the materials used to demonstrate both high resistance to cutting and the capacity to absorb rotational energy, so that chain speed can be slowed down sufficiently to stop the movement of the saw chain; or (4) any combination of these.  
5.4 This test method does not purport to evaluate comfort of lower body protective garments.  
5.5 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of components to be evaluated. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method measures cut resistance of garments and devices worn to protect the lower body (legs) when operating a chainsaw.  
1.2 This test method may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, it will be decided if this test method will be used to determine one or both of the following: (1) chain speed 50 (CS50), and (2) success/failure (jamming/chain stop or no cut in less than 1.5 s) at specified chain speed.  
1.3 This test method may be used to determine levels of protection for areas of coverage as stipulated in established safety standards.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The standards under the jurisdiction of Committee F23 and other technical committees can be used individually or as part of an integrated protocol in the development, selection, specification, and use of chemical protective clothing.  
4.2 The standards are intended as a means by which information can be requested, generated, and reported in a consistent, comparable manner.  
4.3 The suggested evaluation and test methods are recommended guidelines only. Test methods offer procedures for evaluating chemical protective clothing at standardized conditions to allow comparison.  
4.4 The information on clothing performance must be combined with professional judgment and a clear understanding of the clothing application to provide the best protection to the worker. All chemical protective clothing use must be based on a hazard assessment to determine the risks for exposure to chemicals and other hazards. Conduct hazard assessments in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132.  
4.5 Chemical protective clothing intended for use during hazardous materials emergencies shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1991, Standard on Vapor-Protective Ensemble for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, or NFPA 1992, Standard on Liquid Splash-Protective Ensemble and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies, as appropriate for the type of emergency. For emergencies involving release of chemical agents during terrorism incidents, chemical protective clothing shall be evaluated against and conform to NFPA 1994, Standard on Protective Ensemble for Chemical/Biological Terrorism Incidents.  
4.6 Recommendations for labeling chemical protective clothing are provided in Practice F1301, recommendations for implementing a chemical protective clothing program are provided in Practice F1461, and recommendations for preparing care and maintenance instructions are provided in Practice F2061.  
4.7 Appendix X1 is an example of how several of the referenced standards can be combined into a protoc...
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1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the application of standards for the development, specification, and selection of chemical protective clothing with the ultimate goal of maintaining the safety and health of workers who come into contact with hazardous chemicals.  
1.2 This guide provides a short description of each referenced standard and then makes specific recommendations for the use of these standards. The referenced standards are organized under the following headings: Material Chemical Resistance, Material Physical Properties, Seam and Closure Performance, and Overall Clothing Performance.  
1.3 No protocol can ensure the selection of protective clothing that guarantees worker protection. The purpose of testing is to generate data and information that will allow the selection of the most appropriate clothing. Ultimately, clothing selection is based on technical evaluation of available information and professional assessment of risk.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used to measure the insulation provided by a cold weather clothing garment or garment system using a heated manikin (see Test Method F1291) and to predict the temperature rating for comfort at two activity levels using whole-body heat loss models.  
4.1.1 The temperature rating is for an ensemble—not an individual garment. However, manufacturers want to label cold weather garments or garment systems with a temperature rating to help consumers select the product that will best meet their needs. Therefore, the insulation of a garment or garment system is measured with a standard base ensemble. Furthermore, the standard is limited to garments that cover a substantial amount of body surface area such as jackets, coats, insulated pants, coveralls, or snow suits. The temperature ratings of headwear, footwear, and handwear cannot be determined with this practice.  
4.1.2 The temperature predictions determined by this standard practice are for adults only. The physiology of children is significantly different from that of adults, so a modified heat loss model needs to be used to predict the comfort of children wearing outdoor clothing.5  
4.1.3 The temperature ratings determined by this standard practice and listed on garment labels are only guidelines for comfort and will be affected by the garments consumers wear with them, their activity level during wear, and individual differences in the physiological characteristics of people (for example, gender, age, body mass, etc.).
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1.1 This standard practice covers the determination of the temperature rating of a cold weather protective clothing garment or system of garments when worn with one of two base ensembles. It involves measuring the thermal resistance (insulation) value of a clothing ensemble (base ensemble plus the garment or garment system being evaluated) with a heated manikin in accordance with Test Method F1291. The result is used in a heat loss model to predict the lowest environmental temperature for comfort.  
1.2 The predictive model used in this standard estimates the evaporative heat loss from a person wearing cold weather clothing as opposed to measuring the evaporative resistance on a sweating manikin. If a person is active and gets overheated in a cold environment, he/she is usually able to adjust the garments to dissipate excess heat.  
1.3 The temperature ratings estimated by this standard practice are guidelines for thermal comfort, determined from a whole-body heat loss model (see Annex A1). Therefore, localized cooling, discomfort, and even frostbite could still occur at extremely low temperatures because clothing insulation is not evenly distributed over the body surface. In addition, some body parts (for example, ears, fingers, toes) have a high surface area relative to their mass, and consequently lose heat at a faster rate than other parts of the body.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss provided by fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, is of considerable importance in determining their suitability for use in fabricating protective clothing systems.  
4.1.1 The thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss can be significantly affected by environmental conditions. Extreme care must be taken when using results measured under standard testing conditions to determine a material’s suitability for use in conditions outside the testing conditions.  
4.2 The thermal interchange between people and their environment is an extremely complicated subject that involves many factors in addition to the steady-state resistance values of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies. Therefore, thermal resistance values, evaporative resistance values, and total heat loss measured on a hot plate may or may not indicate relative merit of a particular material or system for a given clothing application. While a possible indicator of clothing performance, measurements produced by the testing of fabrics have no proven correlation to the performance of clothing systems worn by people. Clothing weight, drape, tightness of fit, and so forth, can minimize or even neutralize the apparent differences between fabrics or fabric assemblies measured by this test method.  
4.3 The thermal resistance and evaporative resistance of clothing systems and items can be measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber in accordance with Test Methods F1291, F2370, and F3426.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thermal resistance, evaporative resistance, and total heat loss under steady-state conditions of fabrics, films, coatings, foams, and leathers, including multi-layer assemblies, for use in clothing systems.  
1.2 The range of this measurement technique for intrinsic thermal resistance is from 0.002 to 0.5 K·m2/W and for intrinsic evaporative resistance is from 0.0 to 1.0 kPa·m 2/W. The total heat loss range is from 0.0 to 1300 W/m2.  
1.3 The values in SI units shall be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are provided in this standard but are not regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).  
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.  
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.  
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.  
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.
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1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.  
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.  
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 Fire testing is ...

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1.1 This specification establishes minimum requirements for the performance and labeling of isolation gowns intended for use by healthcare workers to provide protection for standard and transmission-based precautions. The intended use of this specification is to ensure the performance properties of isolation gowns for the protection of the wearer. Four levels of barrier properties for isolation gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB 70, and are included in this specification for reference purposes.  
1.2 There are other types of gowns that are used in healthcare settings, including: cover gowns, procedure gowns, comfort gowns, precaution gowns, and open-back gowns. All gowns not meeting the definition of isolation gown in 3.1.7 as defined by ANSI/AAMI PB70 are excluded from this standard.  
1.3 This specification does not address protective clothing used for surgical applications, such as surgical gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in the healthcare facilities. It does not however cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products. Barrier testing shall be conducted to determine the impact penetration, hydrostatic resistance, and viral penetration resistance performance of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown. The physical properties of the critical zone(s) of the surgical gown shall also be tested and shall conform to the following requirements: tensile strength, tear resistance, seam strength, lint generation, evaporative resistance, and water vapor transmission rate. General safety requirements shall be set based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, flame spread, and natural rubber latex specifications.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for surgical gowns used for protection of healthcare workers where the potential for exposure to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials exists. The specification requires barrier testing based on the system of classifying gowns established in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and sets general safety requirements for surgical gowns based on biocompatibility, sterility assurance, and flame spread. Performance requirements are established for important physical properties, including tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength. Methods to be used for optional reporting of performance of linting resistance, evaporative resistance, water vapor transmission rate, and abrasion resistance are provided.  
4.2 This specification does not address protective clothing used for nonsurgical applications, such as isolation gowns or decontamination gowns; protective clothing for the hands, such as surgical gloves, patient examination gloves, or other medical gloves; protective clothing for the head, such as goggles or face shields, surgical caps or hoods, surgical masks, or respirators; protective clothing for the feet, such as operating room shoes, shoe covers, or surgical boots; or other types of protective clothing and equipment worn by healthcare providers.  
4.3 Surgical gowns are either multiple-use or single-use products as designated by the manufacturer. This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturer claims for surgical gown performance and efficacy. For multiple-use gowns, this specification takes into account the anticipated care and maintenance of these products by examining test requirements for surgical gown materials both before and after the maximum expected number of cycles for laundering and sterilization.  
4.4 Additional information on the processing of multiple-use surgical gowns is provided in ANSI/AAMI ST65.  
4.5 While surgical gowns are classified for barrier performance...
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1.1 This specification establishes requirements for the performance, documentation, and labeling of surgical gowns used in healthcare facilities. Four levels of barrier properties for surgical gowns are specified in ANSI/AAMI PB70 and are included in this specification for reference purposes.
Note 1: Some properties require minimum performance and others are for documentation only.
Note 2: ANSI/AAMI PB70 evaluates the barrier properties of surgical gown fabrics using water only in Levels 1, 2, and 3. Since surgical gowns are exposed to blood and other fluids with different surface tensions, the performance of additional testing to identify the barrier levels to simulated biological fluids is required for a Level 4 gown.  
1.2 This specification does not cover all the requirements that a healthcare facility deems necessary to select a product, nor does it address criteria for evaluating experimental products.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchase...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This guide is intended to encourage thorough and consistent documentation of airborne particle penetration testing and its results.  
2.2 Uniform information and performance data increase the likelihood of selecting proper particle protective clothing by direct comparison of one material with another.  
2.3 A standard format for test information and data also encourages computer storage of test results for easy retrieval, comparison, and correlations.
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1.1 This guide provides a format for documenting information and performance data for an airborne particle penetration test.  
1.2 Documented data and information are grouped into five categories that define important aspects of each test:  
1.2.1 Description of material tested,  
1.2.2 Challenge particles,  
1.2.3 Test method,  
1.2.4 Test results, and  
1.2.5 Source of the data.  
1.3 Use of this guide is facilitated by adherence to procedures outlined in a standard test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is intended to provide a quantitative measurement about the effect of gloves on wearer finger dexterity by comparing the times required to perform a simple task with and without gloves.  
5.2 This test method does not discriminate all glove effects on wearer hand function or apply to all glove types and applications. Additional evaluations or tests representative of the glove use application are recommended to determine the overall impact of gloves on wearer hand function.  
5.2.1 Test Method F2961 provides an assessment for the impact of gloves’ grip by measuring the torque force associated with turning a cylindrical object both with and without gloves.  
5.2.2 Clause 6.2 of BS EN 420 assesses gloved tactility by determining the diameter of a metal pin that can be picked up off a flat, smooth surface and grasped.  
5.3 Results from this test can be influenced by many factors, including relative fit of the gloves and the age, gender, and general health conditions of the subjects. Exercise care when comparing the results using different subjects.
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1.1 This test method is used for evaluating finger dexterity while wearing gloves.  
1.1.1 This test method covers procedures in which the wearer picks up small objects between the thumb and index finger.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for evaluating gloves and other forms of hand protection that allow the wearer to pick up small objects between their thumb and index finger.  
1.3 This test method does not address all effects of glove use on hand function. Other methods should be considered to evaluate the effects of gloves on grip, tactility, and other hand functions of interest.
Note 1: This test method may not apply to all glove types or applications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a standardized test procedure of protective materials to ensure comparable results among manufacturers and users.  
5.2 This test method involves measurement of the attenuation of X-rays by protective clothing material at an accelerating potential (kVp) between 60 and 130 kVp. These energies are considered to be representative of those commonly used during medical diagnosis.  
5.3 The reporting of the attenuation at a specific X-ray energy is intended to allow the end user organization to assess the attenuating properties of the protective clothing material at that energy level.
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1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the attenuation of X-rays by protective materials at accelerating potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.  
1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary beam X-radiation.  
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded radiation protective clothing materials.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classifications, performance requirements, and test methods for the materials used in the construction of medical face masks that are used in health care services such as surgery and patient care. Medical face mask material performance is based on testing for bacterial filtration efficiency, differential pressure, sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency, resistance to penetration by synthetic blood, and flammability. This specification does not address all aspects of medical face mask design and performance, the effectiveness of medical face mask designs as related to the barrier and breathability properties, and respiratory protection, which may be necessary for some health care services.
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1.1 This specification covers testing and requirements for materials used in the construction of medical face masks that are used in providing healthcare services such as surgery and patient care.  
1.1.1 This specification addresses medical masks with ties (surgical masks) and ear loops (procedure masks or isolation masks).  
1.2 This specification provides for the classification of medical face mask material performance. Medical face mask material performance is based on testing for bacterial filtration efficiency, differential pressure, sub-micron particulate filtration efficiency, resistance to penetration by synthetic blood, and flammability.  
1.3 This specification does not address all aspects of medical face mask design and performance. This specification does not specifically evaluate the effectiveness of medical face mask designs as related to their overall barrier and breathability properties.  
1.3.1 This specification does not include any specific design criteria for medical face masks; however, surgical masks are differentiated by having ties to allow adjustment of the medical face mask fit in comparison to procedure or isolation masks, which use ear loops to affix the mask to the wearer’s face.  
1.4 This specification does not address requirements for regulated respiratory protection devices such as respirators, which may be necessary for some healthcare services and exposure to inhalation hazards.
Note 1: Performance requirements for NIOSH-approved N95 respirators are described in 42 CFR Part 84. Additional requirements for NIOSH-approved N95 respirators intended for use in healthcare settings are described in the Memorandum of Understanding between FDA and NIOSH. FDA/NIOSH MOU 225-18-006, November 2017 and the NIOSH Conformity Assessment Letter to Manufacturers, NIOSH CA 2018-1010, November 2018.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method offers a procedure for evaluation of medical face mask materials for bacterial filtration efficiency. This test method does not define acceptable levels of bacterial filtration efficiency. Therefore, when using this test method it is necessary to describe the specific condition under which testing is conducted.  
5.2 This test method has been specifically designed for measuring bacterial filtration efficiency of medical face masks, using Staphylococcus aureus as the challenge organism. The use of S. aureus is based on its clinical relevance as a leading cause of nosocomial infections.  
5.3 This test method has been designed to introduce a bacterial aerosol challenge to the test specimens at a flow rate of 28.3 L/mm (1 ft3/min). This flow rate is within the range of normal respiration and within the limitations of the cascade impactor.  
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, the testing shall be performed with the inside of the medical face mask in contact with the bacterial challenge. Testing may be performed with the aerosol challenge directed through either the face side or liner side of the test specimen, thereby allowing evaluation of filtration efficiencies which relate to both patient-generated aerosols and wearer-generated aerosols.  
5.5 Degradation by physical, chemical, and thermal stresses could negatively impact the performance of the medical face mask material. The integrity of the material can also be compromised during use by such effects as flexing and abrasion, or by wetting with contaminants such as alcohol and perspiration. Testing without these stresses could lead to a false sense of security. If these conditions are of concern, evaluate the performance of the medical face mask material for bacterial filtration efficiency following an appropriate pretreatment technique representative of the expected conditions of use. Consider preconditioning to assess the impact of storage conditions and shelf life for disposable products, an...
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1.1 This test method is used to measure the bacterial filtration efficiency (BFE) of medical face mask materials, employing a ratio of the upstream bacterial challenge to downstream residual concentration to determine filtration efficiency of medical face mask materials.  
1.2 This test method is a quantitative method that allows filtration efficiency for medical face mask materials to be determined. The maximum filtration efficiency that can be determined by this method is 99.9 %.  
1.3 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of biological aerosol exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker exposure and assess the appropriateness of the method for their specific applications.  
1.4 This test method evaluates medical face mask materials as an item of protective clothing but does not evaluate materials for regulatory approval as respirators. If respiratory protection for the wearer is needed, a NIOSH-certified respirator should be used. Relatively high bacterial filtration efficiency measurements for a particular medical face mask material do not ensure that the wearer will be protected from biological aerosols, since this test method primarily evaluates the performance of the composite materials used in the construction of the medical face mask and not its design, fit, or facial-sealing properties.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance of the standard.  
1.6 This test method does not address breathability of the medical face mask materials or any other properties affecting the ease of breathing through the medical face mask material.  
1.7 This test method may also be used to measure the bacterial filtration efficienc...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method assesses the cut resistance of a material when exposed to a cutting edge under specified loads. Data obtained from this test method can be used to compare the cut resistance of different materials.  
5.2 This test method only addresses that range of cutting hazards that are related to a cutting action by a smooth sharp edge across the surface of the material. It is not representative of any other cutting hazard to which the material may be subjected, such as serrated edges, saw blades, or motorized cutting tools. Nor is it representative of puncture, tear, or other modes of fabric failure.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cut resistance of a material when mounted on a specimen holder and subjected to a cutting edge under a specified load using a tomodynamometer.2  
1.1.1 This procedure is not valid for high-porosity materials which allow cutting edge contact with the mounting surface prior to cutting.  
1.1.2 Test apparatus may have limitations in testing materials with a thickness greater than 20 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This standard defines the specialized terms used in standards developed by Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment.  
1.2 Definitions of Terms, which were drafted for use only in a single standard, are also included for convenient reference. Under ASTM rules they may become full definitions in the future, if they are used in additional standards.  
1.3 Additional terminology relevant to protective clothing and to the components of protective clothing can be found in Terminologies D123, D1566, and D4805.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to provide a standardized procedure to ensure comparable results between manufacturers, testing laboratories, and users.  
5.2 This test method attempts to realistically quantify the radiation protection provided by radiation protective garments under real-world conditions for workers primarily exposed to scattered radiation in medical fluoroscopy work.  
5.3 This test method is designed to simulate exposure conditions to radiation scattered from the body of the patient undergoing fluoroscopy through an angle of 90° from the primary X-ray beam.  
5.4 The test method is designed to include contributions of radiation dose to the wearer from secondary radiation emitted from the shielding material.
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1.1 This test method establishes a procedure for measuring the relative reduction in the intensity of X-radiation provided by shielding garments to the human user under conditions simulating actual use.  
1.2 This test method provides a condition simulating X-rays generated between 60 and 130 kV that are scattered through an angle of 90° by a water equivalent material.  
1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and no-leaded radiation protective materials.  
1.4 This test method provides a method for inclusion of secondary radiations generated within the protective material into a more realistic evaluation of radiation protection.  
1.5 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification prescribes the minimum requirements for the design, performance, testing, and certification of footwear and foot protective devices that, when worn by operators of power chain saws, shall provide cut resistance protection to their feet, and thereby reducing foot injuries caused by close contact with the running saw chain. The footwear and foot protective devices shall be constructed with suitable fit and flexibility so as to provide sufficient foot comfort and normal maneuverability to perform intended tasks, while maintaining satisfactory functionality and efficacy for the duration of its regular use throughout seasonal climatic variations. Completed footwear shall be inspected and certified as specified, and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
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1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for the design, performance, testing, and certification of footwear and foot protective devices designed to provide cut resistance protection to the feet of operators of power chainsaws.  
1.2 The objective of this specification is to prescribe fit, function, and performance criteria for footwear and foot protective devices worn by chainsaw operators, which are intended to reduce foot injuries caused by contact with a running power saw chain.  
1.3 This specification is not intended to serve as a detailed manufacturing or purchasing specification, but can be referenced in purchase contracts to ensure that minimum performance requirements are met.  
1.4 Controlled laboratory tests used to determine compliance with the performance requirements of this specification shall not be deemed as establishing performance levels for all situations to which chainsaw operators may be exposed.  
1.5 Mandatory requirements are indicated by the use of the word shall; recommendations and advisory information is indicated by the use of the word should.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides information and guidance to PLHCPs to assist them in determining the medical suitability of personnel for respirator use. It identifies the responsibility of management to provide the PLHCP with supplemental information before the PLHCP makes a recommendation concerning an employee’s ability to use a respirator (9.1). Evaluators shall use their clinical judgment in the application of these guidelines and require additional information or evaluation as necessary to permit certification or classification for respirator use.  
4.2 Shall and Should-The provisions of this practice are mandatory in nature when the word “shall” is used and advisory in nature when the word “should” is used.  
4.3 Exceptions-Users of this practice should be aware that regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different from this practice.
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1.1 This practice provides information that is useful for the medical evaluation of respirator users.  
1.2 This practice does not deal with medical surveillance or biological exposure monitoring. It is understood that since local circumstances vary, no set of guidelines can cover all situations, and specific programs and procedures should be modified for each individual workplace. Medical evaluation is only one element of a complete respiratory protection program. A complete respiratory protection program is defined in Practice F3387.  
1.3 Units-The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a measurable criterion of performance defining the level of cut resistance to the cutting action of a saw chain provided by foot protective devices.  
5.2 The protection which can be demonstrated by the foot protective devices tested in accordance with this test method is achieved by: (1) the material resisting cutting when put in contact with the moving saw chain; (2) a part of the material being drawn into the saw chain and drive mechanism to block the saw chain movement; (3) the materials resisting cutting and absorbing rotational energy so that saw chain speed can be slowed down sufficiently to stop the movement of the saw chain; or (4) any combination of these.  
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results, when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should perform comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens from the same lot of components to be evaluated. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be determined and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures cut resistance of foot protective devices that are designed to protect the foot when operating a chainsaw.  
1.2 This test method may be used to test for compliance to minimum performance requirements in established safety standards.  
1.2.1 By agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, or as required by established safety standards, this test method can be used to determine any one or both of the following: (1) chain speed 50 (CS50), (2) success/failure (jamming/chain stop) at specified chain speed.  
1.3 This test method may be used to determine levels of protection for areas of coverage as stipulated in established safety standards.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes design, performance, documentation, and labeling requirements and provides test methods for protective clothing used in preventing exposure to liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.1.1 The principal requirement of this specification is permeation resistance testing of the protective clothing barrier material and seams to a specified battery of seven chemotherapy drugs. Two levels of protective clothing barrier material and seam performance are established for complying with Part A labeling requirements specific to these seven liquid chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.1 Broad chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.
1.1.1.2 Selective chemotherapy drug protection is based on the protective clothing barrier material and seams demonstrating breakthrough detection times of 30 min or more for at least five of the seven specified chemotherapy drugs.  
1.1.2 It is also possible to report permeation resistance test results for additional liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs of interest as determined by the manufacturer or end user organization using the same breakthrough detection criteria for individual drugs for complying with the Part B labeling requirements.  
1.1.3 Protective clothing meeting this specification is also required to meet minimum flammability requirements, and if used as a medical device, biocompatibility (if used for breached skin contact), and demonstrate sterility assurance, if sterilized prior to use.  
1.1.4 Physical properties that indicate the strength, durability, and breathability of the protective clothing are optionally reported.  
1.1.5 Additional requirements are established for the label and user information to be provided for protective clothing meeting this specification.  
1.1.6 This specification also requires products intended to be used as medical devices such as surgical gowns and isolation gowns to meet the respective requirements of AAMI PB70, Specification F2407/F2407M, and Specification F3352/F3352M, as applicable.  
1.2 This specification does not address all conditions of exposure for individuals who wear protective clothing in the manufacture, transport, compounding, preparation, and administration of liquid chemotherapy and other hazardous drugs in addition to patient care activities and spills where contaminated items with these drugs are encountered.  
1.3 This specification does not address chemotherapy drugs or hazardous drugs that may be encountered in the form of a vapor or aerosol and does not provide any criteria for respiratory protection.  
1.4 This specification does not address the selection, use, or care of protective clothing used for protection against liquid chemotherapy or other liquid hazardous drugs. While this specification does not specifically determine which barrier material to select, the results of the tests described in this specification are useful for selecting barrier materials by comparing the test results among different materials under consideration. See USP 800, Hazardous Drugs—Handling In Healthcare Settings, for specific guidelines on the selection, use, and care of personal protective equipment for protection of healthcare workers against chemotherapy or other hazardous drugs.  
1.5 This specification is intended to provide the basis for manufacturers or suppliers to make specific claims that protective clothing products provide protection against liquid chemotherapy and other liquid hazardous drugs.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the cylinder heat transfer performance value of a flame-resistant material or combination of materials when exposed to a continuous and constant heat source. This is used to compare materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers when exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.
Note 3: Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.2 This test method maintains the specimen with and without air gaps in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement unless the test specimen naturally changes due to the thermal exposure.  
5.3 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2·s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Use of other exposure conditions that are representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results, along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.4 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the heat exposure.  
5.5 This test method is similar to Test Method F2700 in that it uses the same energy heat source, water-cooled shutter, data acquisition, and measures the heat transfer through protective clothing materials using a copper calorimeter. This test method differs from Test Method F2700 in the usage of an eccentric instrumented cylinder mounted horizontally that allows for the thermal shrinkage of materials when tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the thermal response of a material or combination of materials using a combined convective/radiant heat transmission apparatus consisting of an eccentric cylindrical test sensor. It can be used to estimate the non-steady state thermal transfer through flame-resistant materials used in clothing when subjected to a continuous, combined convective and radiant heat exposure. The average incident heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/cm2·s), with durations up to 30 s.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that melt, drip, or cause falling debris during the test.
Note 1: Because of the arrangement of the equipment, if materials melt, drip, or cause falling debris during the test, the test result is invalid.  
1.2 Heat transmission through clothing is largely determined by its thickness, including any air gaps. The air gaps can vary considerably in different areas of the human body. This method provides a means of grading materials when tested under standard test conditions and an air gap exists between the fabric and the sensor. During the exposure, fabric temperatures can exceed 400 °C. At these temperatures some fabrics are not dimensionally stable and can shrink or stretch. The cylindrical geometry used in this test method allows such motion to occur, which will affect the time to achieve the end point of the test. These effects are not demonstrated in planar geometry test methods such as Test Method F2700.  
1.3 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted only apply to the particular material(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.  
1.6 This standard does not p...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the evaporative resistance provided by different clothing systems. The evaporative resistance values for ensembles measured under isothermal conditions can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions. Garment evaporative resistance values can be compared as well (see Annex A1).  
4.2 The measurement of the evaporative resistance provided by clothing is complex and dependent upon the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer, temperature, humidity, and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer from a heated sweating thermal manikin to the testing environment. Information on measuring the local evaporative resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.  
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.  
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
1.2 The evaporative resistance values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement and sweating simulations.  
1.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shall be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the insulation provided by different clothing systems. For example, variations in the design and fabric used in component garments can be evaluated. The effects of garment layering, closure, and fit can be measured for clothing ensembles. The insulation values for ensembles can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions. Garment insulation values can be compared as well (see Annex A1).  
4.2 The measurement of the insulation provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, temperature and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.  
4.3 Report the insulation values in SI units or clo units as standard procedure. Conversion factors to other units are given in Test Method D1518.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the insulation value of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to dry heat transfer from a heated manikin to a relatively calm, cool environment. Information on measuring the local thermal resistance values for individual garments and ensembles is provided in Annex A1.  
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.  
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.  
1.2 The insulation values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement.  
1.3 The values stated in either clo or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Each system shall be used independently of the other. The thermal resistance units, clo or SI, shall be identified clearly and consistency of units shall be maintained throughout reporting process.  
1.4 The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble can be measured in accordance with Test Method F2370.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Writers of PPE specifications produce requirements to mitigate defined personal safety and health hazards.  
5.2 The users and wearers of PPE expect that these products will perform in conformance with stated specifications to help mitigate personal hazard(s).  
5.3 Conformity assessment requirements are a means to provide confidence that PPE conform to specifications.  
5.3.1 Conformity assessment requirements should be defined to address the confidence needed to ensure the PPE will provide protection for the identified hazard. (See Annex A1 for a discussion on how standards should address hazards and risks through performance and other requirements that provide adequate protection.)  
5.3.2 Conformity assessment requirements are a means to manage the risks of nonconforming PPE and can serve as a balance of cost effectiveness and risk of injury or illness of a nonconforming product.  
5.4 Conformity assessment can include sampling and testing, inspection, supplier’s declaration, certification, surveillance, and quality and environmental system assessment and registration. It can also include accreditation that indicates competence by the provider from a third party.  
5.4.1 The requirements’ rigor and scheme participant independence of the conformity assessment activities can vary from a supplier declaration of conformity (SDOC), to third-party independent testing, certification, and other conformity assessment requirements.  
5.5 This guide identifies options for conformity assessment consistent with the U.S. HHS NIOSH National Framework for Personal Protective Equipment Conformity Assessment – Infrastructure as a means to manage the defined hazards and risk to wearers of a nonconforming PPE.  
5.6 This guide further identifies hazards and risks for which a conformity assessment scheme can be developed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes options for conformity assessment (CA) requirements relating to personal protective clothing and equipment (hereafter referred to as “PPE”). This guidance can optionally be used to define conformity assessment requirements in a PPE specification standard or in a companion ASTM conformity assessment Standard Practice document2 associated with the PPE specification standard. It is understood that the former approach is not consistent with ISO Directive, Part 2, Section 6.7.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to require additional conformity assessment requirements to any PPE specification standard or to the integral components of the PPE.  
1.3 This guide defines conformity assessment principles and requirement options consistent with U.S. HHS NIOSH National Framework for Personal Protective Equipment Conformity Assessment – Infrastructure as a means to manage the risks to wearers to defined hazards from nonconforming PPE.  
1.4 This guide identifies potential hazard and risk assessment outcomes for which a conformity assessment scheme (commonly referred to as a “program”) can be developed to manage assessed risks.  
1.5 It is not the intent of this guide to prescribe any particular model of conformity assessment requirements for PPE or its integral components.  
1.6 The requirements and activities in a given conformity assessment scheme should be determined by a conformity assessment scheme owner or can be defined by the PPE specification standard writers, and should be based, at a minimum, on the criteria contained in Section 6 of this guide.  
1.7 This guide is not intended to supersede any federal, state, or local laws or regulations.  
1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all PPE circumstances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which t...

SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides minimum requirements for labeling protective clothing offering heat, flame, and melting resistance for applications where the potential exists for incidental exposure to open flame, radiant heat sources, or hot surfaces which could melt or ignite materials.  
1.1.1 Examples of possible applications for this specification include safety apparel, including high-visibility safety apparel, in situations where the possibility exists for accidental contact with hot surfaces, radiant heat sources, or an open flame; clothing worn by individuals for chemical, liquid, or particle protection where the possibility exists for clothing to similarly contact a burner or similar low-intensity flame source; or other clothing worn by individuals that comes in contact with torch flames, hot piping, or other surfaces that melt, degrade, or ignite clothing materials by proximity or contact.  
1.1.2 This specification is not to be used for separate claims for flame resistance (“FR”), heat resistance, or protection against the transfer of thermal energy. Instead, clothing materials are required to be evaluated for the combination of flame and heat resistance tests.  
1.1.3 This specification does not include a test for establishing protection levels against specific hazards where clothing insulation is needed such as from flash fires, exposure to high-energy electrical arc, or extended duration fires. This specification does not replace and shall not be used in lieu of existing standards where well-defined criteria are established for protection of workers from known characterized intense thermal hazards such as flash fires (NFPA 2112), high-energy electrical arc (Specification F1506), or wildland firefighting (NFPA 1977). See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.1.4 This specification includes requirements that define resistance to melting and combustion of materials used in personal protective clothing in a manner to limit the contribution of the clothing for causing injury to the wearer when exposed to low levels of heat or flame. The primary mechanisms by which a garment can contribute to injury are by the garment igniting and supporting combustion, and if the garment melts onto the wearer’s skin.  
1.1.5 This specification is applicable to all materials used in the construction of the protective clothing, including lining materials and materials that contact the skin or underclothing of the wearer. Exclusions are permitted for some materials such as labels and small components that do not come in contact with the wearer’s skin or underclothing.  
1.1.6 This specification does not include testing for the evaluation of the entire clothing item.  
1.1.7 This specification does not include procedures for testing of gloves or footwear.  
1.1.8 This specification is applicable to hoods, balaclavas, shrouds, neck gaiters, barrier face coverings, and other items of apparel that are primarily worn on the individual wearer’s head.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to protective clothing that is addressed in other standards for specific applications including electrical arc flash, flash fire, and various types of firefighting or emergency response. See Appendix X1 for a list of standards for heat and flame-resistant protective clothing.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.4 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice can be used for the evaluation of the ROM of protective clothing ensembles worn under controlled conditions and can provide guidelines for the motion evaluation of PPE.  
4.1.1 This practice utilizes a space large enough to allow users to move freely during the tasks and a chair and a stretcher to measure certain body joint mobility.
Note 1: Since required range of motion values will be related to the work task to be done while wearing the protective ensemble, the end user should decide meaningfulness of the information provided by this standard for the performance of their job.  
4.2 This practice establishes general procedures for the evaluation based on the measurement of range of motion and subjective perceptions.  
4.2.1 The data obtained can be used to evaluate the ROM of the test participant while wearing a protective clothing ensemble.  
4.2.2 The data are also potentially useful in the research and development of advanced ensembles that are designed for optimal mobility and comfort or reduce strain on the wearer thereby reducing the potential injury associated with wearing the protective clothing ensemble.  
4.2.3 The data are also potentially useful for first responder organizations to compare the ROM while wearing different ensembles.  
4.2.4 This practice could also be used by consensus standards organizations in the development of ergonomic test criteria for protective ensembles.  
4.3 Departures from the instructions in this practice have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning mobility of body joints, subjective evaluations, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this practice are significant. All departures must be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the test equipment and procedures for assessing ROM on subjects wearing a protective clothing ensemble.  
1.2 This practice covers the ergonomic measurements of range of motion and subjective perceptions.  
1.3 To increase safety during testing, this practice requires the use of human participants who meet specific health and physical fitness requirements.  
1.4 This practice does not attempt to determine other clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of the protective clothing ensemble. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be used for these measurements.  
1.5 The values stated in this standard shall be SI units.  
1.6 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human participants.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice can be used for the evaluation of the physiological response of a user to protective clothing ensembles worn under controlled conditions.  
4.1.1 This practice utilizes a treadmill for the exercise protocol. This method is believed to be appropriate for the evaluation of the majority of protective clothing ensembles, especially where the user will be walking or performing similar activities. In certain situations where a protective clothing ensemble is designed to be worn where the user is performing specialized functions (for example, sitting or standing with only arm movement), alternate exercise equipment (for example, arm cycle-ergonometer) or exercise protocols should be considered for use in determining the physiological response of the subject.  
4.1.2 Where evaluations include the use of personal cooling systems, refer to Test Method F2300.  
4.2 This practice establishes general procedures for the physiological evaluation based on the physiological measurement of core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate.  
4.2.1 The data obtained can be used to evaluate the overall physiological response of the test participant while wearing a protective clothing ensemble.  
4.2.2 The data may also be used in the research and development of advanced ensembles that are designed to reduce the physiological strain on the wearer, thereby reducing the potential injury (for example, heat injury) associated with wearing the protective clothing ensemble. Workers may be able to wear a protective clothing ensemble for a longer duration due to a reduction in the physiological strain.  
4.2.3 The data can also be used to compare similar classes of ensembles and can be used to evaluate protective clothing ensembles as a hazard to the wearer as compared to a baseline ensemble.  
4.2.4 In addition, the practice could also be used by consensus standards organizations in the development of phys...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice specifies the test equipment and procedures for determining the physiological responses of subjects wearing a protective clothing ensemble.  
1.2 This practice covers the physiological measurement of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate to assess the physiological responses of subjects wearing a protective clothing ensemble. This practice does not measure the musculoskeletal strain on the participant imposed by the protective clothing ensemble.  
1.2.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this dynamic test requires the use of human participants who meet specific health and physical fitness requirements.  
1.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation and evaporative resistance of the protective clothing ensemble. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be used for these clothing measurements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human participants.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide a quantitative measurement of wearing gloves on an individual’s ability to grip a solid object and twist in a defined direction. The gripping performance may be different if twisted in the opposing direction or if pushing or pulling on a solid object while gripping.  
5.2 This method was originally developed to help understand how materials and construction of firefighting gloves affected grip. Methods available at the time showed very little statistical difference between a wide range of gloves, including many NFPA 1971 compliant firefighting gloves and also non-compliant gloves used in other applications. This method was shown to have less subject-to-subject variability and a greater range of measured grip than previous tests.4  
5.3 It is possible to apply this test method to other types of gloves, other than structural firefighting protective gloves. Evaluate the relevance of this test method by examining the particular application of the gloves for end user gripping capability. In addition, understand how this test method ranks gloves in comparison with end user perceptions.  
5.4 This test method does not discriminate all glove effects on wearer hand function, nor does it apply to all glove types and applications. Consider additional evaluations or tests representative of the glove use applications performed to determine the overall impact of gloves on wearer hand functions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for evaluating how gloves affect an individual wearer’s ability to grip onto a hard surface object.  
1.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the maximum torque that can be attained by an individual’s bare hand as compared to the maximum torque that is attained by the same individual wearing a glove. The torque is applied to a vertically mounted pole attached to a torque meter.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for evaluating gloves and other forms of hand protection that require the wearer to maintain a secure hold on objects.  
1.3 This test method does not address all effects of wearing gloves on hand functions. Other test methods include those for evaluating the effect of wearing gloves on dexterity, tactility, and other aspects of functional performance.  
1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human subjects.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare the cooling provided by different personal cooling systems (PCS) worn with a standard outer garment or with a specified protective outer garment.  
4.1.1 This test method will assess the performance of PCS based on the physiological measurement of core temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, exposure time, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate.  
4.2 Evaluating the effectiveness of PCS is an extremely complicated endeavor that involves many factors related to thermal exchange between the PCS, the environment, and the participant. It would not be practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Therefore, a valid physiological method of measuring core temperature, along with other variables of thermal strain, provides an acceptable means of classifying the performance of PCS. This test method will also measure the amount of time the PCS maintains core temperature within safe limits during a specified condition of thermal stress.  
4.3 Departures from the instructions in this test method may lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning thermoregulatory responses, the theory of heat transfer, physiological and environmental temperature measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. All departures must be reported with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the physiological measurement of internal body core temperature, skin temperature, thermal exposure time, heart rate response, oxygen consumption, and whole body sweat rate, to assess the effectiveness of personal cooling systems (PCS) in reducing the effects of thermal stress.  
1.1.1 To increase safety during physiological testing, this dynamic test requires the use of human participants who exhibit specific health and physical fitness requirements.  
1.2 This test incorporates the use of protective clothing ensembles (outer garments) used in conjunction with or worn over top of the PCS. This scope is therefore oriented to industrial rather than athletic applications.  
1.2.1 The effectiveness of different PCS will be quantified with the same protective clothing ensemble. Therefore, the physiological values obtained apply only to the cooling systems, the particular protective outer garment, and the specific test conditions.  
1.2.2 When a protective outer garment is not provided, this test method requires that PCS shall be tested with the standard outer garment defined within this test method.  
1.2.3 The present standard does not attempt to determine important clothing characteristics, such as thermal insulation and evaporative resistance, of the PCS or of the garments worn with the PCS. Test Methods F1291 and F2370 can be referenced for these clothing measurements.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 It is the responsibility of the test laboratory to obtain the necessary and appropriate approval(s) required by their institution for conducting tests using human participants.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates puncture resistance of protective clothing materials which may include plastics or elastomeric films, coated fabrics, flexible materials, laminates, or textile materials.  
5.2 This test method is not intended to measure puncture resistance of all types of punctures encountered using protective clothing material. This test method involves a procedure where a puncture probe of specified dimensions is used for puncturing specimens.  
5.3 This test method evaluates puncture resistance of protective clothing materials, specifically for puncture forced on specimens perpendicular to material surface. There is no supporting structure under the material specimen.  
5.4 Evaluation of puncture resistance for snag-type puncture should be performed in accordance with Test Method D2582.
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1.1 This test method determines the puncture resistance of a protective clothing material specimen by measuring the force required to cause a pointed puncture probe to penetrate through the specimen. This test method describes three protocols that may be used: Method A, Method B, and Method C.  
1.1.1 Method A requires the use of Probe A only. The probe used for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
1.1.1.1 Probe A may be used to measure puncture resistance for the following types of materials:
(1) Elastomeric materials,
(2) Textiles, and
(3) Coated materials.  
1.1.2 Method B requires the use of Probe B. The probe used for testing shall be recorded in the test report.
1.1.2.1 Probe B may be used to measure puncture resistance for the following types of materials:
(1) Textiles.
(2) Coated materials.
Note 1: Probe B is not suited for measuring the puncture resistance of unsupported elastomeric materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in inch-pound units in brackets are for information purposes only. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of the construction and configuration of protective clothing or protective ensembles to resist liquid penetration. In most cases, the conditions used in this test method will not represent actual end-use conditions.  
5.2 Two different spray configurations are used for exposing the protective clothing or protective ensemble on a manikin.  
5.2.1 Procedure A involves five shower nozzles, with one nozzle directly above the clothed manikin and two nozzles each to upper and lower sides of the manikin that are all positioned in the same vertical plane. This spray configuration is intended to provide a full exposure of the entire protective clothing or protective ensemble system.  
5.2.2 Procedure B involves three shower nozzles that are positioned at different heights on a vertical line that is parallel to the manikin with the locations and direction of each nozzle set with respect to targets on the manikin. This spray configuration is intended to provide a direct assessment of garment features such as the front closure.  
5.3 The selected duration of the test is not intended to simulate user exposure to splashes of liquid substances but rather to provide sufficient time for enough liquid to penetrate to make visual detection easier. The default liquid exposure time for Procedure A is 20 min. The default liquid exposure time for Procedure B is 10 min.  
5.3.1 It is permissible to specify shorter test durations. It is recommended that the duration of exposure be the same in each manikin orientation.  
5.3.2 The choice of different test duration is partly based on the number of layers in the specimen being tested, some of which serve to absorb the surfactant-treated test liquid and result in attenuating the severity of the liquid challenge to the specimen.  
5.4 A nontoxic, non-foaming surfactant is added to water for this test method to simulate liquids of lower surface tensions. Liquids of specific interest can be simulat...
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1.1 This test method measures the ability of protective clothing or protective ensembles to resist liquid penetration in the form of a shower spray with surfactant-treated water.  
1.2 This test method measures the liquid penetration resistance of the construction and configuration of the overall protective clothing or protective ensemble, but especially of seams, closures, and interfaces with other components such as gloves, boots, hoods, and respiratory protective equipment. It is intended that this test method be used to assess the liquid penetration resistance of protective clothing and protective ensembles as received from the manufacturer and worn in accordance with their instructions.  
1.3 Resistance of materials used in protective clothing to permeation or penetration can be determined in accordance with Test Method F739 (or Test Method F1383 or F1407) and Test Method F903, respectively. Alternatively, resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by synthetic blood or liquids containing virus can be determined in accordance with Test Methods F1670/F1670M and F1671/F1671M.  
1.4 The integrity of vapor protective ensembles is measured by its ability to maintain positive internal pressure with Test Method F1052.  
1.5 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Developmen...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.  
5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.  
5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions, as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.  
5.2 It is known that body fluids penetrating protective clothing materials are likely to carry microbiological contaminants; however, visual detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect minute amounts of liquid containing microorganisms (1-3).7 This test method uses media containing Phi-X174 Bacteriophage. The visual detection technique of this test method is supplemented with a biologically based assay capable of detecting virus under the specified test conditions.  
5.3 Test Method F1670/F1670M allows the screening of protective clothing materials for resistance to penetration with synthetic blood as a challenge liquid. Test Method F1670/F1670M uses the same penetration test cell and technique, but exposes material specimens to synthetic blood with visual detection of liquid penetration. Materials passing Test Method F1670/F1670M should then be tested against bacteriophage penetration using this test method to verify performance.  
5.4 This test method has been specifically designed for measuring penetration of a surrogate microbe for Hepatitis (B and C) and the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. The surrogate, Phi-X174 Bacteriophage, used in this test method is similar to HCV in size and shape but also serves as a surrogate for HBV and HIV. Inferences about protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basi...
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1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using a surrogate microbe under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing material pass/fail determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.  
1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the liquid assay fluid.  
1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific applications.  
1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.  
1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral resistant. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This i...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Workers who have the potential to be exposed to molten metal contact shall be permitted to wear protective clothing using materials that have been evaluated for heat transfer using this test method.  
5.2 This test method rates materials that are intended for primary protective clothing against potential molten substance contact for their thermal insulating properties and their reaction to the test exposure.  
5.3 The protective performance, as determined by this test method, will relate to the actual end-use performance only to the degree that the end-use exposure is identical to the exposure used in the test method.  
5.4 Visual inspection of the specimen subjectively notes the material's resistance to molten substance contact.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of materials' thermal resistance to heat transfer when exposed to a molten substance pour.  
1.1.1 This test method was validated using molten substances of aluminum, brass, and iron. The test shall be permitted to be adapted for use with other substances.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials from which finished primary protective apparel articles are made.  
1.3 This test method does not measure the flammability of materials, nor is it intended for use in evaluating materials exposed to any other thermal exposure.  
1.4 Use this test method to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to molten substance pour under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the thermal hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use results of this test as elements of a thermal risk assessment which takes into account all the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the U.S., when 42 Code of Federal Regulations Part 84 (42 CFR 84) was promulgated in 1995, the isoamyl acetate tightness test as described in 30 Code of Federal Regulations Part 11 for certain particulate-removing respirators was removed. These particulate-removing respirators were designed as protection against: (1) fumes of various metals having an air contamination level not less than 0.05 mg/m3, and (2) dusts, fumes, and mists having an air contamination level less than 0.05 mg/m3 or radionuclides. The isoamyl acetate test was removed because particulate respirators had to be modified before they could be tested and there were no other available fit tests suitable to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for approval testing at the time (1).4 There was a concern that the modified respirators may have had different fitting characteristics from the versions marketed. According to NIOSH, removing this requirement also allowed for further research on the effectiveness of certification fit testing methods (1).  
5.2 NIOSH conducted benchmark testing of 101 respirator models on the market during 2008 and 2009, using a similar test to that described herein (2). The results were analyzed to develop key test parameters and pass/fail criteria options for a respirator fit capability test for half-facepiece air-purifying particulate respirators (3). According to NIOSH, approximately 30 % of the models tested did not have good fitting characteristics (2). This was also supported by published research (4, 5). This standard establishes a performance requirement called respirator fit capability to assess respirator face-sealing characteristics.  
5.3 This standard can be used to evaluate all particulate-removing respirators on a population of wearers. A respirator model meeting the fit capability requirement will be capable of fitting the facial sizes and shapes for which it was designed. To achieve this goal, it is necessary for the method ...
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1.1 This standard provides detailed instructions for performing a respirator fit capability test to determine the fit of air-purifying, half-facepiece respirators, which will include both filtering facepiece respirators and elastomeric respirators equipped with any type of particulate filter. The purpose is to increase the probability that available respirators fit a general worker population. The standard provides increased assurance to respirator purchasers and users that respirators that meet the requirement of this standard can be expected to effectively fit persons with various lengths and widths of faces, such as long and narrow or short and wide, when fit tested in the workplace as part of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether good laboratory practices (GLP standards—40 CFR, Part 160 of FIFRA) are required and to follow them when appropriate.  
1.4 This standard does not address specific product performance standards established by regulatory authorities; see 2.2 for details.  
1.5 This standard does not eliminate the need for every wearer to undergo a personal respirator fit test.  
1.6 This standard does not guarantee that every respirator wearer will be able to achieve the required fit factor on a particular manufacturer’s single-size or multi-size respirator model. Respirator wearers must always be given the opportunity to try other models or other manufacturers’ respirators.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior t...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification establishes minimum design, performance, and labeling criteria for both primary and secondary protective clothing for use in operations involving molten substances and related thermal hazards.
Note 1: Standardized molten splash testing of both primary and secondary protective materials and garments as listed in this specification utilize pure molten materials, typically iron or aluminum. In practice, users of protective clothing for metal splash protection may routinely work with alloys. Protective clothing covered by this specification may or may not perform similarly with alloys of various metals. The entity specifying the protective clothing shall determine if the protective clothing is appropriate for their specific alloy.  
4.1.1 Requirements are specifically established for materials used in the construction of primary and secondary protective clothing on the basis of performance attributes that are considered important for worker protection. In some cases, different minimum levels for the same performance properties are set between primary and secondary protective clothing due to the differences in the expected performance for these two types of protective clothing.  
4.1.2 Additional requirements are established for primary and secondary protective clothing items in terms of the minimum design characteristics and performance features for other materials and components used in the construction of the clothing.  
4.2 This specification can be applied to either protective clothing materials or protective clothing, or both.  
4.2.1 The application for protective clothing materials involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing materials found in Section 5.  
4.2.2 The application for protective clothing involves meeting the respective requirements for either primary or secondary protective clothing found in Section 6, which includes construction of the clothing with protective clothi...
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1.1 This performance specification establishes the minimum design and performance requirements for protective clothing and protective clothing materials for both primary and secondary protection from exposure to molten substances and related thermal hazards.  
1.2 This performance specification is not intended to address protection from hot liquids or from specialized forms of heat and flame protection such as any fire fighting application.  
1.3 This performance specification describes the properties of specific textile materials in their material or garment composite form as tested by laboratory methods and is not intended to be used to appraise the thermal hazard or risk under actual conditions. However, it is acceptable to use information on the thermal performance of clothing made from textile materials conforming to this specification as an element in thermal risk assessment which takes into account all factors pertinent to the thermal hazard of a particular end use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This performance specification does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with the use of compliant protective clothing or protective clothing materials. It is the responsibility of the persons or organizations that use this performance specification to conduct a hazard and risk assessment to determine the applicability of this performance specification to the intended application of the protective clothing or protective clothing materials, and to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizatio...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of a thermal performance estimate value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to combined convective and radiant thermal hazards.  
5.2 This test method evaluates a material’s heat transfer properties when exposed to a heat exposure at a constant value and specific duration. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.  
5.3 This test method accounts for the thermal energy stored in the exposed test specimen after the heat exposure has ceased. Higher values of thermal performance estimate ratings determined in this test associate to higher values of thermal (convective and radiative) energy protection against a predicted skin burn injury.  
5.4 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, horizontal position and does not involve movement except that resulting from the exposure.  
5.5 This test method specifies a standardized 84 ± 2 kW/m2 (2 ± 0.05 cal/cm2·s) exposure condition. Different exposure conditions have the potential to produce different results. Other exposure conditions representative of the expected hazard are allowed but shall be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.  
5.6 This test method contains optional provisions for conducting certification testing against a prescribed thermal performance estimate value.
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1.1 This test method measures the non-steady state heat transfer through flame-resistant materials for clothing subjected to a combined convective and radiant heat exposure.  
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials that are not flame resistant.
Note 1: The determination of a material’s flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance or specification standard, or both, for the material’s end use.  
1.1.2 This test method accounts for the thermal energy contained in an exposed test specimen after the standardized combined convective and radiant heat exposure has ceased and is used to estimate performance to a predicted second-degree skin burn injury.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide clear and consistent guidance with regard to the respirator fit-testing components of an effective respiratory protection program.  
4.2 The respirator fit test itself is simply one facet of fit testing. An effective program requires much more, including a qualified person to perform the fit test. This guide provides guidance on exactly what knowledge and skills are necessary to perform as a qualified fit test operator.  
4.3 This guide contains information to aid program managers and fit test operators in preparing to perform a proper fit test. This includes guidance regarding potential interference from other personal protective equipment (PPE) with the respirator, detailed information on respirators used for fit testing, selection of respirators before fit testing, and other considerations that shall be met if the fit test is to be effective.  
4.4 A single fit test exercise protocol cannot model all workplace activities encountered by respirator users. Recognizing this, this guide provides flexibility regarding fit test exercise protocols. Exercises may be selected that are more representative of actual workplace activities, including repeated respirator donning.  
4.5 Exceptions—Users of this guide should be aware that regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different from this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance on how to conduct fit testing of tight-fitting respirators and appropriate methods to be used. Fit testing is only one element of a complete respiratory protection program. Examples of complete respiratory protection programs are defined in Practice F3387, 29 CFR 1910.134, and so forth.  
1.2 Purpose—This guide provides requirements for conducting respirator fit testing and includes:  
1.2.1 Qualifications for fit test operators,  
1.2.2 Specific fit test methods,  
1.2.3 Interpretation of fit test results,  
1.2.4 Recordkeeping, and  
1.2.5 Methods to validate new fit test methods.  
1.3 Should and Shall—The provisions of this guide are mandatory in nature when the word “shall” is used and advisory in nature when the word “should” is used.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the heat resistance of materials, clothing, and equipment when exposed to heat in a hot air circulating oven. The principal findings of this test method are observations of the specimen response to the heat exposure.  
5.1.1 The majority of procedures specified in this test method apply to the evaluation of flat material specimens.  
5.1.2 When evaluating non-flat materials, alternative procedures are required for mounting specimens and interpreting the effects of the heat exposure.  
5.2 If specified, this test method is used for the measurement of material dimensional change following a convective heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
5.3 This test method is not intended to simulate the actual exposure of material, clothing, or equipment in high-heat conditions such as a fire environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance for evaluating the heat resistance of materials, protective clothing, and equipment when exposed in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate physical changes in materials, protective clothing, and equipment at a specified heat exposure.  
1.2.1 The specified heat exposure in the hot air circulating oven is a combination of convective heat and radiant heat.  
1.3 Materials, protective clothing, and equipment are evaluated for visible changes or subjected to a material property measurement following a specified heat exposure.  
1.3.1 This test method is not to be used for the evaluation of sticking. An acceptable method for evaluating sticking of fabrics is described in NFPA 1975, Sections 7.2.1 and 8.3. The NFPA 1975 test method evaluates the thermal stability of specimens by assessing the blocking of folded specimens placed between glass plates, under a specified weight, inside an oven meeting the same characteristics of the oven used in this test method.  
1.4 This test method enables the quantitative measurement of dimensional change that occurs as a result of a specified heat exposure in a hot air circulating oven.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Flame-resistant and heat-resistant materials are described in a range of different standards and meet a range of different requirements. For materials tested in accordance with this test method, the applicable standard shall be used to establish preconditioning, conditioning, and testing conditions and requirements.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method assesses the cut resistance of a material when exposed to a cutting edge under specified loads. Data obtained from this test method can be used to compare the cut resistance of different materials.  
5.2 This test method only addresses that range of cutting hazards that are related to a cutting action by a smooth, sharp edge across the surface of the material. It is not representative of any other cutting hazard to which the material may be subjected such as serrated edges, saw blades, or motorized cutting tools. Nor is it representative of puncture, tear, or other modes of fabric failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the cut resistance of a material when mounted on a mandrel and subjected to a cutting edge under a specified load using the Cut Protection Performance (CPP) Tester.  
1.1.1 This procedure is not valid for high-porosity materials which allow cutting edge contact with the mounting surface prior to cutting.  
1.1.2 Test apparatus may have limitations in testing materials with a thickness greater than 3 mm or having a high frictional coefficient such as elastomers.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sizing is a critical factor that must be considered when selecting and using protective clothing. Properly sized garments add to the safety and performance of wearer by not restricting movement. A work uniform that restricts movement or exposes skin to hazardous environments will result in lost efficiency and less protection.  
5.2 In those cases where work uniforms become an element of a multi-layered protective ensemble, it is essential that uniform fit does not restrict the wearer’s movements or interfere with the fit and use of other safety-related clothing and equipment.  
5.3 This practice can be used for selecting the proper size and fit of work uniforms for fire and rescue personnel and personnel in other occupations where the potential exists for hazardous thermal exposures.  
5.4 This practice is not intended to apply to multi-layered thermal protective clothing, such as firefighter protective clothing, where other factors apply to the fit relative to its performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in size selection of work uniforms for fire and rescue services personnel and workers who have the potential to be exposed to thermal hazards. Work uniform ensembles consist of a shirt and trouser apparel combination.  
1.1.1 This practice does not apply to thermal protective clothing that includes multiple layers, such as firefighter protective clothing.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to uniforms for both male and female personnel.  
1.3 This practice provides an internationally recognized means for measuring human body dimensions for the selection and ordering of shirts, trousers, and one-piece coveralls.  
1.4 This practice provides a means for evaluating the fit of selected uniform sizes.  
1.5 This practice provides a standard list of textile and apparel terminology specific to the clothing industry which is used in determining size and fit of garments. This vocabulary will be useful in communications between buyers and sellers.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents given in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate.  
1.7 This standard is not intended for use in evaluating the fire-resistive performance or durability of work uniforms. In addition, this practice does not provide a means to quantify the likelihood of human injuries related to the fit of uniforms or protective clothing.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.