ASTM D7879-13(2018)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state.
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Jun-2018
- Technical Committee
- D13 - Textiles
- Drafting Committee
- D13.17 - Bast Fibers and Plants
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2017
- Effective Date
- 15-Sep-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2013
- Effective Date
- 15-Jun-2013
- Effective Date
- 15-Jun-2013
- Effective Date
- 15-May-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2012
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2012
- Effective Date
- 15-Jan-2009
Overview
ASTM D7879-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis provides a systematic approach for measuring the width and distribution of flax fibers using digital imaging techniques. Developed by ASTM, this international standard streamlines the evaluation of flax fiber specimens in their natural, longitudinal state. The method is praised for its speed, minimal specimen modification, and consistent results when compared to more traditional cross-sectional analysis techniques.
This standard is essential for industries and laboratories involved in the production, research, and quality control of flax fibers and related textile materials. By using image analysis software and calibrated equipment, the process enables accurate, repeatable measurements with less preparation time and minimal handling, preserving the fiber's natural characteristics.
Key Topics
- Longitudinal Image Analysis: The method emphasizes analyzing two-dimensional projections of flax fibers aligned in the longitudinal plane, which is less damaging and time-consuming than cross-sectioning.
- Reduced Preparation and High Accuracy: Minimal sample preparation is required, ensuring that the fibers remain largely unaltered and natural, reducing risk of measurement bias.
- Calibration and Standardization: Calibration against known standards, such as NIST-traceable images, is crucial for accurate fiber width measurement.
- Digital Imaging Requirements: The standard outlines the need for high-resolution image capture devices (at least 4000 dpi) and image analysis software capable of extracting fiber boundaries and calculating statistics.
- Consistent Reporting: Statistical outputs like arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and median fiber widths are specified, providing a strong foundation for comparative analysis.
- Correlation to Industry Devices: Demonstrates strong correlation with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), widely used for wool fibers, validating the approach for flax.
- Practical Considerations and Interferences: Addresses environmental factors, sample preparation, and analyst expertise as key variables affecting repeatability and accuracy.
Applications
ASTM D7879-13(2018) is widely applicable across several domains, including:
- Textile Manufacturing: Enables fiber producers and processors to monitor quality, optimize processing parameters, and ensure that flax materials meet customer specifications for diameter and uniformity.
- Materials Research: Supports academic and industrial R&D laboratories in investigating flax fiber properties, improving composite material performance, and exploring new applications for natural fibers.
- Quality Control Laboratories: Provides a repeatable, standardized approach to testing that can be integrated into routine quality assurance protocols.
- Trade and Regulatory Compliance: As an internationally recognized standard, it supports trade by enabling consistent, objective communication of fiber properties across borders.
- Comparison with Alternative Fibers: Facilitates benchmarking and compatibility studies between flax and other fiber types, especially when switching or mixing raw material supplies.
Related Standards
Professionals using this method may also refer to the following related ASTM standards for comprehensive testing and terminology consistency:
- ASTM D123 - Terminology Relating to Textiles: Comprehensive definitions for textile terms, ensuring clarity and uniformity of language.
- ASTM D1776 - Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles: Standard procedures for sample conditioning and environmental controls during testing.
- ASTM D6798 - Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen: Provides definitions unique to flax and linen, complementing this standard.
Keywords: flax fiber width measurement, image analysis, ASTM D7879, fiber diameter, textile testing, fiber quality control, digital microscopy, calibration, standard test method
By implementing ASTM D7879-13(2018), organizations can achieve reliable, efficient, and internationally recognized assessment of flax fiber width using modern image analysis techniques.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D7879-13(2018) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state. 5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters. SCOPE 1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to be evaluated in their natural state. 5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces consistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been shown that the median values of width correlate very well with the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool fiber diameters. SCOPE 1.1 This test method involves the measurement and analysis of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the average and distribution of fiber widths. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D7879-13(2018) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.060.10 - Natural fibres. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D7879-13(2018) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D7879-13, ASTM D6798-02(2018), ASTM D123-17, ASTM D123-15b, ASTM D123-15a, ASTM D123-15, ASTM D6798-02(2013)e1, ASTM D6798-02(2013)e2, ASTM D6798-02(2013), ASTM D123-13ae1, ASTM D123-13a, ASTM D123-13, ASTM D123-12, ASTM D123-12e1, ASTM D123-09. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D7879-13(2018) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7879 − 13 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Flax Fiber Widths Using Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7879; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Summary of Test Method
1.1 Thistestmethodinvolvesthemeasurementandanalysis 4.1 This test method involves the preparation of flax fibers
of two-dimensional projections of flax fibers using image for digital capture, the scanning of the fibers for analysis, and
analysis software in the longitudinal plane to determine the the calibration and standardization of the image processing.
average and distribution of fiber widths. From the image analysis, the arithmetic mean and its standard
deviation, median, and numerical distribution of the fiber
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
widths are calculated.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Longitudinal preparation is much quicker and less
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
damaging than cross-sectional analysis and allows the fibers to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be evaluated in their natural state.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5.2 This test method provides measurement of a flax fiber
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimen that uses less specimen preparation, produces con-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
sistent results, and minimal specimen modification. It has been
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
shownthatthemedianvaluesofwidthcorrelateverywellwith
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyzer (OFDA), an apparatus
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
developed for measuring the value and distribution of wool
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fiber diameters.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6. Interferences
2. Referenced Documents
6.1 Out of focus objects.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
6.2 Real resolution of image capturing device impacts
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
measurements.
D6798Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
6.3 Fingerprints, cracks, scratches, tape, dust and other
impurities (non-fibrous objects) on the glass slides can bias
3. Terminology
measurement results.
3.1 Definitions:
6.4 Resultswillbeincorrectormisleadingiftheoperatorof
3.1.1 For all terminology related to Flax and Linen see
the software has not properly set up the image capture
Terminology D123.
parameters.
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
6.5 Image processing techniques employed to complete
average fiber width (µm).
3.1.1.2 For definitions of all other textile terms see Termi- missing or incompletely developed fiber boundaries must be
used with caution as false boundaries may be created.
nology D6798.
6.6 Vibrations or movement of the sample during image
capture can blur the image and must be minimized or elimi-
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
nated when using automatic image analysis.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Linen.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originally
6.7 Non-uniform illumination can influence feature detec-
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D7879–13. DOI:
tion and threshold using automatic image analyzers.
10.1520/D7879-18
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6.8 Operation of the equipment in a non-environmentally
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
controlled room may result in fiber shape deviations after
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. initial fiber conditioning has occurred.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7879 − 13 (2018)
7. Apparatus 10.1.2 Take the test specimen fibers by random sampling
from the laboratory sample.
7.1 Fiber Preparation Apparatus:
10.1.3 Use a coarse comb or other device to distribute test
7.1.1 Acoarsecomborotherdeviceusedtodistributefibers
specimen fibers on a flat surface thus creating a single focal
to create a single focal plane and better enable fiber edge
plane and enabling better fiber edge detection.
detection.
NOTE 5—Fine combs, multiple combings, or rigorous combing, or
NOTE 1—Excessive overlap of fibers reduces the possibility of observ-
combination thereof, can reduce fiber width measurements.
ing all of the fibers in a single focal plane.
10.1.4 Use two flat surfaces capable of compressing and
7.1.2 Two flat surfaces capable of compressing the sample
securing the fiber specimen where at least one surface is
where at least one surface is optically transparent.
optically transparent to create a uniform focal plane.
NOTE 2—The purpose of the flat and compressive surfaces is to create
a uniform focal plane to capture a majority of fibers in one focal plane.
11. Preparation of Apparatus
7.2 Image Capture Hardware:
11.1 Follow manufacturer’s guidelines.
7.2.1 The hardware device must capture an image with a
12. Calibration and Standardization
real optical resolution of at least 4000 dpi (1 dot = 6.35 µm).
Thehardwaredevicemustbeabletoprovideadigitalimagein
12.1 The system must be calibrated for accurate fiber width
a RAW format for storage and analysis.
measurement.
12.1.1 The scanner and software must be periodically cali-
NOTE 3—Stated resolution does not necessarily correspond to the real
optical resolution. brated according to manufacturer’s recommendations using
images of known dimensions (for example, NIST traceable
7.2.2 The apparatus must be able to creat
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