ETSI TR 143 030 V13.0.0 (2016-01)

ETSI TR 1143 030 V13.0.0 (201616-01)
TECHNICAL REPORT
Digital cellular telecocommunications system (Phahase 2+);
Radio nenetwork planning aspects
(3GPP TR 43.0.030 version 13.0.0 Release 13 13)
GLOBAL SYSTTEME FOR
MOBILE COMMUUNNICATIONS
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
3GPP TR 43.030 version 13.0.0 Release 13 1 ETSI TR 143 030 V13.0.0 (2016-01)
Reference
RTR/TSGG-0143030vd00
Keywords
GSM
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search

The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or

print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any

existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the

print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.

Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.

Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at

If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:

No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying

The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.

DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.

3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and

GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.

IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information

pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found

in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in

respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web

Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee

can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web

This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or

GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables.

The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under

In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and

"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of

"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.

Intellectual Property Rights ................................................................................................................................ 2

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. 2

Modal verbs terminology .................................................................................................................................... 2

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

1.1 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Traffic distributions .................................................................................................................................. 6

2.1 Uniform .............................................................................................................................................................. 6

2.2 Non-uniform ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

3 Cell coverage ............................................................................................................................................ 7

3.1 Location probability ........................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Ec/No threshold .................................................................................................................................................. 7

3.3 RF-budgets ......................................................................................................................................................... 7

3.4 Cell ranges .......................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.4.1 Large cells ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.4.2 Small cells ..................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.4.3 Microcells ................................................................................................................................................... 10

4 Channel re-use ........................................................................................................................................ 10

4.1 C/Ic threshold ................................................................................................................................................... 10

4.2 Trade-off between Ec/No and C/Ic ................................................................................................................... 10

4.3 Adjacent channel suppressions ......................................................................................................................... 11

4.4 Antenna patterns ............................................................................................................................................... 11

4.5 Antenna heights ................................................................................................................................................ 11

4.6 Path loss balance .............................................................................................................................................. 11

4.7 Cell dimensioning............................................................................................................................................. 11

4.8 Channel allocation ............................................................................................................................................ 12

4.9 Frequency hopping ........................................................................................................................................... 12

4.10 Cells with extra long propagation delay ........................................................................................................... 12

5 Propagation models ................................................................................................................................ 13

5.1 Terrain obstacles .............................................................................................................................................. 13

5.2 Environment factors ......................................................................................................................................... 13

5.3 Field strength measurements ............................................................................................................................ 13

5.4 Cell adjustments ............................................................................................................................................... 13

6 Glossary .................................................................................................................................................. 13

7 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................... 14

Annex A.1: (GSM 900 class 4) Example of RF-budget for GSM 900 MS handheld RF-output

peak power 2 W ..................................................................................................................... 15

Annex A.2: (class 2) Example of RF-budget for GSM MS RF-output peak power 8 W .................... 17

Annex A.3: (DCS1800 classes 1&2) Example of RF-budget for DCS 1800 MS RF-output peak

power 1 W & 250 mW .......................................................................................................... 18

Annex A.4: Example of RF-budget for GSM 900 Class4 (peak power 2 W) in a small cell ............... 19

Annex A.5: Example of RF-budget for GSM 400 Class4 (peak power 2 W) in a (small) cell ............ 20

Annex A.6: Example of RF-budget for GSM 700 Class4 MS handheld (peak power 2 W) ............... 21

Annex A.7: (DCS1800 class 1) Example of RF link budget for DCS 1800 MS RF-output peak

power 1 W Handheld with External Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) connected to BTS .... 22

Annex B: Propagation loss formulas for mobile radiocommunications ........................................... 24

B.1 Hata Model [4], [8] ................................................................................................................................. 24

B.1.1 Urban ................................................................................................................................................................ 24

B.1.2 Suburban........................................................................................................................................................... 24

B.1.3 Rural (Quasi-open) ........................................................................................................................................... 24

B.1.4 Rural (Open Area) ............................................................................................................................................ 24

B.2 COST 231-Hata Model [7] ..................................................................................................................... 24

B.3 COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model [7] .................................................................................................. 25

B.3.1 Without free line-of-sight between base and mobile (small cells) ................................................................... 25

B.3.1.1 Lo free-space loss ....................................................................................................................................... 25

B.3.1.2 Lrts roof-top-to-street diffraction and scatter loss ...................................................................................... 25

B.3.1.3 Lmsd multiscreen diffraction loss ............................................................................................................... 25

B.3.2 With a free line-of-sight between base and mobile (Street Canyon) ................................................................ 26

Annex C: Path Loss vs Cell Radius ...................................................................................................... 27

Annex D: Planning Guidelines for Repeaters ...................................................................................... 31

D.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 31

D.2 Definition of Terms ................................................................................................................................ 31

D.3 Gain Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 32

D.4 Spurious/Intermodulation Products ........................................................................................................ 32

D.5 Output Power/Automatic Level Control (ALC) ..................................................................................... 33

D.6 Local oscillator sideband noise attenuation ............................................................................................ 33

D.7 Delay Requirements ............................................................................................................................... 33

D.8 Wideband Noise ..................................................................................................................................... 34

D.9 Outdoor Rural Repeater Example .......................................................................................................... 34

D.9.1 Rural repeater example for GSM 900............................................................................................................... 34

D.9.1.1 Intermodulation products/ALC setting ....................................................................................................... 34

D.9.1.2 Wideband noise .......................................................................................................................................... 35

D.10 Indoor Low Power Repeater Example ................................................................................................... 35

D.10.1 Indoor repeater example for DCS 1800 ............................................................................................................ 35

D.10.1.1 Intermodulation products/ALC setting. ...................................................................................................... 35

D.10.1.2 Wideband noise .......................................................................................................................................... 36

D.11 Example for a Repeater System using Frequency Shift ......................................................................... 36

D.11.1 Example for GSM 900 ..................................................................................................................................... 36

D.11.1.1 Intermodulation products/ALC setting and levelling criteria ..................................................................... 37

D.11.1.2 Wideband noise .......................................................................................................................................... 38

D.11.1.3 Multipath environment ............................................................................................................................... 38

D.12 Repeaters and Location Services (LCS) ................................................................................................. 38

D.12.1 Uplink−TOA positioning method ..................................................................................................................... 38

D.12.2 Enhanced Observed Time Difference positioning method ............................................................................... 39

D.12.3 Radio Interface Timing measurements ............................................................................................................. 40

Annex E: Change history ...................................................................................................................... 42

History .............................................................................................................................................................. 43

This Technical Report has been produced by the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal

TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an

y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,

z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.

The present document is a descriptive recommendation to be helpful in cell planning.

The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present

• References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or

[1] GSM 01.04: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Abbreviations and

[2] 3GPP TS 45.002: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Multiplexing and

[3] 3GPP TS 45.005: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio transmission and

[4] 3GPP TS 45.008: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Radio subsystem link

[5] CCIR Recommendation 370-5: "VHF and UHF propagation curves for the frequency range from

[6] CCIR Report 567-3: "Methods and statistics for estimating field strength values in the land mobile

[7] CCIR Report 842: "Spectrum-conserving terrestrial frequency assignments for given

Abbreviations used in the present document are given clause 6 (Glossary) and in GSM 01.04 [1].

A uniform traffic distribution can be considered to start with in large cells as an average over the cell area, especially in

A non-uniform traffic distribution is the usual case, especially for urban areas. The traffic peak is usually in the city

A bell-shaped area traffic distribution is a good traffic density macro model for cities like London and Stockholm. The

exponential decay constant is on average 15 km and 7,5 km respectively. However, the exponent varies in different

directions depending on how the city is built up. Increasing handheld traffic will sharpen the peak.

Line coverage along communication routes as motorways and streets is a good micro model for car mobile traffic. For a

maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells especially for covering these line

Point coverage of shopping centres and traffic terminals is a good micro model for personal handheld traffic. For a

maturing system an efficient way to increase capacity and quality is to build cells on these points as a complement to

Location probability is a quality criterion for cell coverage. Due to shadowing and fading a cell edge is defined by

adding margins so that the minimum service quality is fulfilled with a certain probability.

For car mobile traffic a usual measure is 90 % area coverage per cell, taking into account the minimum signal-to-noise

ratio Ec/No under multipath fading conditions. For lognormal shadowing an area coverage can be translated into a

For the normal case of urban propagation with a standard deviation of 7 dB and a distance exponential of 3.5, 90 % area

coverage corresponds to about 75 % location probability at the cell edge. Furthermore, the lognormal shadow margin in

this case will be 5 dB, as described in CEPT Recommendation T/R 25-03 and CCIR Report 740.

The mobile radio channel is characterized by wideband multipath propagation effects such as delay spread and Doppler

shift as defined in 3GPP TS 45.005 annex C. The reference signal-to-noise ratio in the modulating bit rate bandwidth

(271 kHz) is Ec/No = 8 dB including 2 dB implementation margin for the GSM system at the minimum service quality

without interference. The Ec/No quality threshold is different for various logical channels and propagation conditions as

The RF-link between a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and a Mobile Station (MS) including handheld is best described

by an RF-budget. Annex A consists of 7 such budgets; A.1 for GSM 900 MS class 4; A.2 for GSM 900 MS class 2, A.3

for DCS 1800 MS classes 1 and 2, A.4 for GSM 900 class 4 in small cells, A.5 for GSM 400 class 4 in small cells, A.6

for GSM 700 class 4 and A.7 for DCS 1800 MS class 1. GSM 900 RF-budgets should be used for 850 band.

The Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of handheld MS in scattered field representing the cell range taking into consideration

absorption, detuning and mismatch of the handheld antenna by the human body (MEG = -antenna/body loss) of -13 dBi

for GSM 400, -10dBi for GSM 700, -9 dBi for GSM 900 and -6 dBi for DCS 1800 is incorporated in annex A.1, A.3,

At 900 MHz, the indoor loss is the field strength decrease when moving into a house on the bottom floor on 1.5 m

height from the street. The indoor loss near windows ( < 1 m) is typically 12 dB. However, the building loss has been

measured by the Finnish PTT to vary between 37 dB and -8 dB with an average of 18 dB taken over all floors and

At 1800 MHz, the indoor loss for large concrete buildings was reported in COST 231 TD(90)117 and values in the

range 12 - 17 dB were measured. Since these buildings are typical of urban areas a value of 15 dB is assumed in

annex A.3. In rural areas the buildings tend to be smaller and a 10 dB indoor loss is assumed.

The isotropic power is defined as the RMS value at the terminal of an antenna with 0 dBi gain. A quarter-wave

monopole mounted on a suitable earth-plane (car roof) without losses has antenna gain 2 dBi. An isotropic power of

-113 dBm corresponds to a field strength of 23.5 dBuV/m for 925 MHz and 29.3 dBuV/m at 1795 MHz, see CEPT

Recommendation T/R 25-03 and 3GPP TS 45.005 section 5 for formulas. GSM900 BTS can be connected to the same

feeders and antennas as analog 900 MHz BTS by diplexers with less than 0.5 dB loss.

In large cells the base station antenna is installed above the maximum height of the surrounding roof tops; the path loss

is determined mainly by diffraction and scattering at roof tops in the vicinity of the mobile i.e. the main rays propagate

above the roof tops; the cell radius is minimally 1 km and normally exceeds 3 km. Hata"s model and its extension up to

2000 MHz (COST 231-Hata model) can be used to calculate the path loss in such cells (see COST 231 TD (90) 119

The field strength on 1.5 m reference height outdoor for MS including handheld is a value which inserted in the curves

of CCIR Report 567-3 Figure 2 (Okumura) together with the BTS antenna height and effective radiated power (ERP)

The cell range can also be calculated by putting the maximum allowed path loss between isotropic antennas into the

Figures 1 to 3 of annex C. The same path loss can be found in the RF-budgets in annex A. The figures 1 and 2

(GSM 900) in annex C are based on Hata"s propagation model which fits Okumura"s experimental curves up to 1500

MHz and figure 3 (DCS 1800) is based on COST 231-Hata model according to COST 231 TD (90) 119 Rev 2. GSM

The example RF-budget shown in annex A.1 for a GSM900 MS handheld output power 2 W yields about double the

range outdoors compared with indoors. This means that if the cells are dimensioned for handhelds with indoor loss 10

dB, the outdoor coverage for MS will be interference limited, see section 4.2. Still more extreme coverage can be found

over open flat land of 12 km as compared with 3 km in urban areas outdoor to the same cell site.

For GSM 900 the Max EIRP of 50 W matches MS class 2 of max peak output power 8 W, see annex A.2.

An example RF budget for DCS 1800 is shown in annex A.3. Range predictions are given for 1 W and 250 mW DCS

The propagation assumptions used in annex A1, A2, A3 are shown in the tables below:

(*) medium sized city and suburban centres (see COST 231 TD (90) 119 Rev2). For metropolitan centres add 3

NOTE 1: The rural (Open Area) model is useful for desert areas and the rural (Quasi-Open) for countryside.

NOTE 2: The correction factors for Quasi-open and Open areas are applicable in the frequency range 100-2000

For small cell coverage the antenna is sited above the median but below the maximum height of the surrounding roof

tops and so therefore the path loss is determined by the same mechanisms as stated in section 3.4.1. However large and

small cells differ in terms of maximum range and for small cells the maximum range is typically less than 1-3 km. In

the case of small cells with a radius of less than 1 km the Hata model cannot be used.

The COST 231-Walfish-Ikegami model (see annex B) gives the best approximation to the path loss experienced when

small cells with a radius of less than 5 km are implemented in urban environments. It can therefore be used to estimate

the BTS ERP required in order to provide a particular cell radius (typically in the range 200 m - 3 km).

The cell radius can be calculated by putting the maximum allowed path loss between the isotropic antennas into figure 4