Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols (ISO/FDIS 11807-1:2021)

Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und Formelzeichen optischer Wellenleiter (ISO/FDIS 11807-1:2021)

Dieses Dokument legt Grundbegriffe für integriert-optische Baugruppen und ihre zugehörigen optischen Chips und optischen Elemente fest, die z. B. in den Bereichen der optischen Nachrichtentechnik und Sensorik eingesetzt werden.
- Das Koordinatensystem, welches in Abschnitt 3 verwendet wird, ist in Anhang A beschrieben.
- Die Symbole und Einheiten, die in Abschnitt 3 genau definiert werden, sind in Anhang B aufgeführt.

Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides d'onde optique (ISO/FDIS 11807-1:2021)

Integrirana optika - Slovar - 1. del: Osnovni strokovni izrazi in simboli (ISO/FDIS 11807-1:2021)

General Information

Status
Not Published
Current Stage
5060 - Closure of Vote - Formal Approval
Due Date
08-Sep-2021
Completion Date
08-Sep-2021

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
01-maj-2020

Integrirana optika - Slovar - 1. del: Osnovni strokovni izrazi in simboli (ISO/DIS

11807-1:2020)

Integrated optics - Vocabulary - Part 1: Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols

(ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020)

Integrierte Optik - Begriffe - Teil 1: Grundbegriffe und Formelzeichen (ISO/DIS 11807-

1:2020)

Optique intégrée - Vocabulaire - Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux et symboles des guides

d'onde optique (ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 11807-1
ICS:
01.040.31 Elektronika (Slovarji) Electronics (Vocabularies)
31.260 Optoelektronika, laserska Optoelectronics. Laser
oprema equipment
oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 11807-1
ISO/TC 172/SC 9 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2020-03-30 2020-06-22
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
ICS: 31.260; 01.040.31
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
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STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
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WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
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Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3.2 Waveguide structures ....................................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides .......................................................................................................................... 2

3.4 Refractive index distribution in integrated optical waveguides ................................................................... 5

3.5 Properties of integrated optical waveguides ................................................................................................................ 9

3.6 Loss or attenuation in integrated optical waveguides .......................................................................................10

Annex A (informative) Coordinate system ...................................................................................................................................................15

Annex B (informative) Symbols and units ....................................................................................................................................................16

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................17

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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following

URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 172 Optics and photonics, Subcommittee

SC 9, Laser and electro optical systems.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 11807-1:2001), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— Terminologies that have not been frequently used over the last 5 to 10 years are revised to those

matching to current trends.

— In the revision process, terminologies and definitions are compared to similar terminology

definitions in IEC and harmonized.
A list of all parts of ISO 11807 can be found on the ISO Website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html .
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
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Introduction

The aim of this part of ISO 11807 is to clarify the terms of the relatively new field of “integrated optics”

and to define a unified vocabulary at a time when the first products are coming onto the market. It is

expected that this part of ISO 11807 will be revised periodically to adopt the requirements of customers

and suppliers of integrated optical products. At a later stage, it is planned to add definitions from other

International Standards which deal with integrated optics.

Some of the definitions are closely related to definitions given in IEC 60050, International electrotechnical

vocabulary. Wherever this can lead to misunderstanding, integrated optics or integrated optical

waveguide should be used together with the defined term.
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oSIST prEN ISO 11807-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 11807-1:2020(E)
Integrated optics — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Optical waveguide basic terms and symbols
1 Scope

This document defines basic terms for integrated optical devices, their related optical chips and optical

elements which find applications, for example, in the fields of optical communications and sensors.

— The coordinate system used in Clause 3 is described in Annex A.
— The symbols and units defined in detail in Clause 3 are listed in Table B.1.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 11807-2, Integrated optics -- Vocabulary -- Part 2: Terms used in classification

ISO 14881, Integrated optics -- Interfaces -- Parameters relevant to coupling properties

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11807-2 and ISO 14881 and

the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
3.1 General
3.1.1
integrated optics

planar optical waveguide structures, manufactured either in or on a substrate, including the optical

components necessary for the input and output coupling of lightwaves

Note 1 to entry: In this context the term “planar” is used to include small deviations from planarity such as

are incurred with, for example, Luneburg lenses. By use of a suitable material, it is possible to integrate both

optoelectronic and purely optical functions on the same substrate. The simplest case is electrodes, which can be

used for controlling the properties of a waveguide. It is, however, possible to fabricate lasers and detectors using

compound semiconductor materials.

Note 2 to entry: It is envisaged that integrated optical components will be combined with other microtechnologies,

such as microelectronics and micromechanics, to make more complex systems. However, such systems are

beyond the scope of this part of ISO 11807, which will be concerned only with the integrated optical component

and its immediate interfaces (see IEC 60050-731/06-43).
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3.2 Waveguide structures
3.2.1
waveguide

transmission line designed to guide optical power consisting of structures which guide lightwaves on

the basis of a higher refractive index in the core and a lower index of refraction in the surrounding

material
Note 1 to entry: The lightwaves in a waveguide propagate in modes.
3.2.2
slab waveguide
planar waveguide

waveguide which confines the optical field in rectangular crosssection along a parallel extended light

guiding surface or between two such surfaces

Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.1 where the Cartesian coordinate system is indicated for defining the several

terminologies relating to waveguides.
3.2.3
strip waveguide
channel waveguide

waveguide which confines the optical field in a two-dimensional cross-sectional area perpendicular to

the lightwave propagating direction (wavenumber vector) along a one-dimensional path

3.2.4
core

the region(s) of an integrated optical waveguide, in which the optical power is mainly confined

3.2.5
cladding
material surrounding the waveguide core

Note 1 to entry: In contrast to optical fibres for integrated optical waveguides, the cladding often consists of

more than one material. Normally, it is necessary to distinguish between lower cladding and upper cladding due

to the planar fabrication process of integrated optical waveguides.
3.2.6
substrate
carrier onto or within which the integrated optical waveguide is fabricated
3.2.7
superstrate
medium or layer structure with which the integrated optical waveguide is covered

Note 1 to entry: An electrode, for example, should not be designated as a superstrate. Although it covers the

waveguide, it would not influence the optical properties of the waveguide due to an optically insulating layer of

sufficient thickness.
3.3 Modes in integrated optical waveguides
3.3.1
mode

eigenfunction of Maxwell's equations, representing an electromagnetic field in a certain space domain

and belonging to a family of independent solutions defined by specific boundary conditions

Note 1 to entry: Each mode is defined according to its order in the vertical and horizontal directions and its

polarization, the latter being separated into TE- and TM-modes. The mode order is given by indexing TE and

TM , where TE and TM represent respectively the y- and x-direction of polarization, and i and j define the mode

indices (the order) along x (horizontal) and y (vertical) respectively.
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3.3.2
guided mode

electromagnetic wave whose electric field decays monotonically in the transverse direction everywhere

external to the core and which does not lose power
3.3.3
TE mode

transverse electromagnetic wave, where the electric field vector is normal to the direction of

propagation; i.e., the electric field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane).

Note 1 to entry: Strictly speaking, in strip waveguides, hybrid modes having the non-zero component of the

electric and magnetic field in the direction of propagation do exist. Pure TE- and TM-waves are only found in

waveguides with a corresponding geometry — for example in slab waveguides. For integrated optical waveguides

in planar substrates, it is natural to define the polarization state relative to the substrate surface. Because the

terms TE and TM are used and well understood in general language in the context of planar waveguides, they are

also applied in the same sense to strip waveguides.

Note 2 to entry: In planar waveguides, the electric field vector of TE mode lies in the y direction, as a result of the

definition.
3.3.4
TM mode

transverse electromagnetic wave, where the magnetic field vector is normal to the direction of

propagation; i.e., the magnetic field vector lies in the transverse plane (xy-plane).

Note 1 to entry: In planar waveguides, the magnetic field vector of TM mode lies in the y direction, as a result of

the definition.
3.3.5
evanescent field

time varying electromagnetic field in an integrated optical waveguide whose field amplitude

decays very rapidly and monotonically in the transverse direction outside the core, but without an

accompanying phase shift
3.3.6
leaky mode

mode having an evanescent field in the transverse direction external to the core for a finite distance

but with an oscillating field in the transverse direction everywhere beyond that distance

Note 1 to entry: A leaky mode is attenuated due to radiation losses along the waveguide.

3.3.7
radiation mode

mode which transfers power in the transverse direction everywhere external to the core

3.3.8
single-mode waveguide
waveguide which guides only one mode order

Note 1 to entry: The waveguide mode may consist of two orthogonal states of polarization.

3.3.9
multimode waveguide
waveguide which supports more than one guided mode
3.3.10
waveguide cutoff

transition of a guided mode at which the propagation changes from being guided to being leaky or

radiative
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3.3.11
cutoff wavelength

vacuum wavelength above which a given mode cannot exist in the waveguide

Note 1 to entry: Due to the generally short length of integrated optical waveguides, the measured value largely

depends on the waveguide structure. Therefore, special waveguide structures have to be fabricated to measure

the cutoff wavelength. The measurement methods known for optical fibres cannot be applied to integrated

optical waveguides.

Note 2 to entry: In fibre optics, the term cutoff wavelength is used to describe the cutoff wavelength of the second-

order mode. The reason is that the fundamental mode of a symmetrical dielectric waveguide has no cutoff and

the cutoff wavelength of the second order mode determines the single mode condition.

3.3.12
effective refractive index
equivalent refractive index
eff
ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the phase velocity of the guided mode

Note 1 to entry: The effective or equivalent refractive index is determined by the waveguide dimensions and

the refractive index profile of the waveguide, including the medium bordering the core of the waveguide and

the wavelength. Each mode capable of propagation is characterized by its individual effective or equivalent

refractive index.

Note 2 to entry: The terms “effective index” and “equivalent index” are both used for the same quantity defined by

n =
eff
where
β is the propagation constant of a mode in a waveguide;
k is the propagation constant of a plane wave in vacuum.

Note 3 to entry: The term “effective index” is also used for the quantity similar to “group index” defined by

dn dn
nn=+k =−n λ
eff 0
dk dλ

which is defined for a bulk material with the refractive index n. This quantity determines the free spectral range

or the spacing of the adjacent peak wavelength ∆λ of resonators, such as Fabry-Perot resonators, given by

Δ=λ −
2Ln
eff
where
L is the length of cavity;
λ is the centre wavelength of the resonator.

To avoid confusion, the term “equivalent index” is commonly used for the quantity, given by

n =

in the field of guided wave optics. However, the term “effective index” has been traditionally used for the same

quantity in the field of microwave transmission. Therefore, both terms are equally used in this document.

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3.4 Refractive index distribution in integrated optical waveguides
3.4.1
refractive index profile

refractive index n(x, y) across a cross section of the waveguide as a function of position

3.4.2
step index profile

refractive index profile which is characterized by an almost constant refractive index within the

waveguide core and a sharp drop in refractive index at the boundary between the core and the cladding

(substrate or superstrate)

Note 1 to entry: The width of the index transition is small in comparison with the wavelength.

3.4.3
graded index profile

index profile in which the refractive index varies continuously in the core as a function of distance from

the axis

Note 1 to entry: The width of the index variation is large in comparison with the wavelengt

...

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