prEN ISO 22007-2

Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity - Part 2: Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Kunststoffe - Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Temperaturleitfähigkeit - Teil 2: Transientes Flächenquellenverfahren (Hot-Disk-Verfahren) (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Plastiques - Détermination de la conductivité thermique et de la diffusivité thermique - Partie 2: Méthode de la source plane transitoire (disque chaud) (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Polimerni materiali - Ugotavljanje toplotne prevodnosti in toplotne razprševalnosti - 2. del: Metoda s tranzientnim ploskovnim toplotnim virom (vroči disk) (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 249 - Plastics
• Current Stage: 4599 - Dispatch of FV draft to CMC - Finalization for Vote
• Due Date: 13-Jan-2022
• Completion Date: 13-Jan-2022
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021 - Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity - Part 2: Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

RELATIONS

• Revised: EN ISO 22007-2:2015 - Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity - Part 2: Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method (ISO 22007-2:2015)
• Effective Date: 07-Oct-2020

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021
01-september-2021

Polimerni materiali - Ugotavljanje toplotne prevodnosti in toplotne razprševalnosti

- 2. del: Metoda s tranzientnim ploskovnim toplotnim virom (vroči disk) (ISO/DIS
22007-2:2021)

Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity - Part 2: Transient

plane heat source (hot disc) method (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Kunststoffe - Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Temperaturleitfähigkeit - Teil 2:

Transientes Flächenquellenverfahren (Hot-Disk-Verfahren) (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Plastiques - Détermination de la conductivité thermique et de la diffusivité thermique -

Partie 2: Méthode de la source plane transitoire (disque chaud) (ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021)

Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 22007-2
ICS:
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22007-2
ISO/TC 61/SC 5 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-04-15 2021-07-08
Plastics — Determination of thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity —
Part 2:
Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method

Plastiques — Détermination de la conductivité thermique et de la diffusivité thermique —

Partie 2: Méthode de la source plane transitoire (disque chaud)
ICS: 83.080.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 22007-2:2021
ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5 Apparatus ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6 Test specimens........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

6.1 Bulk specimens ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Anisotropic bulk specimens ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

6.3 Slab specimens ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6

6.4 Thin-film specimens ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7

7 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

8 Calculation of thermal properties ...................................................................................................................................................... 9

8.1 Bulk specimens ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

8.2 Anisotropic bulk specimens .....................................................................................................................................................12

8.3 Slab specimens .....................................................................................................................................................................................13

8.4 Thin-film specimens ........................................................................................................................................................................14

8.5 Low thermally conducting specimens .............................................................................................................................15

8.5.1 Introductory remarks ...............................................................................................................................................15

8.5.2 Low thermally conducting bulk specimens ...........................................................................................15

8.5.3 Low thermally conducting anisotropic bulk specimens .............................................................17

8.5.4 Low thermally conducting thin–film specimen .................................................................................17

9 Calibration and verification ...................................................................................................................................................................17

9.1 Calibration of apparatus ..............................................................................................................................................................17

9.2 V erification of apparatus .............................................................................................................................................................18

10 Precision and bias ............................................................................................................................................................................................18

11 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................19

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................20

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-

chemical properties.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 22007-2:2015), which has been

technically revised.
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Introduction

A significant increase in the development and application of new and improved materials for broad

ranges of physical, chemical, biological, and medical applications has necessitated better performance

data from methods of measurement of thermal-transport properties. The introduction of alternative

methods that are relatively simple, fast, and of good precision would be of great benefit to the scientific

[1]
and engineering communities.

A number of measurement techniques described as transient methods have been developed and

several have been commercialized. These are being widely used and are suitable for testing many

types of materials. In some cases, they can be used to measure several properties separately or

[2],[3]
simultaneously.

A further advantage of some of these methods is that it has become possible to measure the true

bulk properties of a material. This feature stems from the possibility of eliminating the influence of

the thermal contact resistance (see 8.1.1) that is present at the interface between the probe and the

[1],[3],[4],[5],[6]
specimen surfaces.
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 22007-2:2021(E)
Plastics — Determination of thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity —
Part 2:
Transient plane heat source (hot disc) method
1 Scope

This document specifies a method for the determination of the thermal conductivity and thermal

diffusivity, and hence the specific heat capacity per unit volume of plastics. The experimental

arrangement can be designed to match different specimen sizes. Measurements can be made in gaseous

and vacuum environments at a range of temperatures and pressures.

This method is suitable for testing homogeneous and isotropic materials, as well as anisotropic

materials with a uniaxial structure. The homogeneity of the material extends throughout the specimen

and no thermal barriers (except those next to the probe) are present within a range defined by the

probing depth(s) (see 3.2 below).

The method is suitable for materials having values of thermal conductivity, λ, in the approximate

−1 −1 −1 −1

range 0,010 W∙m ∙K < λ < 500 W∙m ∙K , values of thermal diffusivity, α, in the range

−8 2 −1 −4 2 −1

5 × 10 m ∙s < α < 10 m ∙s , and for temperatures, T, in the approximate range 50 K < T < 1 000 K.

NOTE 1 The specific heat capacity per unit volume, C, C = p ∙ c , where p is the density and c is the specific heat

p p

per unit mass and at constant pressure, can be obtained by dividing the thermal conductivity, λ, by the thermal

−3 −1 −3 −1

diffusivity, α, i.e. C = λ/α, and is in the approximate range 0,005 MJ∙m ∙K < C < 5 MJ∙m ∙K . It is also referred to

as the volumetric heat capacity.

NOTE 2 If the intention is to determine the thermal resistance or the apparent thermal conductivity in the

through-thickness direction of an inhomogeneous product (for instance a fabricated panel) or an inhomogeneous

slab of a material, reference is made to ISO 8301, ISO 8302 and ISO 472.

The thermal-transport properties of liquids can also be determined, provided care is taken to minimize

thermal convection.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 22007-1, Plastics — Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity — Part 1: General

principles
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22007-1 and the following apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
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3.1
penetration depth
pen

measure of how far into the specimen, in the direction of heat flow, a heat wave has travelled

Note 1 to entry: For this method, the penetration depth is given by
Δpt=⋅κα
pentot
where
t is the total measurement time for the transient recording;
tot
α is the thermal diffusivity of the specimen material;
κ is a constant dependent on the sensitivity of the temperature recordings.
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in metres (m).
3.2
probing depth
prob

measure of how far into the specimen, in the direction of heat flow, a heat wave has travelled during the

time window used for calculation
Note 1 to entry: The probing depth is given by
Δpt=⋅κα
prob max
where

t is the maximum time of the time window used for calculating the thermal-transport properties.

max
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in metres (m).

Note 3 to entry: A typical value in hot disc measurements is κ = 2, which is assumed throughout this document.

3.3
sensitivity coefficient
coefficient defined by the formula
∂ ΔTt
[]()
β =q
where

q is the thermal conductivity, λ, the thermal diffusivity, α, or the volumetric specific heat capacity, C;

ΔT(t) is the mean temperature increase of the probe.

Note 1 to entry: Different sensitivity coefficients are defined for thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and

[7]
specific heat per unit volume.

Note 2 to entry: To define the time window that is used to determine both the thermal conductivity and diffusivity

from one single experiment, the theory of sensitivity coefficients is used. Through this theory, which deals with a

large number of experiments and considers the constants, q, as variables, it has been established that

03,,01<⋅trα < 0
max
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where
r is the mean radius of the outermost spiral of the probe.
Assuming κ = 2, this expression can be rewritten as
11,,rp<<Δ 20r
prob
4 Principle

A specimen containing an embedded hot disc probe of negligible heat capacity is allowed to equilibrate

at a given temperature. A heat pulse in the form of a stepwise function is produced by an electrical

current through the probe to generate a dynamic temperature field within the specimen. The increase

in the temperature of the probe is measured as a function of time. The probe operates as a temperature

sensor unified with a heat source (i.e. a self-heated sensor). The response is then analysed in accordance

with the model developed for the specific probe and the assumed boundary conditions.

5 Apparatus
5.1 A schematic diagram of the apparatus is shown in Figure 1.
Key
1 specimen with probe 5 bridge circuit
2 chamber 6 voltmeter
3 vacuum pump 7 voltage source
4 thermostat 8 computer
Figure 1 — Basic layout of the apparatus

5.2 A typical hot disc probe is shown in Figure 2. Convenient probes can be designed with diameters

from 2 mm to 200 mm, depending on the specimen size and the thermal-transport properties of the

material to be tested. The probe is constructed as a bifilar spiral etched out of a (10 ± 2) µm thick metal

foil and covered on both sides by thin (from 7 µm to 100 µm) insulating film. It is recommended that

nickel or molybdenum be used as the heater/temperature-sensing metal foil due to their relatively

high temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity and stability over a wide temperature range. It is

recommended that polyimide, mica, aluminium nitride, or aluminium oxide be used as the insulating

film, depending on the ultimate temperature of use. The arms of the bifilar spiral forming an essentially

circular probe shall have a width of (0,20 ± 0,03) mm for probes with an overall diameter of 15 mm or

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less and a width of (0,35 ± 0,05) mm for probes of larger diameter. The distance between the edges of the

arms shall be the same as the width of the arms.
Key
D sensor diameter
H, h, L, l dimensions of sensor details

NOTE Sensor diameters, from 2 mm to 200 mm can conveniently be used, depending on available specimen

size. The distances indicated in this figure should be measured in any but the same unit of length, when used to

calculate the heat loss through the electrical leads according to Formula (16).
Figure 2 — Hot disc probe with bifilar spiral as heating/sensing element

5.3 An electrical bridge shall be used to record the transient increase in resistance of the probe.

Through the bridge, which is initially balanced, the increase in resistance of the probe shall be followed

by recording the imbalance of the bridge with a sensitive voltmeter (see Figure 3). With this arrangement,

the probe is placed in series with a resistor which shall be designed in such a way that its resistance

is kept strictly constant throughout the transient. These 2 components are combined with a precision

potentiometer, the resistance of which shall be about 100 times larger than the sum of the resistances of

the probe and the series resistor. The bridge shall be connected to a power supply which can supply 20 V

and a current of up to 1 A. The digital voltmeter by which the difference voltages are recorded shall have

a resolution corresponding to 6,5 digits at an integration time of 1 power line cycle. The resistance of the

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series resistor, R , shall be close to the initial resistance of the probe with its leads, R + R , in order to

S 0 L

keep the power output of the probe as constant as possible during the measurement.

Key
1 potentiometer R total resistance of the probe leads
2 probe R series resistance
3 probe leads R initial resistance of the probe before initiating the
transient heating
ΔR increase in resistance of the probe during the
transient heating
ΔU voltage imbalance created by the increase in the
resistance of the probe

NOTE This experimental arrangement allows the determination of temperature deviations from the iterated

straight line (see treatment of experimental data in 8.1) down to or better than 50 µK.

Figure 3 — Diagram of electrical bridge for recording the resistance increase of the probe

5.4 A constant-temperature environment controlled to ±0,1 K or better for the duration of a

measurement shall be established (see Figure 1). The chamber need only be evacuated when working

with slab specimens (see 6.3).
6 Test specimens
6.1 Bulk specimens

6.1.1 For bulk specimens, the requirement for specimen thickness depends on the thermal properties

of the material from which the specimen is made. The expression for the probing depth contains the

diffusivity, which is not known prior to the measurement. This means that the probing depth has to be

calculated after an initial experiment has been completed. If, with this new information, the probing

depth is found to be outside the limits given in 8.1.3, the test shall be repeated, with an adjusted total

measurement time, until the required conditions are fulfilled.

The shape of the specimen can be cylindrical, square, or rectangular. Machining to a certain shape is

not necessary, as long as a flat surface (see 6.1.4) on each of the 2 specimen halves faces the sensor and

the requirements regarding sensor size given in 8.1.3 are fulfilled.

6.1.2 The measurement shall be conducted in such a way that the probing depth into the specimen

shall be at least 20 times the characteristic length of the components making up the material or of any

inhomogeneity in the material, e.g. the average diameter of the particles if the specimen is a powder.

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6.1.3 The specimen dimensions shall be chosen to minimize the effect that its outer surfaces will have

on the measurement. The specimen size shall be such that the distance from any part of the bifilar spiral

of the hot disc probe to any part of the outside boundary of the specimen is larger than the overall mean

radius of the bifilar spiral (see 5.2). An increase in this distance beyond the size of the diameter of the

spiral does not improve the accuracy of the results.

6.1.4 Specimen surfaces which are in contact with the sensor shall be plane and smooth. The specimen

halves shall be clamped on to both sides of the hot disc probe.
NOTE Heat sink contact paste should not be used since

a) it is difficult to obtain a sufficiently thin layer of paste which will actually improve the thermal contact,

b) the paste obviously increases the heat capacity of the insulating layer and delays the development of the

constant temperature difference between the sensing material and the specimen surface,

c) it is difficult to obtain exactly the same thickness of paste on both sides of the probe and achieve a strictly

symmetrical flow of heat from the heating/sensing material through the insulation into the 2 specimen halves.

6.1.5 For liquids, suitable containment vessels with adequate seals are necessary and air bubbles and

evaporation shall be avoided.

Storage and conditioning of the liquid can affect its properties, e.g. by absorption of water or gas. It

might be necessary to pre-treat the specimen prior to testing, e.g. by degassing. However, pre-treatment

procedures shall not be used whenever they could detrimentally affect the material to be tested, e.g.

through degradation.

6.1.6 For materials prone to significant dimensional changes whether instigated by measurements

over large temperature ranges, thermal expansion, change of state, phase transition, or other causes,

care shall be taken to ensure that when placing the hot disc probe in contact with the specimen, the

applied load does not affect the properties of the specimen.

With soft materials, the clamping pressure shall not compress the specimen and thus change its

thermal-transport properties.

6.1.7 The specimen shall be conditioned in accordance with the standard specification which applies

to the type of material and its particular use.
6.2 Anisotropic bulk specimens

6.2.1 If a material is anisotropic, specimens shall be cut (or otherwise prepared) so that the probe can

be oriented in the main directions (e.g. the fibre directions in reinforced plastics, the main directions in

[4],[8]

layered structures or the principal axes in crystals). The hot disc method is limited to materials in

which the thermal properties along 2 of the orthogonal and principal axes are the same, but are different

from those along the third axis.

6.2.2 The size of anisotropic specimens shall be chosen so that the requirements of 8.1.3 are fulfilled

along the principal axes.
6.3 Slab specimens

The so-called slab method is used with sheet-formed specimens extending in 2 dimensions, but with

[9]

a limited and well-defined thickness in a range from 1 mm to 10 mm. The slab specimen thickness

shall be known to an accuracy of 0,01 mm. When 2 equally thick slabs of a material are clamped around

a probe and thermally insulated on the outer sides, it is possible to measure the thermal conductivity

and diffusivity of such specimens. The condition related to the probing depth (see 3.2) has to be fulfilled

in the plane of the probe but not in the through-thickness direction. This method is particularly suited

−1 −1

to studies of materials having thermal conductivities higher than 10 W⋅m ⋅K but can also be used for

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−1 −1

materials with thermal conductivities as low as 1 W⋅m ⋅K , provided good thermal insulation of the

slabs can be arranged (for instance by performing the measurements in a vacuum).
6.4 Thin-film specimens

The so-called thin-film method is used with specimens such as paper, textiles, polymer films or

deposited thin-film layers (such as ceramic coatings) with thicknesses ranging from 0,05 mm to about

[10]

5,0 mm. The thickness of thin-film specimens (placed on both sides of the probe) shall be known to

an accuracy of ±1 µm.

NOTE 1 When making a measurement on a material with a high thermal conductivity, the temperature

undergoes a rapid increase at the very beginning of the transient followed by a much more gradual increase. The

insulating layer, between which the sensing spiral is sandwiched, causes this rapid increase. It has been shown

both experimentally and in computer simulations that the temperature difference across the insulating layer

becomes constant within a very short time and remains constant throughout the measurement. The reason is

that the total power output, the area of the sensing material and the thickness of the insulating layer are constant

in the test.

If thin films of a material are placed between the probe and a high-conductivity background material

(in the form of an “infinite” solid), it is possible to measure the apparent thermal conductivity of the

film material, provided that the apparent thermal conductivity of the insulating layer with which the

[10]
probe is covered has been determined in a separate experiment.

NOTE 2 It can be necessary to make measurements on films of different thicknesses and the same properties

or with different clamping pressures to eliminate mathematically the influence of thermal contact resistances.

The thermal conductivity of the background material shall be approximately 10 times greater than that

of the thin-film material.

In order to better simulate a plane heat source when testing thin films, a probe similar to the one

depicted in Figure 2 shall be used. However, the circular strips should preferably have a width of 0,8 mm

and the openings between the strips should only be 0,2 mm. When using a probe with thermal insulation

...