ASTM D5459-95(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film
Standard Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of recovery from extension, permanent deformation, and stress retention of stretch wrap film.
1.2 Several levels of extension are included to ascertain the effect of both small and large extensions.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D5459–95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent
Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 elastic recovery—the percentage of a given deforma-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of recovery
tion that behaves elastically, after 180 s when subjected to the
from extension, permanent deformation, and stress retention of
extensions prescribed in this test method.
stretch wrap film.
3.2.2 permanent deformation—the increase in length, ex-
1.2 Several levels of extension are included to ascertain the
pressed as a percentage of the original length, by which an
effect of both small and large extensions.
elastic material fails to return to original length after subjected
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
to the extensions prescribed in the test procedure in this
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
method.
information only.
3.2.3 stress retention—the percentage of stress retained 60 s
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
or 24 h, or both, after application.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Elastic properties of the films are determined by sub-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
jecting specimens to known extensions and by measuring the
2. Referenced Documents quantity of recovery and the permanent change with respect to
the original dimensions.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
5. Significance and Use
Sheeting
3 5.1 Elastic recovery is related to the ability of a package to
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
resume its original shape after being distended during its use
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
cycle.
ments
5.2 Elastic recovery also relates to the tightness or snugness
D 2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
of a package.
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
5.3 Stress retention is related to the tightness or snugness of
With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
a package.
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
6. Apparatus
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, with a reversible chart, com-
plying with the requirements listed for Method A of Test
3. Terminology
MethodsD 882withgripssatisfactoryforthepurpose.Referto
3.1 Definitions: General definitions for packaging and dis-
section on grips in Test Methods D 882.
tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996.
6.2 Specimen Cutter, capable of producing nick-free 1 6
0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm) testing strips, with a precision of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on 4
1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm).
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing
6.3 Micrometer, capable of measuring the thickness of
and Unitizing of Loads.
Current edition approved July 15, 1995. Published September 1995. Originally specimens to 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) as described in 8.9.1.1 of
published as D 5459 – 94. Last previous edition D 5459 – 94.
Specification D 2103.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. A JDC-1-10 precision cutter is available from Thwing-Albert Instrument Co.,
Withdrawn. 10960 Dutton Rd. Philadelphia, PA 19154, or similar manufacturers.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5459–95 (2001)
7. Sampling
7.1 Acceptance Sampling—Samplingshallbeinaccordance
with Practice D 1898.
7.2 Sampling for Other Purposes—The sampling and the
number of test specimens depend on the purposes of the
testing. Practice E 122 is recommended. Test specimens are
taken from several rolls of film, and when possible, from
several production runs of a product. Strong conclusions about
a specific property of a film cannot be based on a single roll of
product.
8. Specimen Preparation
8.1 Cut five strips parallel to the machine direction that are
1.0 in. (25.4 mm) wide and long enough to provide for an
initial grip separation of 5 in. (127 mm).
8.2 Measure the thickness of each specimen at five equally
spaced points in the area that will be between the grips to the
nearest 0.001 in. (0.003 mm) and record the values.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
FIG. 1 Determination of the Elastic Properties of Films
9.1 Select a load range so that the scans cover approxi-
mately two-thirds of the chart width.
permanent deformation,% 5 ~AD/AE! 3 100 (1)
9.2 Calibrate the strain gage as directed by the manufacturer
12.2 Determine the lengths of DE and AE in chart units.
of the machine. Set the rate of grip separation at 5 in./min (127
Calculate the elastic recovery in percent using Eq 2 (see Note
mm/min) and the initial grip separation at 5 in. (127 mm).
2):
10. Conditioning
elastic recovery,% 5 DE/AE! 3 100 (2)
~
10.1 Sample Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at
NOTE 2—Percent of permanent deformation plus percent of elastic
the standard atmospheric condition for not less than 24 h prior
recovery = 100 %.
to testing, as described in Practice E 691.
12.3 Determine the length of BE and GE in chart units.
10.2 Test Conditions—Testing shall be conducted under the
Calculate the stress retention in percent using Eq 3:
condition specified for specimen conditioning in 10.1.
stress retention,% 5 ~GE/BE! 3 100 (3)
11. Procedure
12.4 Read and record the force at point G in grams-force,
11.1 Clamp the first specimen in the grips so that it is free
lbs-force, or Newtons.
to slack but is not under tension.
12.5 Calculate the average, standard deviation, and 95 %
11.2 Start the testing machine and chart
...
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