ASTM D7703-22

Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Lance Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. For this purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.  
4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose.  
4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material together in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the field, or a combination of both.  
4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.  
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks. They do not verify material or seam integrity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.6).  
1.2 This practice can be used for geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electrically insulating materials. This practice is best applicable for locating geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations have been made during the construction of the facility.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2022
• ICS: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
• Technical Committee: D35 - Geosynthetics
• Drafting Committee: D35.10 - Geomembranes

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D4439-24 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D7953-20 - Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4439-18 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4439-17 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM D4439-15a - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2015
• Refers: ASTM D4439-15 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2015
• Refers: ASTM D7002-15 - Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle Method
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2015
• Refers: ASTM D7953-14 - Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2014
• Refers: ASTM D4439-14 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2014
• Refers: ASTM D6747-12 - Standard Guide for Selection of Techniques for Electrical Detection of Leaks in Geomembranes
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2012
• Refers: ASTM D4439-11 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Refers: ASTM D7002-10 - Standard Practice for Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle System
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2010
• Refers: ASTM D6747-04 - Standard Guide for Selection of Techniques for Electrical Detection of Potential Leak Paths in Geomembrane
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Refers: ASTM D4439-04 - Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2004
• Refers: ASTM D7002-03 - Standard Practice for Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle System
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003

Overview

ASTM D7703-22: Standard Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Lance Method provides a performance-based methodology for locating leaks in geomembrane barriers. Geomembranes are widely employed systems in environmental engineering to prevent the escape of liquids from landfills, ponds, tanks, and other containment applications. Detecting and precisely locating leaks is critical to ensure environmental protection, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance.

The water lance method uses an electrical technique to identify breaches-such as holes, tears, seam defects, or punctures-in exposed geomembranes. This approach does not assess material or seam integrity but offers dependable quality assurance by locating unintended openings that could result in leakage.

Key Topics

• Leak Definition: In this context, a "leak" refers to unintended openings, such as holes, cracks, knife cuts, seam breaches, or material defects, where significant or minor fluid flow may occur.

• Principle of Operation: By placing a voltage across the geomembrane, the system identifies spots where electrical current flows through a breach. Application of a charged water stream via a lance enables the detection of leaks as current finds a pathway through defects.

• Water Lance Method: A probe directs a pressurized solid stream of water onto the geomembrane, while sensors detect corresponding voltage or current changes indicative of leaks. This technique is suitable for a range of geomembrane materials, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and more.

• Preparation and Conductivity: Successful surveys require a conductive layer beneath the geomembrane, achieved through proper subgrade preparation or use of conductive geotextiles/layers. Surveys are best performed when the geomembrane is flat and direct contact is ensured.

• Applications: The method is effective in locating leaks in geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore/waste pads, landfill cells and caps, and canals.

Applications

The ASTM D7703-22 water lance method is highly valuable for a range of sectors in geotechnical and environmental engineering:

• Landfill Liners and Caps: Ensures the integrity of geomembrane barriers, preventing the escape of leachate and hazardous contaminants.
• Mining Pads: Used to identify and prevent leaks in ore and waste containment pads, reducing environmental risk and helping maintain compliance.
• Ponds and Tanks: Applied in water and wastewater treatment facilities to verify the containment integrity of liners in ponds and tanks.
• Canals and Reservoirs: Assures the reliability of barriers in irrigation canals and reservoirs, minimizing water loss.
• Construction Quality Assurance: Functions as a standard procedure during and following installation to confirm liner integrity.

This method is best applied during construction and after installation, under dry and temperate conditions. It allows for detection of even very small leaks (smaller than 1 mm in diameter).

Related Standards

• ASTM D4439 - Terminology for Geosynthetics
• ASTM D6747 - Guide for Selection of Techniques for Electrical Leak Location of Leaks in Geomembranes
• ASTM D7002 - Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle Method
• ASTM D7953 - Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method

These related standards provide complementary methods and guidance for leak detection in geomembrane systems, enabling users to select the most appropriate approach for specific site and material conditions.

Conclusion

ASTM D7703-22 establishes a reliable framework for using the water lance method as a quality assurance tool in the installation and maintenance of geomembranes. By providing practical methodologies to locate leaks effectively, this standard helps protect the environment, ensure project performance, and support compliance in various critical containment applications. For best results, adherence to preparation, execution, and reporting recommendations is essential.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7703 − 22
Standard Practice for
Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using
the Water Lance Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7703; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D6747 Guide for Selection ofTechniques for Electrical Leak
Location of Leaks in Geomembranes
1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an
D7002 Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed
electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes.
Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle Method
For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes,
D7953 Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed
punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar
Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method
breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.6).
1.2 This practice can be used for geomembranes installed in
3. Terminology
basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill
3.1 Definitions:
caps, canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable
3.1.1 For general definitions used in this practice, refer to
for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene,
Terminology D4439.
polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated
polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electri-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
cally insulating materials. This practice is best applicable for
3.2.1 artificial leak, n—an electrical simulation of a leak in
locating geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations
a geomembrane.
have been made during the construction of the facility.
3.2.2 conductive-backed geomembrane, n—a speciality
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
geomembrane manufactured using coextrusion technology fea-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
turing an insulating layer in intimate contact with a conductive
standard.
layer.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 current, n—the flow of electricity or the flow of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
electric charge.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4 electrical leak location, n—a method which uses
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
electrical current or electrical potential to locate leaks in a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
geomembrane.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 3.2.5 functionality testing, n—for the purposes of this
practice, functionality testing is a demonstration of the ability
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- to detect an artificial or actual leak using the proposed
equipment settings and survey procedures.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.6 leak, n—for the purposes of this practice, a leak is any
unintended opening, perforation, breach, slit, tear, puncture,
2. Referenced Documents
crack, or seam breach. Significant amounts of liquids or solids
2.1 ASTM Standards:
may or may not flow through a leak. Scratches, gouges, dents,
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
or other aberrations that do not completely penetrate the
geomembrane are not considered to be leaks. Type of leaks
detected during surveys include, but are not limited to: burns,
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
circular holes, linear cuts, seam defects, tears, punctures, and
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published July 2022. Originally approved
material defects.
in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7703 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/
D7703-22.
3.2.7 poor contact condition, n—for the purposes of this
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
practice, a poor contact condition means that a leak is not in
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
intimate contact with the conductive layer above or underneath
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the geomembrane to be tested. This occurs on a wrinkle or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7703 − 22
wave, under the overlap flap of a fusion weld, in an area of 5.1.1 The principle of the electrical leak location methods is
liner bridging, and in an area where there is a subgrade to place a voltage across a geomembrane and then locate areas
depression or rut. where electrical current flows through leaks in the geomem-
brane.
3.2.8 probe, n—for the purposes of this practice, any con-
5.1.2 Currently available methods include the water puddle
ductive rod that is attached to a power source.
method (Practice D7002), the arc testing method (Practice
3.2.9 water lance, n—for the purposes of this practice, a
D7953), and the water lance method.
probe (lance) incorporating one or two electrodes that directs a
5.1.3 All of the methods listed in 5.1.2 are effective at
solid stream of water through a single nozzle mounted at the
locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. Each method has
end.
specific site and labor requirements, survey speeds,
3.2.10 water stream, n—for the purposes of this practice, a
advantages, and limitations. A professional specializing in the
continuous stream of water between the water lance and the
electrical leak location methods can provide advice on the
geomembrane that creates a conduit for current to flow through
advantages and disadvantages of each method for a specific
any leaks.
project.
5.1.4 Alternative ASTM standard practices for electrical
4. Significance and Use
leaklocationsurveymethodsshouldbeallowedwhenmutually
4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids
agreeable and warranted by adverse site conditions, clearly
fromleakingfromlandfills,ponds,andothercontainments.For
technical superiority, logistics, or schedule.
this purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little
leakage as practical. 6. Water Lance Method
4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released,
6.1 Asummary of the method capabilities and limitations is
can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can presented in Table 1.
erodethesubgrade,causingfurtherdamage.Leakagecanresult
6.2 The Principle of the Water Lance Method:
in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from
6.2.1 Fig. 1 shows a diagram of electrical leak location
performing its intended containment purpose.
using the water lance method for exposed geomembranes. One
4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either
output of an electrical excitation power supply is connected to
by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material
an electrode placed in the water reservoir; a pump sends this
together in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the
charged water to the water lance that jets the water in a solid
field, or a combination of both.
stream on top of the geomembrane. The other output of the
power supply is connected to an electrode placed in electrically
4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of
conductive material under the geomembrane.
the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the
6.2.2 The water lance method can also be set up with the
geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing
same configuration as the water puddle method, as shown in
defects, and carelessness.
Fig. 2, if the detector electronics are capable of measuring
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and
current and converting that to an audible alarm.
proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks.
6.3 Leak Location Surveys of Exposed Geomembrane Using
They do not verify material or seam integrity.
the Water Lance Method:
5. Summary of Exposed Geomembrane Electrical Leak
6.3.1 The water lance leak location method usually consists
Location Methods
of a single nozzle mounted at the end of a probe (lance) that
5.1 Principles of the Electrical Leak Location Methods for directs a solid stream of water onto a geomembrane, and an
Exposed Geomembranes: electronic detector assembly, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.A
TABLE 1 Summary of Water Lance Method
Geomembranes Bituminous, CSPE, CPE, EIA, fPP, HDPE, LLDPE, U applicable
LDPE, PVC, VLDPE,
A
Conductive-backed Geomembrane U applicable
Seams All types: welded, tape, adhesive, glued, and other U applicable: project specific
Junctions At synthetic pipes and accessories U applicable: project specific
At grounded conducting structures X not applicable
Survey During construction phase (installation of GM) U applicable
After installation (exposed) U applicable
Slopes U applicable: project specific
Insufficiently conductive subgrade X not applicable
During the service life (if exposed) U project specific
Climate Sunny, temperate, warm U applicable
Rainy weather X not applicable
Frozen conditions X not applicable
Leaks detected Discrimination between multiple leaks U applicable
A
If used, conductive-backed geomembra
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7703 − 16 D7703 − 22
Standard Practice for
Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using
the Water Lance Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7703; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice is a performance-based standard for an electrical method for locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. For
clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in
an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.53.2.6).
1.2 This practice can be used for geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps,
canals, and other containment facilities. It is applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous geomembrane, and any other electrically insulating materials. This
practice is best applicable for locating geomembrane leaks where the proper preparations have been made during the construction
of the facility.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D6747 Guide for Selection of Techniques for Electrical Leak Location of Leaks in Geomembranes
D7002 Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Water Puddle Method
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016July 1, 2022. Published January 2016July 2022. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
D7703D7703 – 16.-15. DOI: 10.1520/D7703-16.10.1520/D7703-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7703 − 22
D7953 Practice for Electrical Leak Location on Exposed Geomembranes Using the Arc Testing Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For general definitions used in this practice, refer to Terminology D4439.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 artificial leak, n—an electrical simulation of a leak in a geomembrane.
3.2.2 conductive-backed geomembrane, n—a speciality geomembrane manufactured using coextrusion technology featuring an
insulating layer in intimate contact with a conductive layer.
3.2.3 current, n—the flow of electricity or the flow of electric charge.
3.2.4 electrical leak location, n—a method which uses electrical current or electrical potential to locate leaks in a geomembrane.
3.2.5 functionality testing, n—for the purposes of this practice, functionality testing is a demonstration of the ability to detect an
artificial or actual leak using the proposed equipment settings and survey procedures.
3.2.6 leak, n—for the purposes of this practice, a leak is any unintended opening, perforation, breach, slit, tear, puncture, crack,
or seam breach. Significant amounts of liquids or solids may or may not flow through a leak. Scratches, gouges, dents, or other
aberrations that do not completely penetrate the geomembrane are not considered to be leaks. Type of leaks detected during surveys
include, but are not limited to: burns, circular holes, linear cuts, seam defects, tears, punctures, and material defects.
3.2.6 leak detection sensitivity, n—the smallest leak that the leak location equipment and survey methodology are capable of
detecting under a given set of conditions. The leak detection sensitivity specification is usually stated as a diameter of the smallest
leak that can likely be detected.
3.2.7 poor contact condition, n—for the purposes of this practice, a poor contact condition means that a leak is not in intimate
contact with the conductive layer above or underneath the geomembrane to be tested. This occurs on a wrinkle or wave, under the
overlap flap of a fusion weld, in an area of liner bridging, and in an area where there is a subgrade depression or rut.
3.2.8 probe, n—for the purposes of this practice, any conductive rod that is attached to a power source.
3.2.9 water stream, n—for the purposes of this practice, a continuous stream of water between the water lance and the
geomembrane that creates a conduit for current to flow through any leaks.
3.2.9 water lance, n—for the purposes of this practice, a probe (lance) incorporating one or two electrodes that directs a solid
stream of water through a single nozzle mounted at the end.
3.2.10 water stream, n—for the purposes of this practice, a continuous stream of water between the water lance and the
geomembrane that creates a conduit for current to flow through any leaks.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Geomembranes are used as barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. For this
purpose, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.
4.2 The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the
subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its
intended containment purpose.
D7703 − 22
4.3 Geomembranes are often assembled in the field, either by unrolling and welding panels of the geomembrane material together
in the field, unfolding flexible geomembranes in the field, or a combination of both.
4.4 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane,
accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective and proven quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks. They do not
verify material or seam integrity.
5. Summary of Exposed Geomembrane Electrical Leak Location Methods
5.1 Principles of the Electrical Leak Location Methods for Exposed Geomembranes:
5.1.1 The principle of the electrical leak location methods is to place a voltage across a geomembrane and then locate areas where
electrical current flows through leaks in the geomembrane.
5.1.2 Currently available methods include the water puddle method (Practice D7002), the arc testing method (Practice D7953),
and the water lance method.
5.1.3 All of the methods listed in 5.1.2 are effective at locating leaks in exposed geomembranes. Each method has specific site
and labor requirements, survey speeds, advantages, and limitations. A professional specializing in the electrical leak location
methods can provide advice on the advantages and disadvantages of each method for a specific project.
5.1.4 Alternative ASTM Standard Practicesstandard practices for electrical leak location survey methods should be allowed when
mutually agreeable and warranted by adverse site conditions, clearly technical superiority, logistics, or schedule.
6. Water Lance Method
6.1 A summary of the method capabilities and limitations is presented in Table 1.
6.2 The Principle of the Water Lance Method:
6.2.1 Fig. 1 shows a diagram of electrical leak location using the water lance method for exposed geomembranes. One output of
an electrical excitation power supply is connected to an electrode placed in the water reservoir; a pump sends this charged water
to the water lance that jets the water in a solid stream on top of the geomembrane. The other output of the power supply is
connected to an electrode placed in electrically conductive material under the geomembrane.
TABLE 1 Summary of Water Lance Method
Geomembranes Bituminous, CSPE, CPE, EIA, fPP, HDPE, LLDPE, U applicable
LDPE, PVC, VLDPE,
A
Conductive-backed Geomembrane U applicable
Seams All types: welded, tape, adhesive, glued, and other U applicable: project specific
Junctions At synthetic pipes and accessories U applicable: project specific
At grounded conducting structures X not applicable
Survey During construction phase (installation of GM) U applicable
After installation (exposed) U applicable
Slopes U applicable: project specific
Insufficiently conductive subgrade X not applicable
During the service life (if exposed) U project specific
Climate Sunny, temperate, warm U applicable
Rainy weather X not applicable
Frozen conditions X not applicable
Leaks detected Discrimination between multiple leaks U applicable
A
If used, conductive-backed geomembrane must be installed per the manufacturer’s recommendations in order to allow it to be tested using all of the available electrical
leak location methods. In particular, there must be some means to break the conductive path through the fusion welds along the entire lengths of the welds, the undersides
of adjacent panels (and p
...