ASTM C1400-98

Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Feb-2001
• ICS: 91.080.30 - Masonry
• Technical Committee: C15 - Manufactured Masonry Units
• Drafting Committee: C15.05 - Masonry Assemblies

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C1400-01(2007) - Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2007

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 1400 – 98
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
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Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence 4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
potential in new masonry walls. will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded However, its implementation will not always completely pre-
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for vent efflorescence.
information only. 4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the contained in Specification C 270’s appendix, the additional
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the material listed at the end of this specification, and other
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- publications.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Principles of Efflorescence
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of salts
2. Referenced Documents
within, or exposed to, the wall; and to the quantity of water
2.1 ASTM Standards: exposed to these salts. Since neither water nor salts can be
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C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products completely eliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the
C 67 Test Method for Sampling and Testing Brick and potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing salts and
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Structural Clay Tile water within the wall.
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C 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry 5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper
C 1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Ma- design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry
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sonry walls through cracks and separations in the surface and the top
C 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re- of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the
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lated Units interface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree
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C 1232 Terminology of Masonry through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the
3. Terminology
water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in
3.1 Definitions:
the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C 43, C 1180, other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior
C 1209, and C 1232 shall apply in this guide. surface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
through evaporation. Deposits may also form within the
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water masonry resulting in cryptoflorescence.
soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
of water soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by water 5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-
soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually
face of masonry can chemically react to form compounds that
yellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid soluble are not water soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) deposits on
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manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
masonry are a fairly common example. They are a result of
reaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydrox-
ide and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is deposited
on the surface of the masonry and is exposed to the air.
5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exterior
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This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-15 on Manufac-
coatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be depos-
tured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on
ited below the surface of the masonry units. This condition is
Masonry Assemblies.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1998. Published January 1999. called cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, the
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
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