ASTM C1471-00
(Guide)Standard Guide for the Use of High Solids Content Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane on Vertical Surfaces
Standard Guide for the Use of High Solids Content Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane on Vertical Surfaces
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content, cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane that meets the performance criteria specified in Specification C 836, subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofing system intended for installation on vertical cast-in-place concrete surfaces.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 1471 – 00
Standard Guide for
the Use of High Solids Content Cold Liquid-Applied
Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane on Vertical Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Description of Terms—Refer to Terminology C 717 for
descriptions of the following terms: cold-applied, curing time,
1.1 This guide describes the use of a high solids content,
drainage course, freeze-thaw cycle, protection course, wet-film
cold liquid-applied elastomeric waterproofing membrane that
thickness, and wet-film gauge.
meetstheperformancecriteriaspecifiedinSpecificationC 836,
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
subject to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in a waterproofing
3.3.1 drainage board—see drainage course in C 717.
system intended for installation on vertical cast-in-place con-
3.3.2 drainage composite—geocomposite consisting of a
crete surfaces.
geotextile filter fabric and a drainage core of various thick-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
nesses and shapes.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.3.3 protection board—see protection course.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Significance and Use
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 This grade provides considerations for the design and
2. Referenced Documents installation of liquid-applied waterproofing systems.The intent
is to provide information and guidelines for consideration by
2.1 ASTM Standards:
designers. Typical uses for these systems include, among
C 117 Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-µm (No.
others, planters and foundation walls with drainage systems.
200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
4.2 This guide is intended to be considered in conjunction
C 717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
with Guide C 898 to provide total system guidelines.
C 836 Specification for High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-
Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane for Use
5. Comparison to Other Standards
with Separate Wearing Course
5.1 Thecommitteewithjurisdictionoverthisstandardisnot
C 898 Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with Sepa-
3 nizations.
rate Wearing Course
D 4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by
6. General
the Plastic Sheet Method
6.1 General—The major components to be considered for a
below grade building wall waterproofing system are the
3. Terminology
structural wall or substrate to be waterproofed, waterproofing
3.1 Definitions—Refer toTerminology C 717 for definitions
membrane, membrane protection, drainage, and backfill. Ad-
of the following terms: bond breaker, cold joint, compatibility,
ditional components to be considered are membrane termina-
construction joint, control joint, dry-film thickness, elasto-
tions, penetrations, joints, and thermal insulation.
meric, expansion joint, gasket, hydrostatic pressure, isolation
6.2 Compatibility—It is essential that all components and
joint, laitance, primer, reinforced joint, seal, sealant, substrate,
contiguous elements be compatible, and that they be coordi-
and waterproofing.
nated to form an integrated waterproofing system.
6.3 Continuity—It is essential that the waterproofing mem-
1 brane, including all joints and transitions, is continuous.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-24 on Building
Special attention must be paid to changes in plane, transitions
Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.80 on
Building Deck Waterproofing Systems.
from one substrate to another, terminations, and abutting
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published July 2000.
waterproofing systems. Expansion and control joints in abut-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3 ting vertical and horizontal surfaces must maintain the conti-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02. nuity of the system. It is recommended that, during system
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1471
development and documentation, isometric drawings be made manufacturer’s requirements for the particular membrane be-
of three dimensional connections and transitions. ing applied. It is recommended that the membrane not be
applied sooner than 28 days after concrete placement.
7. Substrate
7.8 Joints—Jointsinstructuralconcretewallsarereferredto
7.1 General—The building wall substrate referred to in this
in this guide as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, and
guide is reinforced, cast-in-place concrete.
expansion joints.
7.2 Strength—The strength of concrete is a factor to be
7.8.1 Reinforced Joints—Reinforced joints consist of hair-
considered with respect to liquid-applied membranes so far as
line cracks, cold joints, construction joints. or control joints
it relates to surface finish, bond strength, and continuing
held together with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These
integrity (absence of cracks and other concrete defects that
are considered static joints with little or no anticipated move-
could affect the integrity of the membrane).
ment because the reinforcement is continuous across the joint.
7.3 Density and Moisture Content—The density and mois-
7.8.2 Unreinforced Joints—Unreinforced joints consist of
ture content of concrete when cured are interrelated. Exces-
butted construction joints and isolation joints not held together
sively high moisture content can affect adhesion of the mem-
with steel reinforcing bars or wire fabric. These joints are
branetoasubstrateasmoisturemaycondenseatthemembrane
generally considered as non-moving or static joints. However,
toconcreteinterfaceandcausemembranedelamination.Lower
they should be considered as capable of some movement, the
moisture contents are achieved with the use of hard, dense
magnitude of which is difficult to predict.
stone aggregate. This type of coarse aggregate will generally
7.8.3 Expansion Joints—Expansion joints are designed to
provide structural concrete with moisture content from 3 to 5%
accommodate a predetermined amount of movement. Such
when cured. The concrete substrate should have a minimum
movement can be due to thermal change, shrinkage, creep,
3 3
density of 2100 kg/m (130 lb./ft ) and a maximum moisture
deflection, or other factors. In detailing watertight expansion
content of 8% when cured.
joints, the amount of movement must be determined using a
7.4 Admixtures—Polymeric, latex, or other organic chemi-
reasonable factor of safety since accurate prediction of the
cal based admixtures or modifiers can coat the concrete
magnitude of movement is difficult. The size and configuration
particles and reduce the adhesion of the membrane to the
of the joint should then be related to the capability of the
substrate. If the concrete substrate will contain any admixtures,
membrane and joint seal materials to accommodate the antici-
the membrane manufacturer should be consulted and should
pated movement.
approve the use of the membrane with the specific proposed
admixtures.
8. Waterproofing Membrane
7.5 Release and Curing Agents—Form release agents and
8.1 General—Application of the membrane may be by
formoilsareoftenusedtofacilitatetheremovaloftheconcrete
brush, trowel, roller, and/or spray equipment, depending on the
form work, and curing agents are sometimes applied to the
manufacturer’s recommended or required procedures and the
green (uncured) concrete surface. These chemicals can reduce
job site conditions. A two coat application is preferable to a
the adhesion of the membrane to the concrete, and their use
single coat application, because it provides some redundancy
should be coordinated with and be accepted by the membrane
and it is easier to meet or exceed the minimum required
manufacturer. Form oils should not be used on areas to receive
membrane thickness. It also reduces the tendency for mem-
waterproofing. If form oils were used, sandblasting or other
brane material to slide or sag, and pinholes in the first coat can
approved methods must be used to remove the form oils prior
be covered by the second coat.
to waterproofing application.
8.1.1 One-part membrane materials should be stirred thor-
7.6 Finish—The structural wall should have a smooth form
oughly prior to application With two-part materials, stir each
finish. The surface should provide a mechanical bond for the
component separately before combining. Thoroughly mix the
membrane but not be so rough as to preclude achieving
two components together so the curing agent is uniformly
continuity of the membrane and the specified membrane
dispersed in the base component, ensuring even curing of the
thickness across its surface. All fins, projections, tie rod holes,
membrane. Mixing should be at a slow speed, 80 to 150 rpm,
and honeycomb must be repaired. The removal of fins and
to avoid entrapping air in the material.The bottom and sides of
similar projections is especially critical, because they cause
the container should be scraped with a square edged spatula
thin spots in the membrane that are easily punctured. The
during mixing.
concrete surface at the top of the wall and at the footing should
be of the same quality as the face of the wall. The footing 8.1.2 Some materials require the use of a primer on some
substrates. Review the manufacturer’s requirements, and use
should be troweled smooth and be free of fins, burrs, and large
irregularities. A minimum width of 200 mm, with 300 mm the recommended primer where necessary.
2 2
preferred, should be available on the footing to effectively 8.1.3 A coverage rate of 1.5 L/m (4 gal/100 ft ) of surface
terminate the waterproofing membrane. The top of the footing area on a smooth substrate yields a dry-film thickness of 1.5 6
should be sloped away from the wall. 0.1mm(60 65mils)usingmaterialsthatare100%solids.The
7.7 Dryness—Membrane manufacturers’ requirements for products described by this guide are marketed by a number of
substrate dryness vary and can include being visibly dry, manufacturers and may have different minimum required
passing a 4 hour glass test, passing Test Method D 4263 with membrane thicknesses. This guide is predicated upon a mini-
no condensate, or having a specific maximum moisture content mum dry-film thickness of 1.5 6 0.1 mm. When the solids
as measured by a moisture meter. Refer to and meet the content of the waterproofing membrane is less than 100%, the
C 1471
coverage rate required to achieve a 1.5 mm dry-film thickness mm (2 in.) below grade. It should be recognized that the area
is calculated by the following formula: above the termination is vulnerable to water penetration
through cracks or joints and these areas must be addressed.
1.5 L/m
5 L/m (1)
8.3.1 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-
% solids by volume ~expressed as a decimal!
mum of 300 mm (12 in.) below the lower floor line or on top
The manufacturer’s data sheets should be consulted for the
of the footing a minimum of 150 mm (6 in.) out from the wall
yield of the proposed product.
face. The system should never be terminated above the
8.1.4 The application thickness should be monitored closely
drainage collection level. See Fig. 1.
to assure that the membrane is applied at the specified wet-film
8.3.2 The waterproofing system should terminate a mini-
thickness. The application thickness should be checked while
mum of 600 mm (24 in.) onto intersecting walls, columns, or
the film is still liquid with a wet-film thickness gauge or other
counterforts. Under certain conditions, such as the intersection
2 2
appropriate means. Two to three checks, per 10 m (100 ft ),
ofaretainingwallwiththemainfoundationwall,itisdesirable
should be performed. Irregular substrates should be monitored
to provide continuous wall waterproofing prior to the place-
more closely and require heavier average application to main-
ment of the intersecting wall.
tain the specified minimum membrane thickness. Damage to
8.3.3 The waterproofing system on vertical walls should
the membrane caused by the depth gauge must be repaired
connect with below slab waterproofing when used. When the
before the membrane cures.
two membranes are the same material or compatible materials,
8.1.5 The cured membrane should be carefully inspected for
they may lap each other. This may be accomplished by
voids and thin spots. The membrane thickness should be
applying the membrane to the top of the footing prior to
specified as the minimum allowable thickness at any point, not
pouring the concrete wall (Fig. 1). When the two membranes
as an average thickness.All defects should be repaired accord-
do not connect but are separated by the wall, care must be
ing to the manufacturer’s recommendations prior to placement
taken to assure that the footing and wall are watertight.
of the protection course.
Concrete additives are sometimes used for this purpose.
8.2 Adhesion to Substrate—A liquid-applied waterproofing
8.3.4 Where the membrane connects with a horizontal
membrane must adhere to the substrate in order to stay in place
plaza, the transition should be carefully evaluated and de-
prior to backfilling and to prevent water accumulation and
signed. Compatibility between membrane systems will be
movement between the membrane and the substrate. Water
assured if the same material is used for both the vertical and
penetrating an unbonded membrane could migrate laterally
horizontalsurfaces.Ifdifferentsystemsareused,itisimportant
under the membrane until reaching a crack or defect in the
that they be compatible. The manufacturers of both systems
structural wall and then leak through to the interior. Leakage
should accept the specific membrane materials and details that
through the wall would not necessarily indicate the location of
will be used. Expansion joints should be continuous from
water entry through the membrane. That point could be a
horizontal to vertical surfaces and have similar treatments.
considerable distance away, and removal of large areas of
8.3.5 Interior corners, both horizontal and vertical, should
backfill might be required before it is located.
receive a fillet bead of compatible sealant or other material or
8.2.1 The substrate must be dry and
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