ASTM G153-13(2021)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes associated with the end use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of humidity.
Note 2: Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. It is best practice to use control materials known to have relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating procedures for using enclosed carbon-arc light and water apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this practice.
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to enclosed carbon arc light under controlled environmental conditions.
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in various methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1. More specific information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5.1 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens and operating personnel by an exhaust system.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G153 − 13 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for
Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice covers the basic principles and operating
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
procedures for using enclosed carbon-arc light and water
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
apparatus intended to reproduce the weathering effects that
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual
use. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining,
2. Referenced Documents
measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure. A number
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
for the material to be tested.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
NOTE 1—Practice G151 describes performance criteria for all exposure
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
devices that use laboratory light sources. This practice replaces Practice
G23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
G23, which describes very specific designs for devices used for carbon-arc
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
exposures. The apparatus described in Practice G23 is covered by this
practice.
of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-
1.2 Test specimens are exposed to enclosed carbon arc light
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
under controlled environmental conditions.
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accel-
1.3 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
covered in various methods or specifications for specific
2.2 ISO Standards:
materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO
ISO 4582 Plastics—Determination of the Changes of Colour
4892-1. More specific information about methods for deter-
and Variations in Properties After Exposure to Daylight
mining the change in properties after exposure and reporting
Under Glass, Natural Weathering or Artificial Light
these results is described in ISO 4582.
ISO 4892-1 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Light Sources, Part 1, General Guidance
standard.
ISO 4892-4 Plastics—Methods of Exposure to Laboratory
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the Light Sources, Part 4, Open-Flame Carbon Arc Lamp
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.3 CIE Standards:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
CIE-Publ. No. 85: Recommendations for the Integrated Ir-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
radiance and the Spectral Distribution of Simulated Solar
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Radiation for Testing Purposes
1.6 Should any ozone be generated from the operation of the
light source, it shall be carried away from the test specimens
and operating personnel by an exhaust system.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on Weathering The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.03 on www.astm.org.
Simulated and Controlled Exposure Tests. Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published July 2021. Originally approved 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G153 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from Secretary, U.S. National Committee, CIE, National Institute of
G0153-13R21. Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G153 − 13 (2021)
3. Terminology 6. Apparatus
6.1 Laboratory Light Source—Enclosed carbon arc light
3.1 Definitions—The definitions that are applicable to this
sources typically use carbon rods which contain a mixture of
practice are provided in Terminology G113.
metal salts. An electric current is passed between the carbon
3.1.1 As used in this practice, the term sunlight is identical
rods which burn and give off ultraviolet, visible, and infrared
to the terms daylight and solar irradiance, global as they are
radiation. Use carbon rods recommended by the device manu-
defined in Terminology G113.
facturer.
6.1.1 Filter—The most commonly used filters are borosili-
4. Summary of Practice
cate glass globes which fit around the carbon burners. Other
4.1 Specimens are exposed to repetitive cycles of light and
filters may be used by mutual agreement by the interested
moisture under controlled environmental conditions. Moisture
parties as long as the filter type is reported in conformance with
usually is produced by spraying the test specimen with
the report section in Practice G151.
demineralized/deionized water or by condensation of water
6.1.2 The emission spectra of the enclosed carbon arc shows
vapor onto the specimen.
strong emission in the long wavelength ultraviolet region.
Emissions in the visible, infrared, and short wavelength ultra-
4.2 The exposure condition may be varied by selection of
violet below 350 nm generally are weaker than in sunlight (see
the following:
Table 1).
4.2.1 Filter,
6.1.3 The following factors can affect the spectral power
4.2.2 The type of moisture exposure,
distribution of enclosed carbon arc light sources:
4.2.3 The timing of the light and moisture exposure,
6.1.3.1 Differences in the composition and thickness of
4.2.4 The temperature of light exposure, and
filters can have large effects on the amount of short wavelength
4.2.5 The timing of a light/dark cycle. UV radiation transmitted.
6.1.3.2 Aging (solarization) of filters can result in changes
4.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed
in filter transmission. The aging properties of filters can be
in same model of apparatus should not be made unless
influenced by the composition. Aging of filters can result in a
reproducibility has been established among devices for the
significant reduction in the short wavelength UV emission of a
material to be tested.
burner.
4.4 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed 6.1.3.3 Accumulation of dirt or other residue on filters can
in different models of apparatus should not be made unless affect filter transmission.
correlation has been established among devices for the material
to be tested.
TABLE 1 Typical Relative Spectral Power Distribution for
A,B
Enclosed Carbon-Arc with Daylight Filters
5. Significance and Use
Spectral Bandpass Typical Benchmark Solar
C D,E,F
Wavelength λ in nm Percent Radiation Percent
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property
λ < 290 0.0
changes associated with the end use conditions, including the
290 # λ # 320 0.1 5.8
effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. These exposures may
320 < λ # 360 19.9 40.0
360 < λ # 400 80.1 54.2
include a means to introduce moisture to the test specimen.
A
Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused Data in Table 1 are the irradiance in the given bandpass expressed as a
percentage of the total irradiance from 290 to 400 nm. Annex A1 states how to
by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric
determine relative spectral irradiance.
pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. B
The data in Table 1 is representative and is based on the rectangular integration
Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight of the spectral power distributions enclosed carbon arcs with daylight filters. There
is not enough data available to establish a meaningful specification.
through window glass. Typically, these exposures would in-
C
For any individual spectral power distribution, the calculated percentage for the
clude moisture in the form of humidity.
bandpasses in Table 1 will sum to 100 %. Test results can be expected to differ
between exposures using enclosed carbon arc devices in which the spectral power
NOTE 2—Caution: Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance distributions differ by as much as that allowed by the tolerances typical for daylight
applicable to all laboratory weathering devices. filters. Contact the manufacturer of the enclosed carbon-arc devices for specific
spectral power distribution data for the enclosed carbon-arc and filters used.
D
5.2 Variation in results may be expected when operating
The benchmark solar radiation data is defined in ASTM G177 and is for
atmospheric conditions and altitude chosen to maximize the short wavelength UV
conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice.
fraction of solar UV. While this data is provided for comparison purposes only, it is
Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of
desirable for a laboratory accelerated light source with daylight filters to provide a
this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the spectrum that is a close match to this solar spectrum.
E
Previous versions of this standard used solar radiation data from Table 4 of CIE
specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.
Publication Number 85. See Appendix X2 for more information comparing the
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known
solar radiation data used in this standard with that for CIE 85 Table 4.
F
For the benchmark solar spectrum, the UV irradiance (290 to 400 nm) is 9.8 %
performance, a control, be exposed simultaneously with the
and the visible irradiance (400 to 800 nm) is 90.2 % expressed as a percentage of
test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes.
the total irradiance from 290 to 800 nm. The percentages of UV and visible
It is best practice to use control materials known to have irradiances on samples exposed in enclosed carbon-arc devices may vary due to
the number and reflectance properties of specimens being exposed. This is based
relatively poor and good durability. It is recommended that at
on measurements in xenon-arc devices but similar measurements have not been
least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in
made in enclosed carbon-arc devices.
each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.
G153 − 13 (2021)
6.1.3.4 Differences in chemical composition of carbons. 6.5.1.2 A spray system designed to cool the specimen by
6.1.4 Spectral Irradiance for Enclosed Carbon with Day- spraying the back surface of the specimen or specimen
light Filters—The data in Table 1 are representative of the substrate may be required when the exposure program specifies
spectral irradiance received by a test specimen mounted in the periods of condensation.
specimen plane. 6.5.2 Relative Humidity—The test chamber may be
equipped with a means to measure and control the relative
6.2 Test Chamber—The design of the test chamber may
humidity. Such instruments shall be shielded from the light
vary, but it should be constructed from corrosion resistant
source.
material, and in addition to the radiant source, may provide for
means of controlling temperature and relative humidity. When 6.6 Specimen Holders—Holders for test specimens shall be
required, provision shall be made for the spraying of water on made from corrosion resistant materials that will not affect the
the test specimen or for the formation of condensate on the test results. Corrosion resistant alloys of aluminum or stainless
exposed face of the specimen.
steel have been found acceptable. Brass, steel, or copper shall
6.2.1 The radiant source(s) shall be located with respect to not be used in the vicinity of the test specimens.
the specimens such that the irradiance at the specimen face
6.6.1 The specimen holders typically, but not necessarily,
complies with the requirements in Practice G151. are mounted on a revolving cylindrical rack, which is rotated
around the light source at a speed dependent on the type of
6.3 Instrument Calibration—To ensure standardization and
equipment, and which is centered both horizontally and verti-
accuracy, the instruments associated with the exposure
cally with respect to the exposure area in the specimen holders.
apparatus, for example, timers, thermometers, wet bulb
6.6.2 Specimen holders may be in the form of an open
sensors, dry bulb sensors, humidity sensors, UV sensors and
frame, leaving the back of the specimen exposed, or they may
radiometers, require periodic calibration to ensure repeatability
provide the specimen with a solid backing. Any backing used
of test results. Whenever possible, calibration should be
may affect test results and shall be agreed upon in advance
traceable to national or international standards. Calibration
between the interested parties.
schedule and procedure should be in accordance with manu-
facturer’s instructions. 6.7 Apparatus to Assess Changes in Properties—Use the
apparatus required by the ASTM or other standard that
6.4 Thermometer—Either insulated or uninsulated black or
describes determination of the property or properties being
white panel thermometers may be used. Thermometers shall
monitored.
conform to the descriptions found in Practice G151. The type
of thermometer used, the method of mounting on specimen
7. Test Specimen
holder, and the exposure temperature shall be stated in the test
7.1 Refer to Practice G151.
report.
6.4.1 Some specifications may requ
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