ASTM D3950-00

Standard Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers nonmetallic strapping and joining methods intended for use in closing, reinforcing, and bundling articles for shipment, unitizing, palletizing, and bracing for car loading and truck loading.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Oct-2001
• ICS: 55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
• Technical Committee: D10 - Packaging
• Drafting Committee: D10.25 - Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D3950-01 - Standard Specification for Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D8505/D8505M-23 - Standard Specification for Basalt and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D4727/D4727M-22 - Standard Specification for Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard Sheet Stock (Container Grade) and Cut Shapes
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D5168-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication and Closure of Triple-Wall Corrugated Fiberboard Containers
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM B660-21 - Standard Practices for Packaging/Packing of Aluminum and Magnesium Products
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D4675-14a(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials¹
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D1974/D1974M-22 - Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM D5118/D5118M-22 - Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001
• Referred By: ASTM A700-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods for Steel Products for Shipment
• Effective Date: 10-Oct-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3950 – 00
Standard Specification for
Strapping, Nonmetallic (and Joining Methods)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3950; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Grade 3—Heavy duty.
Type IA —Strapping, bonded, or woven polyester cord.
1.1 This specification covers nonmetallic strapping and
Grade 1—Light duty.
joining methods intended for use in closing, reinforcing, and
Grade 2—Regular duty.
Grade 3—Heavy duty.
bundling articles for shipment, unitizing, palletizing, and
Grade 4—Extra heavy duty.
bracing for car loading and truck loading.
Grade 5—Special duty.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Type II — Strapping, polyolefin plastic.
Type III — Strapping, nylon plastic.
as standard.
Type IV — Strapping, polyester plastic.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test method portion, Section 12, of this specification: This
5. Ordering Information
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
5.1 The inquiry and order shall indicate the following:
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
5.1.1 Type, grade, and dimensions required (see 4.1 and
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
7.1),
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
5.1.2 Length per coil (see 8.1),
tions prior to use.
5.1.3 Joining method (see 6.2), type and size required (if
needed),
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.4 If an embossed finish on strapping is desired or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
allowed (see Footnote in Table 1),
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
5.1.5 Make and model of strapping equipment that the
ments
strapping and joining method must work in, if applicable,
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
5.1.6 Coil dimensions (see 8.1),
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
5.1.7 Level of packaging and packing if other than commer-
Packaging Components for Testing
cial (see Section 15), and
2.2 Other Standards:
5.1.8 ASTM designation and date of issue.
ANSI/ASQC Z 1.4 Sampling Procedures and Tables for
Inspection by Attributes
6. Materials and Manufacture
ANSI/ASQC Z 1.9 Sampling Procedures and Tables for
6.1 Materials shall be of the quality necessary to meet the
Inspection by Variables for Percent Nonconforming
physical requirements within the allowable dimensions.
6.1.1 Type I—Strapping shall consist of longitudinal rayon
3. Terminology
cords bonded with a plastic binder so that a nonwoven material
3.1 For general definitions of packaging and distribution
is formed.
environments, see Terminology D 996.
6.1.1.1 Type IA—Strapping shall consist of longitudinal
polyester cords bonded with a plastic binder to form a
4. Classification
nonwoven material or longitudinal polyester cords woven with
4.1 Types and Grades:
a weft thread and treated with a plastic binder to form a woven
Type I —Strapping, bonded rayon cord.
material.
Grade 1—Light duty.
6.1.2 Type II—Strapping shall be an extruded, oriented
Grade 2—Regular duty.
polyolefin.
6.1.3 Type III—Strapping shall be an extruded, oriented
nylon.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing 6.1.4 Type IV—Strapping shall be an extruded, oriented
and Unitizing of Loads.
polyester.
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally
6.2 Joining Methods— If seals or buckles are to be used,
published as D 3950 – 80. Last previous edition D 3950 – 96.
they shall be steel and have a coating of zinc, black iron oxide,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 3950
A
TABLE 1 Breaking Strengths of Type II Strapping (PP) TABLE 2 Breaking Strengths of Type I Bonded Rayon Cord
Strapping
Nominal Width Nominal Thickness Minimum Breaking
A B
of Strapping, of Strapping, in. (mm) Strength, lbf (N)
Nominal Width
Minimum Breaking
in. (mm)
of Strapping, Grade
Strength, lbf (N)
in. (mm)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.0135 (0.34) 134 (600)
0.236 (6.0) 0.0130 (0.33) 135 (600) ⁄4 (6.4) 2 235 (1045)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.015 (0.38) 180 (810)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.018 (0.46) 190 (850)
⁄8 (9.5) 1 290 (1290)
0.236 (6.0) 0.0173 (0.44) 190 (850)
2 350 (1555)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.025 (0.64) 200 (900)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0142 (0.36) 225 (1 000)
⁄2 (12.7) 1 410 (1820)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0173 (0.44) 270 (1 200)
2 465 (2070)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0181 (0.46) 270 (1 200)
⁄8 (15.9) 1 525 (2335)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.018 (0.46) 250 (1 120) 2 585 (2600)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.015 (0.36) 290 (1 300)
3 765 (3400)
0.413 (10.5) 0.0201 (0.51) 360 (1 600)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.020 (0.51) 390 (1 750)
⁄4 (19.1) 1 640 (2845)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.025 (0.64) 400 (1 790) 2 700 (3110)
0.413 (10.5) 0.0248 (0.63) 460 (2 050)
3 900 (4000)
0.413 (10.5) 0.0295 (0.75) 550 (2 450)l
1 ⁄4 (31.8) 3 1575 (7005)
⁄16 (11.1) 0.014 (0.36) 300 (1 340)
A
Range of elongation at break is from 10 to 15 %.
⁄16 (11.1) 0.019 (0.48) 350 (1 570)
0.472 (12.0) 0.0169 (0.43) 360 (1 600)
A
⁄16 (11.1) 0.023 (0.58) 420 (1 880)
TABLE 3 Breaking Strengths of Type IA Bonded or Woven
⁄16 (11.1) 0.025 (0.64) 450 (2 020)
Polyester Cord Strapping
0.472 (12.0) 0.0212 (0.54) 460 (2 050)
Nominal Width
0.472 (12.0) 0.0252 (0.64) 550 (2 450)
Minimum Breaking
of Strapping, Grade
⁄16 (11.1) 0.030 (0.76) 550 (2 460)
Strength, lbf (N)
in. (mm)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.017 (0.43) 350 (1 570)
⁄4 (6.4) 2 300 (1 335)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.015 (0.38) 390 (1 750)
(6.0) 3 540 (2 400)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.022 (0.56) 450 (2 020)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.020 (0.51) 530 (2 370)
⁄8 (9.5) 2 450 (2 000)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.026 (0.66) 550 (2 460)
(9.0) 3 780 (3 480)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.025 (0.64) 660 (2 960)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.030 (0.76) 810 (3 630)
⁄2 (12.7) 1 400 (1 780)
(12.7) 2 600 (2 670)
⁄8 (15.9) 0.015 (0.38) 500 (2 240)
(13.0) 3 1 050 (4 670)
⁄8 (15.9) 0.020 (0.51) 680 (3 050)
(13.0) 4 1 360 (6 050)
⁄8 (15.9) 0.030 (0.76) 950 (4 260)
⁄8 (15.9) 1 500 (2 225)
⁄4 (19.1) 0.020 (0.51) 725 (3 250)
(15.9) 2 725 (3 225)
(16.0) 3 1 310 (5 830)
1 ⁄4 (31.8) 0.035 (0.89) 2 200 (9 860)
(16.0) 4 1 650 (7 340)
1 ⁄4 (31.8) 0.050 (1.27) 3 100 (13 900)
A 3
⁄4 (19.1) 2 900 (4 000)
When specified (see 5.1.4), the strapping as measured by a flat anvil
(19.0) 3 1 585 (7 060)
micrometer shall have an embossed finish which yields an overall nominal
(19.0) 4 1 830 (8 150)
thickness no greater than twice the nominal thickness of smooth-surfaced strap-
(19.0) 5 2 600 (11 570)
ping of the same width and breaking strength.
B
Range of elongation at break is from 10 to 35 %.
1 ⁄4 (32.0) 2 1 830 (8 150)
(32.0) 3 2 105 (9 370)
or equivalent protection from corrosion, or buckles may be
(32.0) 4 3 285 (14 620)
made of plastic. (32.0) 5 4 200 (18 680)
1 ⁄2 (38.0) 5 5 400 (24 030)
A
7. Mechanical Properties
Range of elongation at break is from 9 to 15 %.
7.1 Breaking Strength and Elongation (see 12.2):
7.1.1 Type I and Type IA strapping shall conform to the 7.3.1 Type I and Type IA Grade 1 and Grade 2 joined
breaking strengths and elongations prescribed in Table 2 and strapping shall have a strength of not less than 45% of the
Table 3. minimum breaking strength of the strapping grade and size
7.1.2 Type II strapping shall conform to the breaking listed in Table 2 and Table 3.
strengths and elongations prescribed in Table 1. 7.3.2 Type IA Grade 3, Grade 4, and Grade 5 joined
7.1.3 Type III strapping shall conform to the breaking strapping shall have a strength of not less than 55 % of the
minimum breaking strength of the strapping grade and size
strengths and elongations prescribed in Table 4.
7.1.4 Type IV strapping shall conform to the breaking listed in Table 3. Test data are available to substantiate this
strengths and elongations prescribed in Table 5. conclusion.
7.2 Transverse strength of Types I and IA strapping shall be 7.3.3 Types II, III, and IV joined strapping shall have a
a minimum of 2.75 lbf (12.2 N) and 2.25 lbf (10 N), strength of not less than 45 % of the minimum breaking
respectively, when tested in accordance with 12.4. strength corresponding to the dimensions of the strap listed in
7.3 Joint Strength (see 12.3). Table 1, Table 4, or Table 5.
D 3950
TABLE 4 Breaking Strengths of Type III Strapping (Nylon) TABLE 6 Minimum Feet Per Coil for Type I and Type IA
Strapping
Nominal Width Nominal Thickness Minimum Breaking
A
A
of Strapping, of Strapping, in. (mm) Strength, lbf (N)
Nominal Width Minimum Feet (Metres)
in. (mm)
of Strapping, Grade Per 5 ⁄2-in. (140-mm)
B
in. (mm) Wide Coil
⁄16 (11.1) 0.017 (0.43) 420 (1870)
0.023 (0.58) 560 (2490) 1
⁄4 (6.0) 2 7800 (2380)
0.029 (0.74) 700 (3110)
(6.0) 3 8250 (2520)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.015 (0.38) 420 (1870) 3
⁄8 (9.0) 1 and 2 4950 (1510)
0.020 (0.51) 560 (2490)
(9.0) 3 4950 (1510)
0.025 (0.64) 700 (3110)
⁄2 (13.0) 1 and 2 3900 (1190)
0.030 (0.76) 900 (4000)
(13.0) 3 4170 (1270)
A (13.0) 4 3300 (1010)
Range of elongation at break is from 12 to 25 %.
⁄8 (16.0) 1 and 2 3000 (910)
(16.0) 3 3300 (1010)
(16.0) 4 2490 (760)
TABLE 5 Breaking Strengths of Type IV Strapping (PET)
⁄4 (19.0) 2 2100 (640)
Nominal Width
Nominal Thickness Minimum Breaking (19.0) 3 2490 (760)
of Strapping,
A
(19.0) 4 1655 (500)
of Strapping, in. (mm) Strength, lbf (N)
in. (mm)
1 ⁄4 (32.0) 2, 3, and 4 330 (100)
(32.0) 5 450 (140)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.015 (0.38) 310 (1380)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0205 (0.52) 400 (1780) A
1 3
The width tolerance shall be + ⁄32 in. ( + 0.79 mm) and − ⁄32 in. (−2.37 mm).
⁄8 (9.5) 0.020 (0.51) 420 (1870)
B
1 1
1 ⁄4-in. (32-mm) strapping may be ribbon-wound 1 ⁄4-in. (32-mm) wide coil.
0.413 (10.5) 0.0205 (0.52) 460 (2050)
0.413 (10.5) 0.024 (0.61) 560 (2490)
9.3 Splices may be made if they do not affect the service-
⁄16 (11.1) 0.016 (0.41) 360 (1600)
ability of the strapping in strapping equipment and have a
⁄16 (11.1) 0.020 (0.51) 460 (2050)
break strength equal to at least 50% of the strap break strength.
0.472 (12.0) 0.0175 (0.44) 470 (2090)
7 No more than one splice per coil will be permitted.
⁄16 (11.1) 0.022 (0.56) 500 (2220)
0.472 (12.0) 0.0205 (0.52) 560 (2490)
10. Sampling Plan
⁄16 (11.1) 0.024 (0.61) 560 (2490)
0.472 (12.0) 0.0280 (0.71) 750 (3340)
10.1 Where it can be demonstrated that a supplier’s quality
control system provides a similar degree of assurance as that
⁄2 (12.7) 0.015 (0.38) 420 (1870)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.017 (0.43) 470 (2090)
obtained through the use of this specification, the supplier may
⁄2 (12.7) 0.020 (0.51) 560 (2490)
use that system in place of the system described in this
⁄2 (12.7) 0.025 (0.64) 700 (3110)
specification. In case of conflict, provisions set forth in
⁄2 (12.7) 0.028 (0.71) 750 (3340)
⁄2 (12.7) 0.030 (0.76) 850 (3780)
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 shall be used.
10.2 Lot Size—The lot size shall be expressed in units of
⁄8 (15.9) 0.020 (0.51) 700 (3110)
5 coils or joining methods, or both, and shall consist of all
⁄8 (15.9) 0.025 (0.64) 870 (3870)
⁄8 (15.9) 0.030 (0.76) 1060 (4720)
products of one type, grade, and size offered for acceptance at
⁄8 (15.9) 0.035 (0.89) 1200 (5328)
one time.
⁄8 (15.9) 0.035 (0.89) 1300 (5770)
10.3 Unit Sample— One coil or one joining method shall be
⁄8 (19.1) 0.040 (1.02) 1500 (6660)
⁄4 (19.1) 0.040 (1.02) 1750 (7770)
considered a unit. A minimum of 10 ft (3.05 m) per coil of
⁄4 (19.1) 0.050 (1.27) 2250 (9990)
strapping is required to perform the tests.
⁄4 (19.1) 0.055 (1.40) 2400 (10 660)
10.4 Rate of Sampling— The rate of sampling shall be in
⁄4 (19.1) 0.060 (1.53) 2500 (11 100)
A
accordance with ANSI/ASQC Z1.9; Table A-2 reduced inspec-
Range of elongation at break is from 5 to 25 %.
tion level shall be used.
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
11. Number of Tests
8.1 The minimum length per coil of strapping shall be as
11.1 Tests—For the determination of break strength, elon-
specified in the following tables according to type, grade, size,
gation, transverse strength, and sealed joint strength, an aver-
and coil width. The coil shall be an oscillating or ribbon wind.
age of three specimens per coil shall be considered a complete
8.1.1 Type I and Type IA strapping shall be furnished with
test.
the minimum feet per coil according to size and grade as
11.2 Retests—When testing for elongation, if the specimen
prescribed in Table 6.
fails outside of the center third of the gage length or within 1
8.1.2 Types II, III, and IV strapping shall be furnished with
in. of the jaws, a retest shall be made. If the percentage of
the minimum feet per coil in accordance with the size and coil
elongation or the break strength is less than the specified
width in Table 7.
minimum, a retest is permitted. In this retest, three consecutive
specimens must meet the minimum requirements.
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
12. Test Methods
9.1 Type I and Type IA strapping shall be straight, clean,
have good webbing, and be free of cracks and other defects that 12.1 The purpose of these test methods is to determine the
may affect the serviceability. strength of the strapping and elongation, and the strength when
9.2 Types II, III, and IV strapping shall be straight, clean, the ends of the strapping are joined together.
and free of kinks, edge curvature, cracks, and other defects that 12.2 The major properties of strapping used to reinforce
may affect the serviceability. packages or bundle objects are the strapping tensile strength,
D 3950
TABLE 7 Minimum Feet (Metres) Per Coil; Types II, III and IV Strapping
Minimum Feet Minimum Feet
A B
Nominal Width of Strapping, in. Nominal Thickness of Minimum Feet (Metres) Minimum Feet (Metres)
(Metres) (Metres)
C C
(mm) Strapping, in. (mm) Per 5 ⁄4-in. Wide Coil Per 6-in. Wide Coil
C C
Per 3-in. Wide Coil Per 7 ⁄2-in. Wide Coil
⁄4 (6.4) 0.0135 (0.34) 19 500 (5 940)
0.236 (6.0) 0.0130 (0.33) 19 995 (6 095) 21 990 (6 705)
0.236 (6.0) 0.0130 (0.33) 2 490 (760)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.015 (0.38) 9 000 (2 740) 18 000 (5 490)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.018 (0.46) 15 000 (4 570)
0.236 (6.0) 0.0173 (0.44) 15 000 (4 570) 15 990 (4 875)
⁄4 (6.4) 0.025 (0.64) 12 900 (3 930)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0142 (0.36) 12 495 (3 810)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0173 (0.44) 9 990 (3 045)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0181 (0.46) 13 500 (4 115) 11 250 (3 430)
0.354 (9.0) 0.0205 (0.52) 12 495 (3 810)
⁄8 (9.5) 0.018 (0.46) 9 000 (2 740) 12 90
...