ASTM C1401-14(2022)

Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The old saying “A chain is only as strong as its weakest link” is very applicable to a SSG system. In reality, a SSG system, to be successful, must establish and maintain a chain of adhesion. For example, a factory applied finish must adhere adequately to a metal framing member, a structural glazing sealant to that metal finish, that structural glazing sealant to a reflective coating on a glass lite, and lastly, that reflective coating to a glass surface. This guide will assist in the identification and development of, among others, performance criteria, test methods, and industry practices that should be implemented to obtain the required structural glazing sealant adhesion and compatibility with other system components.  
5.2 Although this guide has been arranged to permit easy access to specific areas of interest, it is highly recommended that the entire guide is read and understood before establishing the requirements for a particular SSG system.  
5.3 This guide should not be the only criteria upon which the design and installation of a SSG system is based. The information herein is provided to assist in the development of a specific program with a goal of achieving a successful SSG system installation. Information and guidelines are provided for the evaluation, design, installation, and maintenance of a SSG system and many of its various components. Considering the range of properties of structural glazing silicone sealants, as well as the many types of framing system designs, material combinations that can be used, various material finishes, and the many types and varieties of accessories, the information contained herein is general in nature.  
5.4 Generally, the design, fabrication, and installation of a SSG system requires more technical knowledge and experience then is required for a conventionally glazed window or curtain wall system. To ensure the success of a SSG system, it is important that suppliers, fabricators, and installers of materials an...
SCOPE
1.1 Structural sealant glazing, hereinafter referred to as SSG, is an application where a sealant not only can function as a barrier against the passage of air and water through a building envelope, but also primarily provides structural support and attachment of glazing or other components to a window, curtain wall, or other framing system.  
1.2 This guide provides information useful to design professionals, manufacturers, contractors, and others for the design and installation of a SSG system. This information is applicable only to this glazing method when used for a building wall that is not more than 15° from vertical; however, limited information is included concerning a sloped SSG application.  
1.3 Only a silicone chemically curing sealant specifically formulated, tested, and marketed for structural sealant glazing is acceptable for a SSG system application.  
1.4 The committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standard published by other organizations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. SI units in this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2022
• ICS: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
• Technical Committee: C24 - Building Seals and Sealants
• Drafting Committee: C24.10 - Specifications, Guides and Practices

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1401 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Structural Sealant Glazing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 Structural sealant glazing, hereinafter referred to as
2.1 ASTM Standards:
SSG, is an application where a sealant not only can function as
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
a barrier against the passage of air and water through a building
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
envelope, but also primarily provides structural support and
Stone
attachment of glazing or other components to a window,
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
curtain wall, or other framing system.
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
1.2 This guide provides information useful to design
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
professionals, manufacturers, contractors, and others for the
C509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gas-
design and installation of a SSG system. This information is
ket and Sealing Material
applicable only to this glazing method when used for a building
C510 Test Method for Staining and Color Change of Single-
wall that is not more than 15° from vertical; however, limited
or Multicomponent Joint Sealants
information is included concerning a sloped SSG application.
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
1.3 Only a silicone chemically curing sealant specifically
formulated, tested, and marketed for structural sealant glazing C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
is acceptable for a SSG system application. C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-
meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman
1.4 The committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not
Cycle)
aware of any comparable standard published by other organi-
C794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint
zations.
Sealants
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
C864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
SI units in this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
10.
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pered Flat Glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C1087 Test Method for Determining Compatibility of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Liquid-Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Struc-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tural Glazing Systems
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
C1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Gaskets and Accessories
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
C1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Prop-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
erties of Structural Sealants
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1184 Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building Seals
and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on
Specifications, Guides and Practices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2022. Published July 2012. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1401–14. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1401-14R22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1401 − 14 (2022)
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage
Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors
Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air
Pressure Difference Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences
Across the Specimen
C1248 Test Method for Staining of Porous Substrate by Joint
E1425 Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance
Sealants
of Windows, Doors, Skylight, and Glazed Wall Systems
C1249 Guide for Secondary Seal for Sealed Insulating Glass
E1825 Guide for Evaluation of Building Exterior Enclosure
Units for Structural Sealant Glazing Applications
Materials, Products, and Systems
C1253 Test Method for Determining the Outgassing Poten-
E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
tial of Sealant Backing
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
C1265 Test Method for Determining the Tensile Properties
Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure
of an Insulating Glass Edge Seal for Structural Glazing
Differentials
Applications
E1996 Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
C1294 Test Method for Compatibility of Insulating Glass
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
Edge Sealants with Liquid-Applied Glazing Materials
Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
C1330 Specification for Cylindrical Sealant Backing for Use
E2128 Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building
with Cold Liquid-Applied Sealants
Walls
C1369 Specification for Secondary Edge Sealants for Struc-
E2203 Specification for Dense Thermoplastic Elastomers
turally Glazed Insulating Glass Units
Used for Compression Seals, Gaskets, Setting Blocks,
C1392 Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant
Spacers and Accessories
Glazing
E2099 Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of
C1394 Guide for In-Situ Structural Silicone Glazing Evalu-
Pre-Construction Laboratory Mockups of Exterior Wall
ation
Systems
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects
E2431 Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single
When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal
C1487 Guide for Remedying Structural Silicone Glazing
Loadings
C1521 Practice for Evaluating Adhesion of Installed Weath-
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Test-
erproofing Sealant Joints
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
C1564 Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective
2.2 IEEE/ASTM Standard:
Glazing Systems
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
D2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants
2.3 Aluminum Association Manual:
D4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using
Aluminum Design Manual
Portable Adhesion Testers
2.4 ANSI/ASCE Standard:
E283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage
ANSI/ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and
Other Structures
Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the
2.5 AAMA Standards:
Specimen
501.1 Standard Test Method for Metal Curtain Walls for
E330 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
Water Penetration Using Dynamic Pressure
Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform
501.2 Field Check of Metal Curtain Walls for Water Leak-
Static Air Pressure Difference
age
E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
TIR-A11–1996 Maximum Allowable Deflection of Framing
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uni-
Systems for Building Cladding Components at Design
form Static Air Pressure Difference
Wind Loads
E547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
2.6 ANSI Standard:
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic
Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of
Static Air Pressure Difference
Test for Glazing Materials Used in Buildings
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
2.7 CPSC Standard:
E783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage
16 CFR 1201 Standard on Architectural Glazing Materials
Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
E1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-
etration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air
Available from the Aluminum Association, 900 19th St., N.W. Washington, DC
Pressure Difference
20006.
E1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic
Available from the Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association
Air Pressure Differential
(AAMA).
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in 7
Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC),
Buildings Washington, D.C. 20207.
C1401 − 14 (2022)
3. Terminology 3.2.7 stick system, n—a metal framing system of numerous
elements that is construction site assembled and field glazed,
3.1 Definitions:
usually in-place on the face of a building.
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C119 for definitions of the
following terms used in this guide: dimension stone, granite, 3.2.8 thermal bridge, n—a method that transfers thermal
hysteresis, limestone, and marble. energy, usually by means of a metallic path from the interior to
3.1.2 Refer to Terminology C162 for definitions of the the exterior of a window or curtain wall system.
following terms used in this guide: chip, chipped glass, double
3.2.9 unitized system, n—a panelized metal framing system
glazing unit, flat glass, glass, heat-strengthened glass, heat-
that is preassembled and usually shop-glazed, with the panels
treated, laminated glass, lite, pyrolitic coating, safety glass,
transported to a construction site for erection on a building.
skylight, spandrel glass, tempered glass, thermal stress, tough-
3.3 Symbols:
ened glass, and wave.
3.1.3 Refer to Terminology C717 for definitions of the
A = solar absorptivity coefficient.
following terms used in this guide: adhesive failure, bicellular
α = coefficient of linear thermal movement mm/mm/°C
sealant backing, bite, bond breaker, butt glazing, cell, chemi-
(in./in./°F).
cally curing sealant, closed cell, closed cell material, closed
B = structural sealant joint bite mm (in.).
cell sealant backing, cohesive failure, compatibility,
C = perpendicular distance between parallel sides m (ft).
compound, cure, durability, durability limit, elastomeric,
elongation, gasket, glazing, glazing construction site, hardness,
ΔL = thermal movement mm (in.).
joint, lite, modulus, open cell, open cell material, open cell
ΔT = summer temperature differential °C (°F).
s
sealant backing, outgassing, premature deterioration, primer,
ΔT = winter temperature differential °C (°F).
w
seal, sealant, sealant backing, secant modulus, service life, F = allowable structural sealant dead load stress kPa
d
setting block, shop glazing, silicone sealant, spacer, standard (psi).
conditions, structural sealant, substrate, thickness, and tooling. F = allowable structural sealant tension stress kPa (psi).
t
F = allowable structural sealant shear stress kPa (psi).
3.1.4 Refer to Terminology D1566 for the definition of the v
f = computed tensile stress kPa (psi).
t
following term used in this guide: compression.
f = computed shear stress kPa (psi).
v
3.1.5 Refer to Terminology E631 for the definitions of the
H = heat capacity constant.
following terms used in this guide: air-leakage, anchorage,
L = side of lite or panel m (ft).
anchorage system, building envelope, cladding system, curtain
L = long side of lite or panel m (ft).
wall, glaze, mechanical connection, mockup, operable, panel,
L = short side of the lite or panel m (ft).
performance standard, sealed insulating glass, shop drawing,
% = shear movement percent.
specification, static load, tolerance, water-vapor retarder,
P = lateral load due to wind kPa (psf).
w
weephole, and working drawing.
R = radius of a lite or panel m (ft).
3.1.6 Refer to Terminology G15 for the definition of the
T = structural sealant joint thickness mm (in.).
following term used in this guide: chemical conversion coat- T = ambient summer temperature °C (°F).
a
T = summer surface temperature °C (°F).
ing.
s
T = ambient winter temperature °C (°F).
w
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2 2
W = unit weight of lite or panel kg/m (lb/ft ).
3.2.1 aspect ratio (AR), n—the ratio of the long dimension
φ = angle in degrees.
of the glass to the short dimension of the glass. AR is always
equal to or greater than 1.0.
4. Summary of Guide
3.2.2 negative pressure, n—an applied load, usually wind
4.1 General—This guide has been subdivided into major
induced, that tends to pull a glass lite or panel away from a
headings. A very brief description of each major heading is
building surface.
provided to assist the reader in locating general areas of
3.2.3 opacifier, n—an opaque material applied to the interior
information. For a more detailed listing of guide topics and
facing surface of a glass spandrel panel, which can include
section headings, refer to Appendix X1 for a complete listing
materials, such as adhesively applied organic films, a liquid-
of the numbered sections and their descriptors.
applied silicone coating, or a fired-on ceramic enamel frit.
4.2 Predesign Considerations (Section 6), in general, the
3.2.4 panel, n—a cladding material other than glass that is
responsibilities and relationships of the various participants in
manufactured or fabricated from solid, laminated or composite
SSG system development and implementation.
assemblies of materials such as dimension stone, metal or
plastic.
4.3 Performance Criteria Considerations (Sections 7 – 14),
SSG system structural loads, movements, construction
3.2.5 positive pressure, n—an applied load, usually wind
tolerances, weather tightness, sound transmission, fire
induced, that tends to push a glass l
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1401 − 14 C1401 − 14 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Guide for
Structural Sealant Glazing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1401; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Structural sealant glazing, hereinafter referred to as SSG, is an application where a sealant not only can function as a barrier
against the passage of air and water through a building envelope, but also primarily provides structural support and attachment of
glazing or other components to a window, curtain wall, or other framing system.
1.2 This guide provides information useful to design professionals, manufacturers, contractors, and others for the design and
installation of a SSG system. This information is applicable only to this glazing method when used for a building wall that is not
more than 15° from vertical; however, limited information is included concerning a sloped SSG application.
1.3 Only a silicone chemically curing sealant specifically formulated, tested, and marketed for structural sealant glazing is
acceptable for a SSG system application.
1.4 The committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standard published by other organizations.
1.5 The calculations and values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parenthesis and inch-pound units
are for information only. standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not
considered standard. SI units in this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on Specifications,
Guides and Practices.
Current edition approved June 1, 2014June 1, 2022. Published July 2014July 2012. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
C1401–09a.–14. DOI: 10.1520/C1401-14.10.1520/C1401-14R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1401 − 14 (2022)
C503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone
C509 Specification for Elastomeric Cellular Preformed Gasket and Sealing Material
C510 Test Method for Staining and Color Change of Single- or Multicomponent Joint Sealants
C568 Specification for Limestone Dimension Stone
C615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman Cycle)
C794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C864 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Compression Seal Gaskets, Setting Blocks, and Spacers
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
C1087 Test Method for Determining Compatibility of Liquid-Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Structural Glazing
Systems
C1115 Specification for Dense Elastomeric Silicone Rubber Gaskets and Accessories
C1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Properties of Structural Sealants
C1172 Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
C1184 Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
C1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference
C1248 Test Method for Staining of Porous Substrate by Joint Sealants
C1249 Guide for Secondary Seal for Sealed Insulating Glass Units for Structural Sealant Glazing Applications
C1253 Test Method for Determining the Outgassing Potential of Sealant Backing
C1265 Test Method for Determining the Tensile Properties of an Insulating Glass Edge Seal for Structural Glazing Applications
C1294 Test Method for Compatibility of Insulating Glass Edge Sealants with Liquid-Applied Glazing Materials
C1330 Specification for Cylindrical Sealant Backing for Use with Cold Liquid-Applied Sealants
C1369 Specification for Secondary Edge Sealants for Structurally Glazed Insulating Glass Units
C1392 Guide for Evaluating Failure of Structural Sealant Glazing
C1394 Guide for In-Situ Structural Silicone Glazing Evaluation
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
C1487 Guide for Remedying Structural Silicone Glazing
C1521 Practice for Evaluating Adhesion of Installed Weatherproofing Sealant Joints
C1564 Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
D1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
D2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants
D4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers
E283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under
Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen
E330 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air
Pressure Difference
E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air
Pressure Difference
E547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Static Air Pressure
Difference
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
E1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain
Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference
E1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure
Differential
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under
Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen
E1425 Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylight, and Glazed Wall Systems
E1825 Guide for Evaluation of Building Exterior Enclosure Materials, Products, and Systems
C1401 − 14 (2022)
E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by
Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
E1996 Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by
Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
E2128 Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls
E2203 Specification for Dense Thermoplastic Elastomers Used for Compression Seals, Gaskets, Setting Blocks, Spacers and
Accessories
E2099 Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre-Construction Laboratory Mockups of Exterior Wall Systems
E2431 Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing (Withdrawn 2010)
2.2 IEEE/ASTM Standard:
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
2.3 Aluminum Association Manual:
Aluminum Design Manual
2.4 ANSI/ASCE Standard:
ANSI/ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
2.5 AAMA Standards:
501.1 Standard Test Method for Metal Curtain Walls for Water Penetration Using Dynamic Pressure
501.2 Field Check of Metal Curtain Walls for Water Leakage
TIR-A11–1996 Maximum Allowable Deflection of Framing Systems for Building Cladding Components at Design Wind Loads
2.6 ANSI Standard:
Z97.1 Safety Performance Specifications and Methods of Test for Glazing Materials Used in Buildings
2.7 CPSC Standard:
16 CFR 1201 Standard on Architectural Glazing Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C119 for definitions of the following terms used in this guide: dimension stone, granite, hysteresis,
limestone, and marble.
3.1.2 Refer to Terminology C162 for definitions of the following terms used in this guide: chip, chipped glass, double glazing unit,
flat glass, glass, heat-strengthened glass, heat-treated, laminated glass, lite, pyrolitic coating, safety glass, skylight, spandrel glass,
tempered glass, thermal stress, toughened glass, and wave.
3.1.3 Refer to Terminology C717 for definitions of the following terms used in this guide: adhesive failure, bicellular sealant
backing, bite, bond breaker, butt glazing, cell, chemically curing sealant, closed cell, closed cell material, closed cell sealant
backing, cohesive failure, compatibility, compound, cure, durability, durability limit, elastomeric, elongation, gasket, glazing,
glazing construction site, hardness, joint, lite, modulus, open cell, open cell material, open cell sealant backing, outgassing,
premature deterioration, primer, seal, sealant, sealant backing, secant modulus, service life, setting block, shop glazing, silicone
sealant, spacer, standard conditions, structural sealant, substrate, thickness, and tooling.
3.1.4 Refer to Terminology D1566 for the definition of the following term used in this guide: compression.
3.1.5 Refer to Terminology E631 for the definitions of the following terms used in this guide: air-leakage, anchorage, anchorage
system, building envelope, cladding system, curtain wall, glaze, mechanical connection, mockup, operable, panel, performance
standard, sealed insulating glass, shop drawing, specification, static load, tolerance, water-vapor retarder, weephole, and working
drawing.
3.1.6 Refer to Terminology G15 for the definition of the following term used in this guide: chemical conversion coating.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from the Aluminum Association, 900 19th St., N.W. Washington, DC 20006.
Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Available from the Architectural Aluminum Manufacturers Association (AAMA).
Available from the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), Washington, D.C. 20207.
C1401 − 14 (2022)
3.2.1 aspect ratio (AR), n—the ratio of the long dimension of the glass to the short dimension of the glass. AR is always equal
to or greater than 1.0.
3.2.2 negative pressure, n—an applied load, usually wind induced, that tends to pull a glass lite or panel away from a building
surface.
3.2.3 opacifier, n—an opaque material applied to the interior facing surface of a glass spandrel panel, which can include materials,
such as adhesively applied organic films, a liquid-applied silicone coating, or a fired-on ceramic enamel frit.
3.2.4 panel, n—a cladding material other than glass that is manufactured or fabricated from solid, laminated or composite
assemblies of materials such as dimension stone, metal or plastic.
3.2.5 positive pressure, n—an applied load, usually wind induced, that tends to push a glass lite or panel inward from a building
surface.
3.2.6 snap time, n—the time in minutes at which a multicomponent sealant tears within itself and does not string when a spatula
is removed from the curing sealant.
3.2.7 stick system, n—a metal framing system of numerous elements that is construction site assembled and field glazed, usually
in-place on the face of a building.
3.2.8 thermal bridge, n—a method that transfers thermal energy, usually by means of a metallic path from the interior to the
exterior of a window or curtain wall system.
3.2.9 unitized system, n—a panelized metal framing system that is preassembled and usually shop-glazed, with the panels
transported to a construction site for erection on a building.
3.3 Symbols:
A = solar absorptivity coefficient.
α = coefficient of linear thermal movement mm/mm/°C (in./in./°F).
B = structural sealant joint bite mm (in.).
C = perpendicular distance between parallel sides m (ft).
ΔL = thermal movement mm (in.).
ΔT = summer temperature differential °C (°F).
s
ΔT = winter temperature differential °C (°F).
w
F = allowable structural sealant dead load stress kPa (psi).
d
F = allowable structural sealant tension stress kPa (psi).
t
F = allowable structural sealant shear stress kPa (psi).
v
f = computed tensile stress kPa (psi).
t
f = computed shear stress kPa (psi).
v
H = heat capacity constant.
L = side of lite or panel m (ft).
L = long side of lite or panel m (ft).
L = short side of the lite or panel m (ft).
% = shear movement percent.
P = lateral load due to wind kPa (psf).
w
R = radius of a lite or panel m (ft).
T = structural sealant joint thickness mm (in.).
T = ambient summer temperature °C (°F).
a
T = summer surface temperature °C (°F).
s
T = ambient winter temperature °C (°F).
w
2 2
W = unit weight of lite or panel kg/m (lb/ft ).
φ = angle in degrees.
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