ASTM C1153-10(2015)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging
Standard Practice for Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using Infrared Imaging
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is used to outline the minimum necessary elements and conditions to obtain an accurate determination of the location of wet insulation in roofing systems using infrared imaging.
4.2 This practice is not meant to be an instructional document or to provide all the knowledge and background necessary to provide an accurate analysis. For further information, see ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 and ISO/DP 6781.3E.
4.3 This practice does not provide methods to determine the cause of moisture or its point of entry. It does not address the suitability of any particular system to function capably as waterproofing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that employ infrared imaging at night to determine the location of wet insulation in roofing systems that have insulation above the deck in contact with the waterproofing. This practice includes ground-based and aerial inspections. (Warning—Extreme caution shall be taken when accessing or walking on roof surfaces and when operating aircraft at low altitudes, especially at night.) (Warning—It is a good safety practice for at least two people to be present on the roof surface at all times when ground-based inspections are being conducted.)
1.2 This practice addresses criteria for infrared equipment such as minimum resolvable temperature difference, spectral range, instantaneous field of view, and field of view.
1.3 This practice addresses meteorological conditions under which infrared inspections shall be performed.
1.4 This practice addresses the effect of roof construction, material differences, and roof conditions on infrared inspections.
1.5 This practice addresses operating procedures, operator qualifications, and operating practices.
1.6 This practice also addresses verification of infrared data using invasive test methods.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.1.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C1153 −10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Practice for
Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using
Infrared Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that employ infrared
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
imaging at night to determine the location of wet insulation in
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
roofing systems that have insulation above the deck in contact
E1149 Definitions of Terms Relating to Ndt by Infrared
with the waterproofing. This practice includes ground-based
Thermography (Withdrawn 1991)
and aerial inspections. (Warning—Extreme caution shall be
E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Dif-
taken when accessing or walking on roof surfaces and when
ference for Thermal Imaging Systems
operating aircraft at low altitudes, especially at night.)
2.2 ANSI-ASHRAE Standard:
(Warning—It is a good safety practice for at least two people
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101—Application of Infrared
to be present on the roof surface at all times when ground-
Sensing Devices to theAssessment of Building Heat Loss
based inspections are being conducted.)
Characteristics
1.2 This practice addresses criteria for infrared equipment
2.3 ISO Standard:
such as minimum resolvable temperature difference, spectral
ISO/DP 6781.3E—Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detec-
range, instantaneous field of view, and field of view.
tion of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—
1.3 This practice addresses meteorological conditions under Infrared Method
which infrared inspections shall be performed.
3. Terminology
1.4 This practice addresses the effect of roof construction,
3.1 Definitions:
material differences, and roof conditions on infrared inspec-
3.1.1 blackbody, n—the ideal, perfect emitter and absorber
tions.
ofthermalradiation.Itemitsradiantenergyateachwavelength
1.5 This practice addresses operating procedures, operator
at the maximum rate possible as a consequence of its
qualifications, and operating practices.
temperature, and absorbs all incident radiance. (See Terminol-
ogy C168.)
1.6 This practice also addresses verification of infrared data
using invasive test methods. 3.1.2 core, n, n—a small sample encompassing at least 13
cm of the roof surface area taken by cutting through the roof
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
membrane and insulation and removing the insulation to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
determine its composition, condition, and moisture content.
standard.
3.1.3 detection, n—the condition at which there is a consis-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tent indication that a thermal difference is present on the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surface of the roof. Detection of thermal anomalies can be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
accomplished when they are large enough and close enough to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
be within the spatial resolution capabilities of the imaging
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
system; that is, when their width is at least two times the
tionary statements are given in 1.1.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal the ASTM website.
Measurement. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1153 – 10. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/C1153-10R15. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1153−10 (2015)
productoftheinstantaneousfieldofview(IFOV)(see3.1.8)of 3.1.17 thermal anomaly, n—a thermal pattern of a surface
the system and the distance from the system to the surface of that varies from a uniform color or tone when viewed with an
the roof divided by 1000. infrared imaging system. Wet insulation is capable of causing
thermal anomalies.
3.1.4 emittance, ε,n—theratiooftheradiantfluxemittedby
a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same 3.1.18 thermogram, n—a recorded visual image that maps
temperature and under the same conditions. (See Terminology
the apparent temperature pattern of an object or scene into a
C168.) corresponding contrast or color pattern. (See Terminology
E1149 with the word “recorded” added.)
3.1.5 expansion joint, n—a structural separation or flexible
connection between two building elements that allows free
4. Significance and Use
movementbetweentheelementswithoutdamagetotheroofing
or waterproofing system. (See Terminology D1079.) 4.1 This practice is used to outline the minimum necessary
elements and conditions to obtain an accurate determination of
3.1.6 field-of-view, (FOV), n—the total angular dimensions,
the location of wet insulation in roofing systems using infrared
expressed in radians, within which objects are imaged, dis-
imaging.
played and recorded by a stationary imaging device.
4.2 This practice is not meant to be an instructional docu-
3.1.7 infrared imaging system, n—an apparatus that con-
ment or to provide all the knowledge and background neces-
verts the spatial variations in infrared radiance from a surface
sary to provide an accurate analysis. For further information,
into a two-dimensional image, in which variations in radiance
see ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 and ISO/DP 6781.3E.
are displayed as a range of colors or tones.
3.1.8 instantaneous field of view, (IFOV), n—the smallest 4.3 This practice does not provide methods to determine the
angle, in milliradians, that will be instantaneously resolved by cause of moisture or its point of entry. It does not address the
a particular infrared imaging system. suitability of any particular system to function capably as
waterproofing.
3.1.9 membrane, n—a flexible or semiflexible roof covering
or waterproofing whose primary function is the exclusion of
5. Infrared Survey Techniques
water. (See Terminology D1079.)
5.1 Ground-Based:
3.1.10 minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD),
5.1.1 Walk-Over—Walking on a roof using an infrared
n—a measure of the ability of operators of an infrared imaging
imaging system. Imaging systems are hand-carried or mounted
systemtodiscerntemperaturedifferenceswiththatsystem.The
on a cart, is required. Thermograms are taken of areas of
MRTD is the minimum temperature difference between a four
interest. Areas that appear to contain wet insulation are
slot test pattern of defined shape and size and its blackbody
identified and marked for verification.
background at which an average observer is capable of
5.1.2 Elevated Vantage Point—Use of an infrared imaging
discerning the pattern with that infrared imaging system at a
system from an elevated vantage point provides an improved
defined distance.
view of the roof.
3.1.11 moisture meter probe, n—an invasive (electrical re-
5.2 Aerial:
sistance or galvanometric type) test that entails the insertion of
5.2.1 Real-Time Imaging—Use of an infrared imaging sys-
a meter probe(s) through the roof membrane to indicate the
tem from an aircraft. Thermograms are obtained for the entire
presence of moisture within the roofing system.
roof.
3.1.12 radiance, n—the rate of radiant emission per unit
solid angle and per unit projected area of a source in a stated
6. Instrument Requirements
angular direction from the surface (usually the normal). (See
6.1 General:
Terminology C168.)
6.1.1 Objective—Instrument requirements have been estab-
3.1.13 recognition, n—the ability to differentiate between
lished in order to permit location of insulation that has lost as
different types of thermal patterns such as board-stock, picture-
little as 20 % of its insulating ability because it contains
framed and amorphous. Recognition of thermal anomalies is
moisture.
accomplished when their width is at least eight times the
6.1.2 Spectral Range—The infrared imaging system shall
product of the IFOV of the infrared imaging system and the
operate within a spectral range from 2 to 14 µm. A spot
distance from the system to the surface of the roof divided by
radiometer or nonimaging line scanner is not sufficient.
1000.
6.1.3 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference
3.1.14 roof section, n—a portion of a roof that is separated
(MRTD)—The MRTD at 20°C shall be 0.3°C.
from adjacent portions by walls or expansion joints and in
6.1.3.1 The survey shall be conducted with the thermal
which there are no major changes in the components.
imaging system only on sensitivity settings that meet this
3.1.15 roofing system, n—an assembly of interacting com-
requirement.
ponents designed to weatherproof, and normally to insulate, a
6.1.4 Test for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference:
building’s top surface. (See Terminology D1079.)
6.1.4.1 Instrument Setting—The thermal imaging system
3.1.16 survey window, n—the time period during which roof shall be tested at each sensitivity that the system will be used.
moisture surveys are successfully conducted according to the 6.1.4.2 Test Target Pattern—The test target shall consist of
requirements of Section 10. two plates with known temperatures, located in front of the
C1153−10 (2015)
imaging system. The near plate shall have four equally spaced distance, (d), in metres from the infrared imaging system to the
slots each having 7:1 height-to-width ratio (see Fig. 1). place on the roof being scanned as follows:
6.1.4.3 Test Geometry—Refer to Fig. 1. The ratio of the
IFOV 5 18.8/d
width, (w), on the test pattern to the distance, (d), to the
The minimum horizontal FOV shall be 1.0/d and the
imagingsystemshallbeestablished,usingthemaximumIFOV
minimum vertical FOV shall be 0.5/d, both expressed in rad.
allowed for the type of survey being conducted, as follows:
6.4 Aerial Surveys:
w/d,0.002 ~IFOV!
6.4.1 Anomaly Size—Aerialsurveysshallbeconductedwith
where:
infraredimagingsystemsthathavetheabilitytodetectareasof
w and d are in the same units and IFOV is in milliradians.
wet insulation as small as 0.3 m on a side directly below the
MaximumallowablevaluesofIFOVaredefinedin6.2.2,6.3.2,
system.
and 6.4.2.
6.4.2 Detection Distance, FOV and IFOV—Detection is
6.1.4.4 Test Procedure—In accordance with Test Method
accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in metres,
E1213, the temperature difference between the two plates of
is at least 0.002 times the product of the IFOV of the system
the target is slowly increased without communicating with the
and the distance, in metres, from the system to the anomaly.
observer. The observer announces when the test pattern comes
The maximum allowable IFOV is related to the vertical
into view on the display. The temperature at this point is
distance (d), in metres, above the roof, as follows:
recorded.
IFOV 5 150/d
6.1.4.5 Test Replicates—Because of differences in visual
acuity, more than one observer shall perform the procedure in
The FOV along the line of flight and across the line of flight
6.1.4.4. The average temperature difference is the MRTD for
shall be at least 0.05 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively. The usable
that test condition.
field of view shall be within 0.35 rad of a point directly below
the infrared imaging system.
6.2 Walk-Over Surveys:
6.2.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been
7. Level of Knowledge
established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as
small as 0.15 m on a side.
7.1 The proper conduct of a roof moisture survey using an
6.2.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Recognition
infrared imaging system requires knowledge of how and under
is accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in
what circumstances the system is used and a general under-
metres, is at least 0.008 times the product of the IFOV of the
standing of roof construction.
system and the distance, in metres, from the system to the
7.2 Proper interpretation of infrared data requires knowl-
anomaly. Since the walkover survey shall be accomplished at a
edge of infrared theory, moisture migration, heat transfer,
maximum distance of 5 m, the IFOV of the apparatus shall be
environmental effects, and roof construction as they apply to
3.8milliradians,orless.ThehorizontalandverticalFOVsshall
roof moisture analysis.
be at least 0.21 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively.
6.3 Elevated Vantage Point Surveys:
8. Limitations (Applicability of Constructions)
6.3.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been
8.1 Applicable constructions include membrane systems
established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as
containing any of the commercially available rigid insulation
small as 0.15 m on a side.
boards. This includes boards made of organic fibers, perlite,
6.3.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Since recog-
cork, fibrous glass, cellular glass, polystyrene, polyurethane,
nition must be possible at distances greater than 5 m, the
isocyanurate,andphenolic.Compositeboards,taperedsystems
maximum allowable IFOV in milliradians is related to
made from these materials and roofs insulated with foamed in
place polyurethane are able to be inspected.
8.2 When extruded polystyrene insulation is placed under
ballast and above a protected membrane, it is quite difficult to
locatemoistureintheinsulationbelowthemembranebyuseof
infrared thermography.
8.3 Wetappliedinsulationssuchaslightweightconcreteand
wet applied decks such as gypsum are difficult to survey since
they are capable of retaining significant quantities of construc-
tion water.
8.4 When moisture sensitive materials are located under
pavers, stone ballast or insulating gravel (for example, scoria),
or layers of dry insulation, thermal anomalies on the surface of
the roo
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1153 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Practice for
Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using
Infrared Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that employ infrared
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
imaging at night to determine the location of wet insulation in
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
roofing systems that have insulation above the deck in contact
E1149 Definitions of Terms Relating to Ndt by Infrared
with the waterproofing. This practice includes ground-based
Thermography (Withdrawn 1991)
and aerial inspections. (Warning—Extreme caution shall be
E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Dif-
taken when accessing or walking on roof surfaces and when
ference for Thermal Imaging Systems
operating aircraft at low altitudes, especially at night.)
2.2 ANSI-ASHRAE Standard:
(Warning—It is a good safety practice for at least two people
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101—Application of Infrared
to be present on the roof surface at all times when ground-
Sensing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss
based inspections are being conducted.)
Characteristics
1.2 This practice addresses criteria for infrared equipment
2.3 ISO Standard:
such as minimum resolvable temperature difference, spectral
ISO/DP 6781.3E—Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detec-
range, instantaneous field of view, and field of view.
tion of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—
1.3 This practice addresses meteorological conditions under Infrared Method
which infrared inspections shall be performed.
3. Terminology
1.4 This practice addresses the effect of roof construction,
3.1 Definitions:
material differences, and roof conditions on infrared inspec-
3.1.1 blackbody, n—the ideal, perfect emitter and absorber
tions.
of thermal radiation. It emits radiant energy at each wavelength
1.5 This practice addresses operating procedures, operator
at the maximum rate possible as a consequence of its
qualifications, and operating practices.
temperature, and absorbs all incident radiance. (See Terminol-
ogy C168.)
1.6 This practice also addresses verification of infrared data
3.1.2 core, n, n—a small sample encompassing at least 13
using invasive test methods.
cm of the roof surface area taken by cutting through the roof
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
membrane and insulation and removing the insulation to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
determine its composition, condition, and moisture content.
standard.
3.1.3 detection, n—the condition at which there is a consis-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tent indication that a thermal difference is present on the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
surface of the roof. Detection of thermal anomalies can be
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
accomplished when they are large enough and close enough to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
be within the spatial resolution capabilities of the imaging
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
system; that is, when their width is at least two times the
tionary statements are given in 1.1.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal the ASTM website.
Measurement. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1153 – 10. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/C1153-10R15. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1153 − 10 (2015)
product of the instantaneous field of view (IFOV) (see 3.1.8) of 3.1.17 thermal anomaly, n—a thermal pattern of a surface
the system and the distance from the system to the surface of that varies from a uniform color or tone when viewed with an
the roof divided by 1000. infrared imaging system. Wet insulation is capable of causing
thermal anomalies.
3.1.4 emittance, ε, n—the ratio of the radiant flux emitted by
a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same
3.1.18 thermogram, n—a recorded visual image that maps
temperature and under the same conditions. (See Terminology the apparent temperature pattern of an object or scene into a
C168.)
corresponding contrast or color pattern. (See Terminology
E1149 with the word “recorded” added.)
3.1.5 expansion joint, n—a structural separation or flexible
connection between two building elements that allows free
4. Significance and Use
movement between the elements without damage to the roofing
or waterproofing system. (See Terminology D1079.) 4.1 This practice is used to outline the minimum necessary
elements and conditions to obtain an accurate determination of
3.1.6 field-of-view, (FOV), n—the total angular dimensions,
the location of wet insulation in roofing systems using infrared
expressed in radians, within which objects are imaged, dis-
imaging.
played and recorded by a stationary imaging device.
4.2 This practice is not meant to be an instructional docu-
3.1.7 infrared imaging system, n—an apparatus that con-
ment or to provide all the knowledge and background neces-
verts the spatial variations in infrared radiance from a surface
sary to provide an accurate analysis. For further information,
into a two-dimensional image, in which variations in radiance
see ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 and ISO/DP 6781.3E.
are displayed as a range of colors or tones.
3.1.8 instantaneous field of view, (IFOV), n—the smallest 4.3 This practice does not provide methods to determine the
angle, in milliradians, that will be instantaneously resolved by cause of moisture or its point of entry. It does not address the
a particular infrared imaging system. suitability of any particular system to function capably as
waterproofing.
3.1.9 membrane, n—a flexible or semiflexible roof covering
or waterproofing whose primary function is the exclusion of
5. Infrared Survey Techniques
water. (See Terminology D1079.)
5.1 Ground-Based:
3.1.10 minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD),
5.1.1 Walk-Over—Walking on a roof using an infrared
n—a measure of the ability of operators of an infrared imaging
imaging system. Imaging systems are hand-carried or mounted
system to discern temperature differences with that system. The
on a cart, is required. Thermograms are taken of areas of
MRTD is the minimum temperature difference between a four
interest. Areas that appear to contain wet insulation are
slot test pattern of defined shape and size and its blackbody
identified and marked for verification.
background at which an average observer is capable of
5.1.2 Elevated Vantage Point—Use of an infrared imaging
discerning the pattern with that infrared imaging system at a
system from an elevated vantage point provides an improved
defined distance.
view of the roof.
3.1.11 moisture meter probe, n—an invasive (electrical re-
5.2 Aerial:
sistance or galvanometric type) test that entails the insertion of
5.2.1 Real-Time Imaging—Use of an infrared imaging sys-
a meter probe(s) through the roof membrane to indicate the
tem from an aircraft. Thermograms are obtained for the entire
presence of moisture within the roofing system.
roof.
3.1.12 radiance, n—the rate of radiant emission per unit
solid angle and per unit projected area of a source in a stated
6. Instrument Requirements
angular direction from the surface (usually the normal). (See
6.1 General:
Terminology C168.)
6.1.1 Objective—Instrument requirements have been estab-
3.1.13 recognition, n—the ability to differentiate between
lished in order to permit location of insulation that has lost as
different types of thermal patterns such as board-stock, picture-
little as 20 % of its insulating ability because it contains
framed and amorphous. Recognition of thermal anomalies is
moisture.
accomplished when their width is at least eight times the
6.1.2 Spectral Range—The infrared imaging system shall
product of the IFOV of the infrared imaging system and the
operate within a spectral range from 2 to 14 µm. A spot
distance from the system to the surface of the roof divided by
radiometer or nonimaging line scanner is not sufficient.
1000.
6.1.3 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference
3.1.14 roof section, n—a portion of a roof that is separated
(MRTD)—The MRTD at 20°C shall be 0.3°C.
from adjacent portions by walls or expansion joints and in
6.1.3.1 The survey shall be conducted with the thermal
which there are no major changes in the components.
imaging system only on sensitivity settings that meet this
3.1.15 roofing system, n—an assembly of interacting com-
requirement.
ponents designed to weatherproof, and normally to insulate, a
6.1.4 Test for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference:
building’s top surface. (See Terminology D1079.)
6.1.4.1 Instrument Setting—The thermal imaging system
3.1.16 survey window, n—the time period during which roof shall be tested at each sensitivity that the system will be used.
moisture surveys are successfully conducted according to the 6.1.4.2 Test Target Pattern—The test target shall consist of
requirements of Section 10. two plates with known temperatures, located in front of the
C1153 − 10 (2015)
imaging system. The near plate shall have four equally spaced distance, (d), in metres from the infrared imaging system to the
slots each having 7:1 height-to-width ratio (see Fig. 1). place on the roof being scanned as follows:
6.1.4.3 Test Geometry—Refer to Fig. 1. The ratio of the
IFOV5 18.8/d
width, (w), on the test pattern to the distance, (d), to the
The minimum horizontal FOV shall be 1.0/d and the
imaging system shall be established, using the maximum IFOV
minimum vertical FOV shall be 0.5/d, both expressed in rad.
allowed for the type of survey being conducted, as follows:
6.4 Aerial Surveys:
w/d,0.002 IFOV
~ !
6.4.1 Anomaly Size—Aerial surveys shall be conducted with
where:
infrared imaging systems that have the ability to detect areas of
w and d are in the same units and IFOV is in milliradians.
wet insulation as small as 0.3 m on a side directly below the
Maximum allowable values of IFOV are defined in 6.2.2, 6.3.2,
system.
and 6.4.2.
6.4.2 Detection Distance, FOV and IFOV—Detection is
6.1.4.4 Test Procedure—In accordance with Test Method
accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in metres,
E1213, the temperature difference between the two plates of
is at least 0.002 times the product of the IFOV of the system
the target is slowly increased without communicating with the
and the distance, in metres, from the system to the anomaly.
observer. The observer announces when the test pattern comes
The maximum allowable IFOV is related to the vertical
into view on the display. The temperature at this point is
distance (d), in metres, above the roof, as follows:
recorded.
IFOV5 150/d
6.1.4.5 Test Replicates—Because of differences in visual
acuity, more than one observer shall perform the procedure in
The FOV along the line of flight and across the line of flight
6.1.4.4. The average temperature difference is the MRTD for
shall be at least 0.05 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively. The usable
that test condition.
field of view shall be within 0.35 rad of a point directly below
the infrared imaging system.
6.2 Walk-Over Surveys:
6.2.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been
established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as 7. Level of Knowledge
small as 0.15 m on a side.
7.1 The proper conduct of a roof moisture survey using an
6.2.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Recognition
infrared imaging system requires knowledge of how and under
is accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in
what circumstances the system is used and a general under-
metres, is at least 0.008 times the product of the IFOV of the
standing of roof construction.
system and the distance, in metres, from the system to the
7.2 Proper interpretation of infrared data requires knowl-
anomaly. Since the walkover survey shall be accomplished at a
edge of infrared theory, moisture migration, heat transfer,
maximum distance of 5 m, the IFOV of the apparatus shall be
environmental effects, and roof construction as they apply to
3.8 milliradians, or less. The horizontal and vertical FOVs shall
roof moisture analysis.
be at least 0.21 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively.
6.3 Elevated Vantage Point Surveys:
8. Limitations (Applicability of Constructions)
6.3.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been
8.1 Applicable constructions include membrane systems
established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as
containing any of the commercially available rigid insulation
small as 0.15 m on a side.
boards. This includes boards made of organic fibers, perlite,
6.3.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Since recog-
cork, fibrous glass, cellular glass, polystyrene, polyurethane,
nition must be possible at distances greater than 5 m, the
isocyanurate, and phenolic. Composite boards, tapered systems
maximum allowable IFOV in milliradians is related to
made from these materials and roofs insulated with foamed in
place polyurethane are able to be inspected.
8.2 When extruded polystyrene insulation is placed under
ballast and above a protected membrane, it is quite difficult to
locate moisture in the insulation below the membrane by use of
infrared thermography.
8.3 Wet applied insulations such as lightweight concrete and
wet applied decks such as gypsum are difficult to survey since
they are capable of retaining significant quantities of construc-
tion water.
8.4 When moisture sensitive materials are located under
pavers, stone ballast or insulating gravel (for example, scoria),
or layers of dry insulation, thermal anomalies on the surface of
the roof a
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1153 − 10 C1153 − 10 (Reapproved 2015)
Standard Practice for
Location of Wet Insulation in Roofing Systems Using
Infrared Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice applies to techniques that employ infrared imaging at night to determine the location of wet insulation in
roofing systems that have insulation above the deck in contact with the waterproofing. This practice includes ground-based and
aerial inspections. (Warning—Extreme caution shall be taken when accessing or walking on roof surfaces and when operating
aircraft at low altitudes, especially at night.) (Warning—It is a good safety practice for at least two people to be present on the
roof surface at all times when ground-based inspections are being conducted.)
1.2 This practice addresses criteria for infrared equipment such as minimum resolvable temperature difference, spectral range,
instantaneous field of view, and field of view.
1.3 This practice addresses meteorological conditions under which infrared inspections shall be performed.
1.4 This practice addresses the effect of roof construction, material differences, and roof conditions on infrared inspections.
1.5 This practice addresses operating procedures, operator qualifications, and operating practices.
1.6 This practice also addresses verification of infrared data using invasive test methods.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
E1149 Definitions of Terms Relating to Ndt by Infrared Thermography (Withdrawn 1991)
E1213 Practice for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference for Thermal Imaging Systems
2.2 ANSI-ASHRAE Standard:
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101—Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss Character-
istics
2.3 ISO Standard:
ISO/DP 6781.3E—Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—Infrared
Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 blackbody, n—the ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermal radiation. It emits radiant energy at each wavelength at
the maximum rate possible as a consequence of its temperature, and absorbs all incident radiance. (See Terminology C168.)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2015. Published October 2010October 2015. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 as
ε1
C1153 – 97C1153 – 10.(2003) . DOI: 10.1520/C1153-10.10.1520/C1153-10R15.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1153 − 10 (2015)
3.1.2 core, n, n—a small sample encompassing at least 13 cm of the roof surface area taken by cutting through the roof
membrane and insulation and removing the insulation to determine its composition, condition, and moisture content.
3.1.3 detection, n—the condition at which there is a consistent indication that a thermal difference is present on the surface of
the roof. Detection of thermal anomalies can be accomplished when they are large enough and close enough to be within the spatial
resolution capabilities of the imaging system; that is, when their width is at least two times the product of the instantaneous field
of view (IFOV) (see 3.1.8) of the system and the distance from the system to the surface of the roof divided by 1000.
3.1.4 emittance, ε, n—the ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature
and under the same conditions. (See Terminology C168.)
3.1.5 expansion joint, n—a structural separation or flexible connection between two building elements that allows free
movement between the elements without damage to the roofing or waterproofing system. (See Terminology D1079.)
3.1.6 field-of-view, (FOV), n—the total angular dimensions, expressed in radians, within which objects are imaged, displayed
and recorded by a stationary imaging device.
3.1.7 infrared imaging system, n—an apparatus that converts the spatial variations in infrared radiance from a surface into a
two-dimensional image, in which variations in radiance are displayed as a range of colors or tones.
3.1.8 instantaneous field of view, (IFOV), n—the smallest angle, in milliradians, that will be instantaneously resolved by a
particular infrared imaging system.
3.1.9 membrane, n—a flexible or semiflexible roof covering or waterproofing whose primary function is the exclusion of water.
(See Terminology D1079.)
3.1.10 minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD), n—a measure of the ability of operators of an infrared imaging
system to discern temperature differences with that system. The MRTD is the minimum temperature difference between a four slot
test pattern of defined shape and size and its blackbody background at which an average observer is capable of discerning the
pattern with that infrared imaging system at a defined distance.
3.1.11 moisture meter probe, n—an invasive (electrical resistance or galvanometric type) test that entails the insertion of a meter
probe(s) through the roof membrane to indicate the presence of moisture within the roofing system.
3.1.12 radiance, n—the rate of radiant emission per unit solid angle and per unit projected area of a source in a stated angular
direction from the surface (usually the normal). (See Terminology C168.)
3.1.13 recognition, n—the ability to differentiate between different types of thermal patterns such as board-stock, picture-framed
and amorphous. Recognition of thermal anomalies is accomplished when their width is at least eight times the product of the IFOV
of the infrared imaging system and the distance from the system to the surface of the roof divided by 1000.
3.1.14 roof section, n—a portion of a roof that is separated from adjacent portions by walls or expansion joints and in which
there are no major changes in the components.
3.1.15 roofing system, n—an assembly of interacting components designed to weatherproof, and normally to insulate, a
building’s top surface. (See Terminology D1079.)
3.1.16 survey window, n—the time period during which roof moisture surveys are successfully conducted according to the
requirements of Section 10.
3.1.17 thermal anomaly, n—a thermal pattern of a surface that varies from a uniform color or tone when viewed with an infrared
imaging system. Wet insulation is capable of causing thermal anomalies.
3.1.18 thermogram, n—a recorded visual image that maps the apparent temperature pattern of an object or scene into a
corresponding contrast or color pattern. (See Terminology E1149 with the word “recorded” added.)
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice is used to outline the minimum necessary elements and conditions to obtain an accurate determination of the
location of wet insulation in roofing systems using infrared imaging.
4.2 This practice is not meant to be an instructional document or to provide all the knowledge and background necessary to
provide an accurate analysis. For further information, see ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 and ISO/DP 6781.3E.
4.3 This practice does not provide methods to determine the cause of moisture or its point of entry. It does not address the
suitability of any particular system to function capably as waterproofing.
5. Infrared Survey Techniques
5.1 Ground-Based:
5.1.1 Walk-Over—Walking on a roof using an infrared imaging system. Imaging systems are hand-carried or mounted on a cart,
is required. Thermograms are taken of areas of interest. Areas that appear to contain wet insulation are identified and marked for
verification.
C1153 − 10 (2015)
5.1.2 Elevated Vantage Point—Use of an infrared imaging system from an elevated vantage point provides an improved view
of the roof.
5.2 Aerial:
5.2.1 Real-Time Imaging—Use of an infrared imaging system from an aircraft. Thermograms are obtained for the entire roof.
6. Instrument Requirements
6.1 General:
6.1.1 Objective—Instrument requirements have been established in order to permit location of insulation that has lost as little
as 20 % of its insulating ability because it contains moisture.
6.1.2 Spectral Range—The infrared imaging system shall operate within a spectral range from 2 to 14 μm. A spot radiometer
or nonimaging line scanner is not sufficient.
6.1.3 Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD)—The MRTD at 20°C shall be 0.3°C.
6.1.3.1 The survey shall be conducted with the thermal imaging system only on sensitivity settings that meet this requirement.
6.1.4 Test for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference:
6.1.4.1 Instrument Setting—The thermal imaging system shall be tested at each sensitivity that the system will be used.
6.1.4.2 Test Target Pattern—The test target shall consist of two plates with known temperatures, located in front of the imaging
system. The near plate shall have four equally spaced slots each having 7:1 height-to-width ratio (see Fig. 1).
6.1.4.3 Test Geometry—Refer to Fig. 1. The ratio of the width, (w), on the test pattern to the distance, (d), to the imaging system
shall be established, using the maximum IFOV allowed for the type of survey being conducted, as follows:
w/d,0.002 IFOV
~ !
where:
w and d are in the same units and IFOV is in milliradians. Maximum allowable values of IFOV are defined in 6.2.2, 6.3.2, and
6.4.2.
6.1.4.4 Test Procedure—In accordance with Test Method E1213, the temperature difference between the two plates of the target
is slowly increased without communicating with the observer. The observer announces when the test pattern comes into view on
the display. The temperature at this point is recorded.
6.1.4.5 Test Replicates—Because of differences in visual acuity, more than one observer shall perform the procedure in 6.1.4.4.
The average temperature difference is the MRTD for that test condition.
6.2 Walk-Over Surveys:
6.2.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as small
as 0.15 m on a side.
6.2.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Recognition is accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in metres, is
at least 0.008 times the product of the IFOV of the system and the distance, in metres, from the system to the anomaly. Since the
walkover survey shall be accomplished at a maximum distance of 5 m, the IFOV of the apparatus shall be 3.8 milliradians, or less.
The horizontal and vertical FOVs shall be at least 0.21 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively.
6.3 Elevated Vantage Point Surveys:
6.3.1 Anomaly Size—Instrument requirements have been established to permit recognition of areas of wet insulation as small
as 0.15 m on a side.
6.3.2 Recognition Distance, FOV and IFOV—Since recognition must be possible at distances greater than 5 m, the maximum
allowable IFOV in milliradians is related to distance, (d), in metres from the infrared imaging system to the place on the roof being
scanned as follows:
FIG. 1 Test Arrangement for Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (MRTD) of an Infrared Imaging System
C1153 − 10 (2015)
IFOV 5 18.8/d
The minimum horizontal FOV shall be 1.0/d and the minimum vertical FOV shall be 0.5/d, both expressed in rad.
6.4 Aerial Surveys:
6.4.1 Anomaly Size—Aerial surveys shall be conducted with infrared imaging systems that have the ability to detect areas of
wet insulation as small as 0.3 m on a side directly below the system.
6.4.2 Detection Distance, FOV and IFOV—Detection is accomplished when the width of a thermal anomaly, in metres, is at
least 0.002 times the product of the IFOV of the system and the distance, in metres, from the system to the anomaly. The maximum
allowable IFOV is related to the vertical distance (d), in metres, above the roof, as follows:
IFOV 5 150/d
The FOV along the line of flight and across the line of flight shall be at least 0.05 rad by 0.10 rad, respectively. The usable field
of view shall be within 0.35 rad of a point directly below the infrared imaging system.
7. Level of Knowledge
7.1 The proper conduct of a roof moisture survey using an infrared imaging system requires knowledge of how and under what
circumstances the system is used and a general understanding of roof construction.
7.2 Proper interpretation of infrared data requires knowledge of infrared theory, moisture migration, heat transfer, environmental
effects, and roof construction as they apply to roof moisture analysis.
8. Limitations (Applicability of Constructions)
8.1 Applicable constructions include membrane systems containing any of the commercially available rigid insulation boards.
This includes boards made of organic fibers, perlite, cork, fibrous glass, cellular glass, polystyrene, polyurethane, isocyanurate, and
phenolic. Composite boards, tapered systems made from these materials and roofs insulated with foamed in place polyurethane
are able to be inspected.
8.2 When extruded polystyrene insulation is placed under ballast and above a protected membrane, it is quite difficult to locate
moisture in
...
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