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ASTM B650-23

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings (sometimes referred to as functional or hard chromium) applied to ferrous alloy substrates for engineering applications, particularly for increasing wear, abrasion, fretting, and corrosion resistance; for reducing galling or seizing, and static and kinetic friction; and for building up undersize or worn parts. Coatings shall be classified according to their thickness. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, stress relief and hydrogen embrittlement treatment, thickness (to measured either by microscopical, magnetic, coulometric, or X-ray spectrometry method), adhesion (to be assessed either by bend, file, heat and quench, or push test), porosity (to be examined either by ferroxyl, neutral salt spray, or copper sulfate test), workmanship, and packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engineering applications.  
1.2 Electrodeposited engineering chromium, which is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium, is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the following:  
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,  
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,  
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,  
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal combinations,  
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and  
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2023
ICS
25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.03 - Engineering Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B650-95(2023) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM B117-19 - Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Referred By
ASTM B765-03(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM F1007-18(2022) - Standard Specification for Pipeline Expansion Joints of the Packed Slip Type for Marine Application
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM B851-04(2020) - Standard Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peening of Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel, or Chromium Plating, or as Final Finish
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Referred By
ASTM B177/B177M-11(2021) - Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023

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ASTM B650-23 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous SubstratesASTM B650-23 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B650 − 23
Standard Specification for
Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on
1
Ferrous Substrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B650; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope B177 Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrode-
Electroplating
posited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engi-
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-
neering applications.
troplating
1.2 Electrodeposited engineering chromium, which is some-
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
times called “functional” or “hard” chromium, is usually
plating
applied directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
following:
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,
Cross Section
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal
combinations, Magnetic Basis Metals
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts. lic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Racks
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by X-Ray Spectrometry
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Coatings
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
B602 Guide for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inor-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ganic Coatings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
B762 Guide of Variables Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic
Coatings
2. Referenced Documents
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
B850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reduc-
ing the Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B08.03 on Engineering Coatings.
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
[Metric] E0008_E0008M
approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as B650 – 95 (2023).
F1459 Test Method for Determination of the Susceptibility
DOI: 10.1520/B0650-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
of Metallic Materials to Hydrogen Gas Embrittlement
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(HGE)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B650 − 23
2.2 Other Standard: 5.1.12 Whether separate test specimens will be used (see 7.1
3
MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts and 7.5),
5.1.13 Where required, any special requirements for parts
3. Terminology
that are subsequently ground to size,
5.1.14 Where required, the base metal finish in terms of
3.1 Definitions:
center line average (CLA) or arithmetic avera
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B650 − 95 (Reapproved 2023) B650 − 23
Standard Specification for
Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on
1
Ferrous Substrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B650; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engineering
applications.
1.2 Electrodeposited engineering chromium, which is sometimes called “functional” or “hard” chromium, is usually applied
directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the following:
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal combinations,
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 on
Engineering Coatings.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023Nov. 1, 2023. Published June 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 20182023 as
B650 – 95 (2018).(2023). DOI: 10.1520/B0650-95R23.10.1520/B0650-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B650 − 23
B177 Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electroplating
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
B487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of Cross Section
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis
Metals
B504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
B507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated on Racks
B568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness by X-Ray Spectrometry
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
B602 Guide for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
B762 Guide of Variables Sampling of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
B850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reducing the Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials [Metric] E0008_E0008M
F1459 Test Method for Determination of the Susceptibility of Metallic Materials to Hydrogen Gas Embrittlement (HGE)
2.2 Other Standard:
3
MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 significant surfaces—all surfaces upon which a deposit of controlled thickness is requir
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thickness of a metal coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Test Methods B487, B499, B504, and B568.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Porosity tests indicate the completeness of protection or coverage offered by the coating. When a given coating is known to be protective when properly deposited, the porosity serves as a measure of the control of the process. The effects of substrate finish and preparation, plating bath, coating process, and handling, may all affect the degree of imperfection that is measured.
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1.1 This guide describes some of the available standard methods for the detection, identification, and measurement of porosity and gross defects in electrodeposited and related metallic coatings and provides some laboratory-type evaluations and acceptances. Some applications of the test methods are tabulated in Table 1 and Table 2.    
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1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The thickness of a decorative chromium coating is often critical to its performance.  
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1.1 This guide covers the use of the spot test for the measurement of thicknesses of electrodeposited chromium coatings over nickel and stainless steel with an accuracy of about ±20 % (Section 9). It is applicable to thicknesses up to 1.2 μm.2
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ASTM B734-97(2023)(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited copper coatings used for engineering purposes including surface hardening, heat treatment stop-off, as an underplate for other engineering coatings, for electromagnetic interference shielding in electronic circuitry, and in certain joining operations. This specification does not cover electrodeposited copper used as a decorative finish, as an undercoat for other decorative finishes, or for electroforming. Coatings shall be classified according to thickness. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness, porosity, solderability, adhesion, embrittlement relief, and packaging.
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel (Pd-Ni) coatings for engineering applications. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold over-plate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered. The classification system for the coatings covered here shall be specified by the basis metal, the thickness of the underplating, the composition type and thickness class of the palladium-nickel coating, and the grade of the gold overplating. Coatings should be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to purity, appearance, thickness, composition, adhesion, ductility, and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, porosity, and microcracks). Alloy composition shall be examined either by wet method, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger or electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), or wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). Coating adhesion shall be analyzed either by bend, heat, or cutting test.
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1.1 Composition—This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited palladium-nickel coatings containing between 70 and 95 mass % of palladium metal. Composite coatings consisting of palladium-nickel and a thin gold overplate for applications involving electrical contacts are also covered.  
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Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals. Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance.Electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be classified on the basis of thickness as Class 25, 12, 8, and 5. The coating shall be essentially pure cadmium produced by electrodeposition usually from an alkaline cyanide solution. The basis metal shall be subjected to such cleaning procedures as necessary to ensure a surface satisfactory for subsequent electroplating. Cadmium shall be deposited directly on the basis metal part without an undercoat of another metal except when the part is either stainless steel or aluminum and its alloys. The plating shall be applied after all basis metal heat treatments and mechanical operations. The thickness of the coating everywhere on the significant surface shall conform to the requirements of the specified class. The cadmium coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the tests. The supplementary Type II chromate film shall be adherent, nonpowdery, and abrasion resistant. The thickness of electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be determined by the applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals.  
Note 1: Cadmium is deposited as a coating principally on iron and steel products. It can also be electrodeposited on aluminum, brass, beryllium copper, copper, nickel, and powder metallurgy parts.  
1.2 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 25 μm either as electrodeposited or with supplementary finishes.  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as-deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance. Chromating will retard or prevent the formation of white corrosion products on surfaces exposed to various environmental conditions as well as delay the appearance of corrosion from the basis metal.  
1.4 Cadmium plating is used to minimize bi-metallic corrosion between high-strength steel fasteners and aluminum in the aerospace industry. Undercutting of threads on fastener parts is not necessary as the cadmium coating has a low coefficient of friction that reduces the tightening torque required and allows repetitive dismantling.  
1.5 Cadmium-coated parts can easily be soldered without the use of corrosive fluxes. Cadmium-coated steel parts have a lower electrical contact resistance than zinc-coated steel. The lubricity of cadmium plating is used on springs for doors and latches and for weaving machinery operating in high humidity. Corrosion products formed on cadmium are tightly adherent. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not build up voluminous corrosion products on the surface. This allows for proper functioning during corrosive exposure of moving parts, threaded assemblies, valves, and delicate mechanisms without jamming with debris.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and R...

  • Technical specification
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  • Technical specification
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ASTM
ASTM B689-97(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electroplated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineering applications (for example, for use as a buildup for mismachined or worn parts), for electronics applications (including as underplates in contacts or interconnections), and in certain joining applications. Coatings shall be available in any one of the following types: Type 1, coatings electroplated from solutions not containing hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives; Type 2, electrodeposits used at moderate temperatures, and contain sulfur or other codeposited elements or compounds that are present to increase the hardness, refine grain structure, or control internal stress; and Type 3, electroplates containing dispersed submicron particles such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and aluminum oxide that are present to increase hardness and wear resistance at specified temperatures. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatments to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness (measured either destructively by microscopical or coulometric method, or nondestructively by magnetic or X-ray method), adhesion (examined either by bend, file, heat and quench, or push test), porosity (assessed either by hot water, ferroxyl, or flowers of sulfur test), workmanship, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electroplated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineering applications, for example, for use as a buildup for mismachined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including as underplates in contacts or interconnections, and in certain joining applications.  
1.2 Electroplating of nickel for engineering applications (Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly different from decorative applications because the following functional properties are important:  
1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and ductility,  
1.2.2 Wear resistance,  
1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,  
1.2.4 Corrosion resistance,  
1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,  
1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and  
1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.  
Note 1: Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about 99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposited from a Watts nickel bath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical properties of nickel electroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operation and solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of the electrodeposit are given in Guide B832. When electroplated nickel is required to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certain residual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and other substances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certain addition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of such additives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes added to the plating solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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