ASTM F2137-01
(Practice)Standard Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and Devices
Standard Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement Rides and Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This document establishes a standard practice for acquisition of data related to the dynamic characteristics of amusement rides and devices.
1.2 This practice also defines the specific requirements of a Standardized Amusement Ride Characterization Test (SARC Test) for use in characterizing the dynamic motion of an amusement ride or device.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:F2137–01
Standard Practice for
Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics of Amusement
Rides and Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2137; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F —Pass band lower limit (hertz). Always equal to zero
L
(0.0) hertz.
1.1 This document establishes a standard practice for acqui-
F —Pass band upper limit (hertz). The CFC designator.
H
sition of data related to the dynamic characteristics of amuse-
F —The corner or knee of the frequency response envelope.
ment rides and devices. C
Always equal to or greater than 1.6673 F .
H
1.2 This practice also defines the specific requirements of a
F —The minimum sample frequency for a sampled data
Standardized Amusement Ride Characterization Test (SARC S
system that corresponds to the designated CFC. Always equal
Test) for use in characterizing the dynamic motion of an
to or greater than 123 F .
amusement ride or device. H
3.1.4.1 Discussion—F , F , F ,and F arealwaysspecified
L H C S
2. Referenced Documents in hertz. While the characteristics of the CFC may be applied
to individual components of a data channel, the CFC is, by
2.1 SAE Standard:
definition, the frequency response envelope of the entire data
SAE J211 March 1995 Instrumentation for Impact Tests
channelfromthemountedtransducertothefinalrepresentation
3. Terminology
of the acquired data.
3.1.5 coordinate system—three orthogonal axes that inter-
3.1 Definitions:
sect at an origin whose positive directions correspond to the
3.1.1 aliasing—a phenomenon associated with sampled
right-hand rule.
data systems, wherein a signal containing significant energy at
3.1.5.1 measurement coordinate system—a coordinate sys-
frequencies greater than one half of the system sample fre-
tem that provides the reference axes and sign convention for
quency manifests itself in the sampled data as a lower
the test data record(s).
frequency (aliased) signal. Aliasing can be avoided only by
3.1.5.2 occupant coordinate system—a coordinate system
limiting the frequency content of the signal prior to the
that is fixed with respect to the human upper torso and oriented
sampling process. Once a signal has been aliased, it is not
as in Fig. 2.
possible to reconstruct the original signal from the sampled
3.1.5.3 vehicle coordinate system—a coordinate system that
data.
is fixed with respect to the ride or device being tested.
3.1.2 calibration constant—the arithmetic mean of the sen-
3.1.6 data channel—the entire instrumentation system for a
sitivity coefficients, evaluated at frequencies that are evenly
single channel of data acquisition; from the transducer to the
spaced on a logarithmic scale between F and F .
L H
final representation of the data, including all post-acquisition
3.1.3 calibration value—the ratio of the reference calibra-
data processing that may alter the amplitude or frequency
tion system output, in engineering units relevant to the trans-
content of the data.
ducer, to the data channel output, in volts, as measured at
3.1.7 data channel full scale—the maximum usable value,
constant excitation frequency and amplitude.
in units of the physical phenomenon being measured, that may
3.1.4 channel frequency class—a frequency response enve-
be represented by a data channel. This value is determined by
lopethatconformstoFig.1andisrefererredtobythevalue F
H
the data channel component with the lowest full-scale range.
in hertz. The CFC frequency response envelope is defined by
3.1.8 free-run time—a period of time during the ride cycle
the boundaries shown in Fig. 1 and the following characteristic
when no energy is added to the ride vehicle.
frequencies:
3.1.9 full-scale—the maximum usable value, in units of the
physical phenomenon being measured, which may be repre-
sented by a data channel or some component thereof.
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F24 onAmusement
Rides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.10 on Test
3.1.10 “g”—the standard acceleration due to gravity at the
Methods.
surface of the earth. Defined as 32.2 ft/s/s or 9.81 m/s/s.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2001. Published January 2002.
2 3.1.11 nonlinearity—the ratio, in percent, of the maximum
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Warrendale, PA 15096. difference between a calibration value and the corresponding
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F2137–01
FIG. 1 Frequency Response Envelope
3.1.15 standardized amusement ride characterization test
(SARC Test)—an instrumented test of an amusement ride or
device that is done in conformance to the general specifications
of this standard and the particular specifications of Section 12.
3.1.16 test data record—the uninterrupted time record of
data channel value(s) that results from a data acquisition
session. the length of a data acquisition session is not specified.
The data acquisition session is considered complete (or inter-
rupted) when data is not recorded for a time interval longer
than the sampling period of the data recorder. Both a strip chart
paper record and a computer data file containing periodically
sampled data channel values are typical forms of a test data
record.
3.1.17 test documentation—the entire body of documenta-
tion pertaining to a test performed in compliance with this
practice, including, but not limited to, the test data record(s),
data channel specifications and other test specifications, and
information as provided in this practice (see Section 11 and
12.1.9).
3.1.18 transducer—the device at the front end of the data
channel that converts a physical phenomenon, such as accel-
eration, to a calibrated electrical signal that may be input to the
FIG. 2 Occupant Coordinate System
remainder of the data channel.
3.1.19 transverse sensitivity—the sensitivity of a rectilinear
transducer to excitation along an axis that is perpendicular to
value determined from the straight line defined by the sensi-
its nominal sensitive axis.
tivity coefficient and zero bias.
3.1.20 zero bias—the magnitude of the data channel output
3.1.12 reference calibration system—the entire calibration
when the transducer input is zero or static.
instrumentation system from the reference transducer to the
output device that provides the calibration excitation value in
4. Significance and Use
engineering units appropriate to the physical phenomenon
4.1 This practice is intended for use whenever the dynamic
being measured.
characteristics of an amusement ride or device are to be
3.1.13 resolution—the lowest magnitude data channel out-
determined. The existence of this practice is not intended to
put value that can be identified as non-zero.
imply that there is a requirement to perform specific testing on
3.1.14 sensitivity coeffıcient—the slope of the straight line
amusement rides or devices.
representing the best fit, as determined by the method of least
squares, to calibration values generated at a single frequency 4.2 The general provisions of this practice provide instru-
and at various amplitudes within the data channel full scale mentation specifications, data acquisition and testing proce-
range. In the special case where only a single calibration value dures, and documentation requirements that when applied will
is considered, the sensitivity coefficient and the calibration improve the repeatability, reliability, and utility of the test
value will be equal. results.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F2137–01
4.3 Based on the general provisions of this practice, the 7.2.3 Minimum amplitude resolution shall be 0.10 % of the
SARC Test specifications, when followed, will yield standard- data channel full scale.
ized test results regarding the occupant-related, dynamic mo-
7.2.4 Minimum sample rate shall be F (hertz) for the
S
tion of amusement rides or devices. The SARC Test will chosen CFC.
facilitate both the meaningful comparison of the dynamic
7.2.5 Protection from aliasing errors in the sampled data
motion of different amusement rides or devices and the
shall be accomplished by pre-sample filtering that conforms to
tracking of changes, if any, in the dynamic characteristics of a
the specified CFC frequency response envelope for the data
given ride or device.
channel.
7.2.5.1 Alternate protection from aliasing errors may be
5. Data Channel Performance Specifications
accomplished by providing appropriate pre-sample, anti-alias
5.1 CFC Definitions—The following channel frequency filtering in conjunction with a higher-than-F sample rate and
S
classes are defined as standard:
digital post-acquisition filtering such that the frequency re-
A B
sponse envelope of the data channel conforms to the desired
CFC10 CFC60
F 0.0 Hz 0.0 Hz
L
CFC frequency response envelope. The anti-alias filter charac-
F 10.0 Hz 60.0 Hz
H
teristics shall be such that the maximum possible signal
F 16.7 Hz 100 Hz
C
F 120 Hz 720 Hz amplitude at one half the sampling frequency is less than the
S
A
data channel minimum resolution.
CFC10 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition of
lower frequency events.
B
CFC60 should be used when the data channel is being used for acquisition of
8. Calibration Specifications
higher frequency events.
Otherchannelfrequencyclassesmaybedefinedasneededor 8.1 For transducers, data recorders, or any other data chan-
desired by the user of this practice. The proportional relation- nel component that is subject to calibration changes over time,
shipbetween F , F ,and F shallbemaintainedforallchannel the calibration constant and frequency response shall be
H C S
frequency classes. determined and documented annually.
5.2 Minimum data channel resolution shall be 2 % of the 8.2 Reference calibration instrumentation used as a second-
data channel full scale.
ary standard in the calibration of a data channel or any
5.3 Maximum nonlinearity shall be 2.5 % of the data subsystem thereof shall have current certificates of calibration
channel full scale.
that are traceable to accepted national standards.
5.4 Minimum time base resolution shall be 1/F (seconds).
8.3 The reference calibration system and calibration meth-
S
5.5 Maximum relative delay or time shift between data
ods shall not introduce a calibration error greater than 1.5 % of
channels that are nominally acquired simultaneously shall be
the data channel full scale.
1/F (seconds).
S 8.4 To establish a data channel or data channel component
frequency response and calibration constant, sensitivity coef-
6. Transducer Performance Specifications
ficients shall be determined from calibration values measured
6.1 Transducer selection shall be consistent with the in-
at a minimum of one signal amplitude that represents at least
tended test objectives and generally accepted instrumentation
50 % of the full scale range of the data channel or component
and engineering practice.
being calibrated and throughout a range of frequencies from F
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6.2 The transducer frequency response curve shall conform
to 103 F for a given CFC.Aminimum set of five sensitivity
H
to the CFC frequency response envelope from F through
coefficients establishes the frequency response of a data chan-
L
23 F and exhibit no more than +6 dB of peaking at the
nel or component. The minimum set of sensitivity coefficients
H
natural frequency of the transducer.
shall be generated at frequencies that nominally correspond to
6.3 Maximum transverse sensitivity shall be 3 %.
the following CFC specifications:
F , F , F ,23 F , and 103 F
L H C H C
7. Recorder Performance Specifications
8.5 To establish nonlinearity, a minimum of one sensitivity
7.1 Analog Data Recorders:
coefficient shall be determined from calibration values gener-
7.1.1 The analog data recorder shall provide a method by
ated at a minimum of three signal amplitudes that nominally
which the zero bias, if any, can be reduced to less than the data
correspond to the following percentages of the minimum
channel minimum resolution prior to acquiring any test data.
full-scale range of the data channel or data channel component
7.1.2 Minimumamplituderesolutionshallbetwo2 %ofthe
being calibrated: Less than 20 % of full scale, 50 % of full
data channel full scale.
scale, and > 80 % of full scale. For the minimum requirement
7.1.3 Paper tape recorders (or their equivalent) shall provide
of a single sensitivity coefficient, the nominal frequency shall
a minimum paper speed, in millimetres/second, of 1.53 F
H
be halfway between F and F .
L H
(hertz).
7.2 Digital Data Recorders:
9. Transducer Location and Mounting
7.2.1 AlldatashallbeacquiredwithaminimumCFCoften.
9.1 General Instrumentation:
7.2.2 Any post-acquisition data processing to reduce the
datachannelCFCshallbeperformedusingthelow-passdigital 9.1.1 Transducer location, orientation, and mounting
filter algorithm specified in SAE J211 March 1995, Appendix methodshallbeconsistentwiththeintendedtestobjectivesand
C. generally accepted instrumentation and engineering practice.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F2137–01
9.1.2 Transducers shall be mounted such that the angle 11.1.4 An indication establishing a relationship between at
between the sensitive axis (axes) of the transducer and the least one time point in each test data record and a correspond-
corresponding axis (axes) of the selected coordinate system ing known physical position of the ride or device in the ride
shall be no greater than 5°. cycle. In the case where a known physical position in the ride
9.2 General Accelerometry: cycle cannot be established due to the random or non-
9.2.1 Mounting—To avoid distortion in the data channel repeatable nature of the ride, an indication establishing a
values, accelerometers shall be mounted so as to minimize relationship between at least one time point in each test data
relative motion between the transducers and the instrumented record and a corresponding time point
...
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