ASTM D4675-14a

Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials¹

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to assist the user in selecting strapping material(s) and application method(s) for evaluation when subjected to handling, transit, and storage tests. It describes general load, unit and package types, strapping properties, strapping performance, weight considerations, shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and geometry.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide1 covers information on flat strapping materials (steel and nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting initial guidance in selecting a strapping material and information on suggested application methods for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletizing), and loading applications (load unitization and securement to transport vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.  
1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging and loading requirements that (in some cases) specify the type of strap, the minimum size or strength, the type of joint or seal, and the number of straps, seals, and joints that must be used for particular types of shipments or under certain conditions. Users should consult with their carriers initially to determine if there are applicable published requirements. Individual carriers may establish their own requirements. (See 2.2.)  
1.3 Limitations—This guide is not intended to give specific information as to how strapping must be used in any particular packaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to be informational in nature and is offered as a starting point for the testing of strapping being considered by the user. Thorough user testing is essential, as is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence strap selection (size and type), and application methods.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard guidelines, however, are provided in Section 5.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2014
• ICS: 55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
• Technical Committee: D10 - Packaging
• Drafting Committee: D10.25 - Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4675 − 14a
Standard Guide for
1
Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This guide covers two common categories of flat strapping materials: steel and nonmetallic.Within
each of these two broad categories there are distinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees to
particular applications.
The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,
and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strapping
products is best suited for the intended strapping application. For further information, consult with
your strapping supplier, your carrier, and any packaging/loading regulations applicable to your
products. It is of particular importance, for both safety and satisfactory performance, that the user
informs the strapping supplier of all intended uses and usage conditions that may differ from industry
custom and practice or from intended strapping applications. Likewise, the user needs to inform the
strapping supplier of any practice of the user’s carrier that the user believes may differ from any
requirement or recommendation of the carrier’s association or of any applicableASTM or regulatory
provisions. The user also should inform the strapping supplier of the following expected conditions:
load, unit, or package characteristics (rigid, expanding, shrinking, or combination); severity of
handling; nature of transport equipment; storage conditions (stacking height and weight); exposure to
environmental conditions; extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged outdoor exposure is
anticipated); exposure to chemicals; exposure to abrasive surfaces; and exposure to sharp or pointed
objectsthatcancausenicks,scratches,orholesinthestrapping.Thereareothermaterialsnotcovered
by this guide, which may also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in conjunction with flat
strappingtoprovideacceptablesolutionsfortheuser’sintendedapplication.Examplesofaccessories,
such as, edge protectors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.
Strapping may be recyclable but must never be reused. Contact your supplier for further
information.
Table of Contents
Section
Introduction
List of Figures
List of Tables
1. Scope
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
4. Significance and Use
5. Safety Hazard Guidelines
6. General Considerations
7. General Uses
8. Strap Tension
9. Packaging Design
10. Load, Unit, and Package Securement Configuration
11. Strap Selection
12. Joining Methods and Properties
13. Coatings, Finishes, and Resistance to Deterioration of Physical Properties
14. Environmental Considerations
15. Lubrication
16. Equipment for Strapping Application
17. Strap Application
18. Testing and Evaluation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4675 − 14a
Table of Contents
Section
19. Evaluation of Strap Failure
20. Keywords
Supplementary Requirements
Disclaimer and Contact Information
List of Figures
Title Figure No.
Various Strapping Applications 1
Strap Cutting Techniques 2
Correct and Incorrect Applied Strapping 3
Notch Joint with Seals 4
Crimp Joint with Seals 5
Sealless Interlocking Joints 6
Loop Joint Secured to Stake Pocket 7
Loop Joint Placement 8
Buckle Styles 9
Crimp Joint Seals 10
Overlap Sealless Joints 11
Feedwheel Hand Tool Tensioning Application 12
Snap-On (Open) and Semi-Open Seals 13
Windlass Type Hand Tool Application 14
Thread-On (Closed) and Push Type (Overlap) Seals 15
Push Type Hand Tool Application 16
Nested Stack (Magazine Feed) Seal 17
Combination Tension and Seal-Feed Hand Tool Application 18
Intersection or Cross Tie Seal 19
Various Strapping Take-Up and Tensioning Methods 20
Corrugated Fiberboard Box Strap Placement S1.1
Cleated-Panel Box Strap Placement S1.2
Nailed Wood Boxes Strap Placement S1.3
Wire Bound Box Strap Placement S1.4
List of Tables
Title Table No.
Strapping Applications Commonly Used for Packaging, Unitization, and Load Securement 1
Examples of Different Package Types 2
Appropriate Strapping Use as a Function of Environmental Conditions 3
Potential Causes for Strap Failure 4
Suggested Minimum Sizes of Steel and Nonmetallic Strapping for Corrugated Fiberboard Boxes S1.1
Suggested Minimum Sizes of Flat Steel Strapping for Cleated-Panel Boxes S1
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4675 − 14 D4675 − 14a
Standard Guide for
1
Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This guide covers two common categories of flat strapping materials: steel and nonmetallic. Within
each of these two broad categories there are distinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees to
particular applications.
The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,
and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strapping
products is best suited for the intended strapping application. For further information, consult with
your strapping supplier, your carrier, and any packaging and loading packaging/loading regulations
applicable to your products. It is of particular importance, for both safety and satisfactory
performance, that the user informs the strapping supplier of all intended uses and usage conditions that
may differ from industry custom and practice or from intended strapping applications. Likewise, the
user needs to inform the strapping supplier of any practice of the user’s carrier that the user believes
may differ from any requirement or recommendation of the carrier’s association or of any applicable
ASTM or regulatory provisions. The user also should inform the strapping supplier of the following
expected conditions: load, unit, or package characteristics (rigid, expanding, shrinking, or combina-
tion); severity of handling; nature of transport equipment; storage conditions (stacking height and
weight); exposure to environmental conditions; extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged
outdoor exposure is anticipated); exposure to chemicals; exposure to abrasive surfaces; and exposure
to sharp or pointed objects that can cause nicks, scratches, or holes in the strapping. There are other
materials not covered by this guide, which may also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in
conjunction with flat strapping to provide acceptable solutions for the user’s intended application.
Examples of accessories, such as, edge protectors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1.
Strapping may be recyclable but must never be reused. Contact your supplier for further
information.
Table of Contents
Section
Introduction
List of Figures
List of Tables
1. Scope
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
4. Significance and Use
5. Safety Hazard Guidelines
6. General Considerations
7. General Uses
8. Strap Tension
9. Packaging Design
10. Load, Unit, and Package Securement Configuration
11. Strap Selection
12. Joining Methods and Properties
13. Coatings, Finishes, and Resistance to Deterioration of Physical Properties
14. Environmental Considerations
15. Lubrication
16. Equipment for Strapping Application
17. Strap Application
18. Testing and Evaluation
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4675 − 14a
FIG. 1 Various Strapping Applications
Table of Contents
Section
19. Evaluation of Strap Failure
20. Keywords
Supplementary Requirements
Disclaimer and Contact Information
List of Figures
Title Figure No.
Various Strapping Applications 1
Strap Cutting Techniques 2
Correct and Incorrect Applied Strapping 3
Notch Joint with Seals 4
Crimp Joint with Seals 5
Sealless Interlocking Joints 6
Loop Joint Secured to Stake Pocket 7
Loop Joint Placement 8
Buckle Styles 9
Crimp Joint Seals 10
Overlap Sealless Joints 11
2

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
D4675 − 14a
List of Figures
Title Figure No.
Feedwheel Hand Tool Tensioning Application 12
Snap-On (Open) and Semi-Open Seals 13
Windlass Type Hand Tool Application 14
Thread-On (Closed) and Push Type (Overlap) Seals 15
Push Type Hand Tool Application 16
Nested Stack (Magazine Feed) Seal 17
Combination Tension and Seal-Feed Hand Tool Application 18
Intersection or Cross Tie Seal 19
Various Strapping Take-Up and Tensioning Methods 20
Corrugated Fiberboard Box Strap Placement S1.1
Cleated-Panel Box Strap Placement S1.2
Nailed Wood
...