ASTM A178/A178M-02(2007)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for electric-resistance-welded tubes with minimum-wall-thickness made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel to be used in boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. The steel shall be of Grades A (low-carbon steel), C (medium-carbon steel), or D (carbon-manganese steel). All tubes shall be submitted to heat treatment after welding, followed by cooling. The steel shall conform to stated compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulphur, and silicon. Grades C and D shall conform to given tensile requirements, that is tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The material shall also be subjected to flattening, flange, tension, reverse flattening, and hydrostatic (or nondestructive electric) tests. Crush test shall also be performed if asked by the purchaser. Minimum elongation values are also given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum-wall-thickness, electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends.
Note 1—Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge welding.
1.2 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are ½ to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.
1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 in. [0.4 mm] in thickness.
1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided and when desired, shall be so stated in the order.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.
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Designation:A178/A178M −02(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-
Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA178/A178M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
1.1 This specification covers minimum-wall-thickness, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and A450/A450M Specification for General Requirements for
carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Tubes
flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and
Tubing
NOTE 1—Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge
E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of the Weld Zone of
welding.
Welded Pipe and Tubing
1.2 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to
this specification are ⁄2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside
3. Ordering Information
diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in
3.1 Orders for material under this specification should
minimum wall thickness.Tubing having other dimensions may
include the following, as required, to describe the desired
be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other
material adequately:
requirements of this specification.
3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply to
3.1.2 Name of material (electric-resistance-welded tubes),
tubing smaller than ⁄8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015
3.1.3 Grade (A, C, or D, Table 1),
in. [0.4 mm] in thickness.
3.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),
3.1.5 Length (specific or random),
1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided and
3.1.6 Optional requirements (product analysis, Section 7;
when desired, shall be so stated in the order.
crush test, Section 10; hydrostatic or nondestructive electric
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
test, 11.6),
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
3.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specifi-
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
cation A450/A450M),
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
3.1.8 Specification designation,
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
3.1.9 Individual supplementary requirements, if required,
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
and
cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”
3.1.10 Special requirements.
designation of this specification is specified in the order.
4. Manufacture
4.1 The steel for Grade D shall be killed.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4.2 Tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding.
A01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A178/A178M – 02. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/A0178_A0178M-02R07. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
cation SA-178 in Section II of that Code. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A178/A178M−02 (2007)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Composition, % Grade C Grade D
Grade A, Grade C, Grade D, Carbon-
Element
Low-Carbon Medium- Man- Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [415] 70 [485]
Steel Carbon Steel ganese Steel Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa] 37 [255] 40 [275]
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 30 30
Carbon 0.06–0.18 0.35 max 0.27 max
A A
For longitudinal strip tests a deduction for 1.50 1.50
Manganese 0.27–0.63 0.80 max 1.00–1.50
each ⁄32-in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.035 0.030
thickness below ⁄16 in. [8 mm] from the
Sulfur, max 0.035 0.035 0.015
Silicon . . 0.10 min
basic minimum elongation of the
following percentage points shall be
made.
A
See Table 3 for the computed minimum values.
5. Heat Treatment
5.1 After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a
temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 47 [325]
cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-
Yield Strength, min, ksi [MPa] 26 [180]
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 35
atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated
after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F
10. Crush Test
[650°C] or higher.
10.1 When required by the purchaser, crushing tests shall be
6. Chemical Composition
made on sections of tube 2 ⁄2 in. [63 mm] in length which shall
stand crushing longitudinally without cracking, splitting, or
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to
opening at the weld, as follows:
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
Wall Thickness of Height of Crushed Section, in. [mm]
6.2 When a grade is ordered under this specification, sup-
Tubes, in. [mm] Grade A Tubes Grade C and D Tubes
plying an alloy grade that specifically requires the addition of
0.135 [3.43] and under ⁄4 [19] or until outside Crush tests not required
any element other than those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.
folds are in contact
Over 0.135 [3.43] 1 ⁄4 [32] .
7. Product Analysis
10.2 Table 3 gives the computed minimum elongation
7.1 When requested on the purchase order, a product analy- 1
values for each ⁄32-in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall thickness.
sisshallbemadebythemanufacturerorsupplierfromonetube
Where the wall thickness lies between two values shown
per 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per
above, the minimum elongation value shall be determined by
250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes
the following equation:
are identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The
E 5 48t115.00 @E 5 1.87t115.00#
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
requirements specified.
where:
E = elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, %, and,
7.2 If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of
t = actual thickness of specimen, in. [mm].
two additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall be
made. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the
requi
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A 178/A 178M–02 Designation: A178/A178M – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Specification for
Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-
Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA178/A178M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope *
1.1 This specification covers minimum-wall-thickness, electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and carbon-
manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler flues, superheater flues, and safe ends.
NOTE 1—Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge welding.
1.2 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are ⁄2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside diameter
and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may be furnished,
provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.
1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply to tubing smaller than ⁄8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 in. [0.4
mm] in thickness.
1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided and when desired, shall be so stated in the order.
1.5 Thevaluesstatedineitherinch-poundunitsorSIunitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunits
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The
inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A450/A450M Specification for General Requirements for Carbon, FerriticAlloy, Carbon andAusteniticLowAlloy Steel Tubes
E213 Practice for Ultrasonic ExaminationTesting of Metal Pipe and Tubing
E273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of LongitudinalWelded Pipe andTubing Practice for UltrasonicTesting of theWeld
Zone of Welded Pipe and Tubing
3. Ordering Information
3.1 Orders for material under this specification should include the following, as required, to describe the desired material
adequately:
3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
3.1.2 Name of material (electric-resistance-welded tubes),
3.1.3 Grade (A, C, or D, Table 1),
3.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),
3.1.5 Length (specific or random),
3.1.6 Optional requirements (product analysis, Section 7; crush test, Section 10; hydrostatic or nondestructive electric test,
11.6),
3.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specification A 450/A 450MA450/A450M),
3.1.8 Specification designation,
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys,Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002 . Published November 2002. Originally published as A 178–35T. Last previous edition A 178/A 178M –95 (2002).
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A178/A178M – 02. DOI:
10.1520/A0178_A0178M-02R07.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-178 in Section II of that Code.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A178/A178M – 02 (2007)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
Grade A, Grade C, Grade D, Carbon-
Element
Low-Carbon Medium- Man-
Steel Carbon Steel ganese Steel
Carbon 0.06–0.18 0.35 max 0.27 max
Manganese 0.27–0.63 0.80 max 1.00–1.50
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.035 0.030
Sulfur, max 0.035 0.035 0.015
Silicon . . 0.10 min
3.1.9 Individual supplementary requirements, if required, and
3.1.10 Special requirements.
4. Manufacture
4.1 The steel for Grade D shall be killed.
4.2 Tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding.
5. Heat Treatment
5.1 After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by cooling in air
or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated after the final cold-draw pass
at a temperature of 1200°F [650°C] or higher.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
6.2 When a grade is ordered under this specification, supplying an alloy grade that specifically requires the addition of any
element other than those listed in Table 1 is not permitted.
7. ProductAnalysis
7.1 When requested on the purchase order, a product analysis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tube per
100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per 250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes are
identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the
requirements specified.
7.2 Iftheoriginaltestforproductanalysisfails,retestsoftwoadditionallengthsofflat-rolledstockortubesshallbemade.Both
retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining material in the heat
or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at the option of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tube may be individually tested
for acceptance. Lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of the specifications shall be rejected.
NOTE 2—A lot consists of 250 tubes for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under and of 100 tubes for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm], prior to cutting to length.
8. General Requirements
8.1 Material furnished under this specification shall conform to the applicable requirements of the current edition of
Specification A 450/A 450MA450/A450M unless otherwise provided herein.
9. Tensile Requirements
9.1 Grade C and D tubes shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2.
NOTE 3—Explanatory Note—For purposes of design the following tensile properties may be assumed for Grade A tubes:
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements
Grade C Grade D
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [415] 70 [485]
Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa] 37 [255] 40 [275]
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 30 30
A A
For longitudinal strip tests a deduction for 1.50 1.50
each ⁄32-in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall
thickness below ⁄16 in. [8 mm] from the
basic minimum elongation of the
following percentage points shall be
made.
A
See Table 3 for the computed minimum values.
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