ASTM D2221-94
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cushioning Materials
Standard Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cushioning Materials
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep properties of package cushioning materials. It is applicable to materials available in bulk, sheet, or molded form used for the cushioning of articles during storage, handling, and shipment.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
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Designation: D 2221 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
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Creep Properties of Package Cushioning Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2221; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep 5.1 This test method determines the extent and nature of
properties of package cushioning materials. It is applicable to cushion thickness change under static load. Creep data ob-
materials available in bulk, sheet, or molded form used for the tained by this test method are applicable to the cushion under
cushioning of articles during storage, handling, and shipment. the conditions of the particular test and are not necessarily the
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the same as obtained in a complete pack in actual packaging
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the environments. Data may be affected by magnitude of static
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- load, specimen area, shape, and thickness, by varying ambient
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- conditions of temperature, humidity, by friction in the movable
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. platen guide system, and by actual cushion thickness. Vibration
in the vicinity of the test fixtures may also influence data
2. Referenced Documents
results.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Apparatus
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
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6.1 Movable, Guided Platen, capable of being weighted to
Packaging Components for Testing
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achieve the desired loading along with a base to support the
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
sample throughout the duration of the test. Two such assem-
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
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blies are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
6.2 Static Load Box Fixture (Fig. 1), consisting of a mov-
3. Terminology
able guided platen and an outer box that shall act as the guide
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: and the base plate for supporting the sample.
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3.1.1 creep—the deformation of a material occurring with 6.2.1 Base Plate (Outer Box), may be constructed of ⁄4in.
(19.0 mm) minimum white pine and fabricated to reduce
time and due to an externally applied constant stress. For
cushioning materials specifically, it may be defined as the swelling which may occur at high humidity. A flat rigid plate of
appropriate dimensions is placed on the inside bottom surface
change in thickness of a cushion under static compressive load
over a period of time. and used as the base plate. The plate can be made of a material
such as aluminum, steel, rigid plastic sheeting or glass.
3.1.2 permanent set—the permanent change in thickness of
an unloaded cushion as a result of an applied compressive load 6.2.2 Movable Guided Platen (Inner Box), may be loaded
with weights (lead shot or molded lead weights), and fabricated
for any given time interval and any given unloaded recovery
time period. in the same manner as described in 6.2.1. A flat rigid plate
similar to that described in 6.2.1 is placed between the top of
4. Summary of Test Method
the test specimen and the movable platen and serves as a
4.1 The test apparatus consists of a suitable testing device
reference for measuring the height of the specimen.
having a base plate and a guided movable platen which can be
6.2.3 Two means of measurement, two position and four
loaded with weights. The loaded movable platen is placed on a
position, may be utilized. A micrometer or steel rule capable of
cushion to simulate static compressive loading of cushioning
measurement to 0.01 in. (0.3 mm) shall be utilized.
material in actual packaging. By measuring the change in
6.2.3.1 Two Position—A vertical line, scribed at the center
thickness of the loaded cushion with time, creep properties of
of both (movable and base) flat, rigid plate edges (Fig. 1)
the cushioning material can be obtained.
serves as location references for specimen thickness measure-
ments (distance between the plates) at various time intervals.
Measurements are taken at the vertical scribed lines at both the
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on
front and back of the box.
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.13 on Interior
Packaging.
6.2.3.2 Four
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