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ASTM B650-95(2002)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates

Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engineering applications.
1.2 Electrodeposited engineering chromium, which is sometimes called "functional" or "hard" chromium, is usually applied directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the following:
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal combinations,
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1995
ICS
25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.03 - Engineering Coatings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B650-95 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
Effective Date
10-Nov-1995
Replaced By
ASTM B650-95(2008) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
Effective Date
01-Aug-2008
Referred By
ASTM B177/B177M-11(2021) - Standard Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
Effective Date
10-Nov-1995
Referred By
ASTM B765-03(2018) - Standard Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Tests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic Coatings
Effective Date
10-Nov-1995
Referred By
ASTM B851-04(2020) - Standard Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peening of Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel, or Chromium Plating, or as Final Finish
Effective Date
10-Nov-1995
Referred By
ASTM F1007-18(2022) - Standard Specification for Pipeline Expansion Joints of the Packed Slip Type for Marine Application
Effective Date
10-Nov-1995

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ASTM B650-95(2002) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous SubstratesASTM B650-95(2002) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
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ASTM B650-95(2002) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on Ferrous Substrates
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B 650 – 95 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Specification for
Electrodeposited Engineering Chromium Coatings on
1
Ferrous Substrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 650; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Coating Thicknesses by Microscopical Examination of a
3
Cross Section
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrode-
B 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
posited chromium coatings applied to ferrous alloys for engi-
nessesbytheMagneticMethod:NonmagneticCoatingson
neering applications.
3
Magnetic Basis Metals
1.2 Electrodepositedengineeringchromium,whichissome-
B 504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-
times called “functional” or “hard” chromium, is usually
3
tallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
applied directly to the basis metal and is much thicker than
B 507 PracticeforDesignofArticlestoBeElectroplatedon
decorative chromium. Engineering chromium is used for the
3
Racks
following:
B 568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
1.2.1 To increase wear and abrasion resistance,
3
by X-Ray Spectrometry
1.2.2 To increase fretting resistance,
B 571 Practice for QualitativeAdhesion Testing of Metallic
1.2.3 To reduce static and kinetic friction,
3
Coatings
1.2.4 To reduce galling or seizing, or both, for various metal
B 602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
combinations,
3
Inorganic Coatings
1.2.5 To increase corrosion resistance, and
B 697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
1.2.6 To build up undersize or worn parts.
3
of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
B 762 Test Method of Variables Sampling of Metallic and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
Inorganic Coatings
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
B 849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3
Reducing the Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B 850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Re-
3
2. Referenced Documents ducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
4
D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5
2
E 8 TestMethodsforTensionTestingofMetallicMaterials
B 117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
3
F 1459 Test Method for Determination of the Susceptibility
B 177 Guide for Engineering Chromium Electroplating
6
ofMetallicMaterialstoGaseousHydrogenEmbrittlement
B 183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
3
2.2 Other Standard:
Electroplating
7
MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts
B 242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for
3
Electroplating
3. Terminology
B 320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-
3
3.1 Definitions:
plating
3
3.1.1 significant surfaces—all surfaces upon which a de-
B 374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
posit of controlled thickness is required.
B 487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
3.1.1.1 Discussion—When a controlled deposit is required
in holes, corners, recesses, and similar areas, special racking,
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
Metallic and Inorganic Coatingsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4
B08.08.01on Engineering Coatings. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
5
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1995. Published January 1996. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
e1 6
published as B 650 – 78. Last previous edition B 650 – 93 . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
2 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.02 AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B 650
auxiliary anodes or shielding, or both, will be necessary. With unless other arrangements have been made between the pur-
the best practices there will be areas where a controlled deposit chaser and the electroplating facility.
is impossible.
3.2 Definitions used in this specification are in accordance 6. Coating Requirements
with Terminology B 374.
6.1 The appearance of the chromium coating on the signifi-
cant surfaces of the product shall be smooth and free
...

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Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Nickel for Engineering Use

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1.2 Properties—Palladium is the lightest and least noble of the platinum group metals. Palladium-nickel is a solid solution alloy of palladium and nickel. Electroplated palladium-nickel alloys have a density between 10 and 11.5, which is substantially less than electroplated gold (17.0 to 19.3) and comparable to electroplated pure palladium (10.5 to 11.8). This yields a greater volume or thickness of coating per unit mass and, consequently, some saving of metal weight. The hardness range of electrodeposited palladium-nickel compares favorably with electroplated noble metals and their alloys (1, 2).2  
Note 1: Electroplated deposits generally have a lower density than their wrought metal counterparts.
Approximate Hardness (HK25)  
Gold  
50–250  
Palladium  
75–600  
Platinum  
150–550  
Palladium-Nickel  
300–650  
Rhodium  
750–1100  
Ruthenium  
600–1300  
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2.1 These tests are useful for production control and for acceptance testing of products.  
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4.1 The thickness of a decorative chromium coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Methods B504, B568, and B588.  
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1.1 This guide covers the use of the spot test for the measurement of thicknesses of electrodeposited chromium coatings over nickel and stainless steel with an accuracy of about ±20 % (Section 9). It is applicable to thicknesses up to 1.2 μm.2
Note 1: Although this test can be used for coating thicknesses up to 1.2 μm, there is evidence that the results obtained by this method are high at thicknesses greater than 0.5 μm.3 In addition, for coating thicknesses above 0.5 μm, it is advisable to use a double drop of acid to prevent depletion of the test solution before completion of the test.  
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4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products that are unique and often impossible to make economically by traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens; components of rocket thrust chambers, nozzles, and motor cases; molds and dies for making automotive arm-rests and instrument panels; stampers for making phonograph records, video-discs, and audio compact discs; mesh products for making porous battery electrodes, filters, and razor screens; and optical parts, bellows, and radar wave guides (1-3).3  
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4.3 Electroforming is used whenever the difficulty and cost of producing the object by mechanical means is unusually high; unusual mechanical and physical properties are required in the finished piece; extremely close dimensional tolerances must be held on internal dimensions and on surfaces of irregular contour; very fine reproduction of detail and complex combinations of surface finish are required; and the part cannot be made by other available methods.
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1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed articles, and the use of copper and nickel electroplating solutions for electroforming.  
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Standard Guide for Measurement of Electrodeposited Metallic Coating Thicknesses by Dropping Test

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4.1 The thickness of a metal coating is often critical to its performance.  
4.2 This procedure is useful for an approximate determination when the best possible accuracy is not required. For more reliable determinations, the following methods are available: Test Methods B487, B499, B504, and B568.  
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1.1 This guide covers the use of the dropping test to measure the thickness of electrodeposited zinc, cadmium, copper, and tin coatings.  
Note 1: Under most circumstances this method of measuring coating thicknesses is not as reliable or as convenient to use as an appropriate coating thickness gauge (see Test Methods B499, B504, and B568).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM B689-97(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Electroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electroplated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineering applications (for example, for use as a buildup for mismachined or worn parts), for electronics applications (including as underplates in contacts or interconnections), and in certain joining applications. Coatings shall be available in any one of the following types: Type 1, coatings electroplated from solutions not containing hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives; Type 2, electrodeposits used at moderate temperatures, and contain sulfur or other codeposited elements or compounds that are present to increase the hardness, refine grain structure, or control internal stress; and Type 3, electroplates containing dispersed submicron particles such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, and aluminum oxide that are present to increase hardness and wear resistance at specified temperatures. Metal parts shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatments to reduce the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and peening. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, thickness (measured either destructively by microscopical or coulometric method, or nondestructively by magnetic or X-ray method), adhesion (examined either by bend, file, heat and quench, or push test), porosity (assessed either by hot water, ferroxyl, or flowers of sulfur test), workmanship, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electroplated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineering applications, for example, for use as a buildup for mismachined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including as underplates in contacts or interconnections, and in certain joining applications.  
1.2 Electroplating of nickel for engineering applications (Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly different from decorative applications because the following functional properties are important:  
1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and ductility,  
1.2.2 Wear resistance,  
1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,  
1.2.4 Corrosion resistance,  
1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,  
1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and  
1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.  
Note 1: Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about 99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposited from a Watts nickel bath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical properties of nickel electroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operation and solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of the electrodeposit are given in Guide B832. When electroplated nickel is required to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certain residual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and other substances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certain addition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of such additives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes added to the plating solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Nickel/chromium and copper/nickel/chromium electrodeposited coatings are widely used for decorative and protective applications. The Corrodkote test provides a method of controlling the quality of electroplated articles and is suitable for manufacturing control, as well as research and development.
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1.1 This test method covers the Corrodkote2 method of evaluating the corrosion performance of copper/nickel/chromium and nickel/chromium coatings electrodeposited on steel, zinc alloys, aluminum alloys, plastics and other substrates.  
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are not requirements. They are reference for information only: Practice B537, Specification B456, Test Method B602, and Specification B604.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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