ASTM B200-85(2009)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Lead and Lead-Tin Alloys on Steel and Ferrous Alloys
Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Lead and Lead-Tin Alloys on Steel and Ferrous Alloys
ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited lead and lead-tin alloy coatings on steel and ferrous alloys. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form are not covered here. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, hydrogen embrittlement, composition, workmanship, finish, and appearance.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Electrodeposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by a thin deposit of copper (or nickel). Applications of lead and lead-tin alloy deposits include the following: protection from dilute sulfuric acid; lining of brine refrigeration tanks; chemical apparatus; and parts for storage batteries; and for coating bearing surfaces. In this last application, lead is electroplated alone, or as an alloy and coated with another metal, such as indium. The indium may be diffused into the lead or lead alloy by heat treatment. See Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys. The coatings of lead-tin alloys are those that range in tin content up to but not exceeding 15 mass %. The coatings ranging between 3 and 15 mass % in tin content are known also as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:B200 −85(Reapproved2009)
StandardSpecification for
Electrodeposited Coatings of Lead and Lead-Tin Alloys on
Steel and Ferrous Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope B339Specification for Pig Tin
B374Terminology Relating to Electroplating
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverstherequirementsforelectrode-
B487Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
positedcoatingsofleadandlead-tinalloysonsteelandferrous
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of
alloys.Thecoatingsoflead-tinalloysarethosethatrangeintin
Cross Section
content up to but not exceeding 15 mass%. The coatings
B499Test Method for Measurement of CoatingThicknesses
rangingbetween3and15mass%intincontentareknownalso
by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.
Magnetic Basis Metals
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire
B504Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-
in the unfabricated form.
lic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as B507Practice for Design ofArticles to Be Electroplated on
Racks
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. B567Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
by the Beta Backscatter Method
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
B568Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This
by X-Ray Spectrometry
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
B571Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
Coatings
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
B602Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic and
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
Inorganic Coatings
tions prior to use.
B697Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection
of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
B117Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of the terms used in this speci-
B183Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
fication are in accordance with Terminology B374.
Electroplating
B242Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-
4. Classification
troplating
B320Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro- 4.1 The coating designation shall comprise the following:
plating
4.1.1 The chemical symbol for the basis metal.
B322Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating 4.1.2 The chemical symbol for the undercoating of copper
or nickel, if used.
4.1.3 The chemical symbol Pb representing lead or the
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on
symbolPbSnforthelead-tinalloy.Whentinispresent,thetin
Metallic and Inorganic Coatingsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
content of the coating will appear before the symbol Sn. For
B08.06 on Soft Metals.
example, Pb 5 Sn refers to a coating having the minimum
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
composition 5 mass% tin, remainder lead.
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as B200–85(2004).
DOI: 10.1520/B0200-85R09.
4.1.4 A number indicating the minimum thickness of the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
coatinginmicrometres(µm).Thisminimumthicknessshallbe
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6, 12, 25, or 40 µm, and shall apply to all significant surfaces
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. specified in 8.2.2 and 8.3.1.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B200−85(Reapproved2009)
4.2 Examples: operations, preliminary to electroplating of specimens, includ-
4.2.1 Fe-Pb-5-Sn-40 represents a lead-tin alloy coating ingthespacing,platingmedia,bathagitation,andtemperature,
having5mass%tincontent,remainderlead,onaferrousbasis inrespecttootherobjectsbeingelectroplated,shallcorrespond
metal. The thickness is 40 µm minimum. as nearly as possible to those affecting the significant surfaces
4.2.2 Fe-Cu-Pb-6 represents a lead coating on a ferrous ofthearticlesrepresented.Unlessaneedcanbedemonstrated,
basis metal with a copper strike. The thickness is 6 µm separately prepared specimens shall not be used in place of
minimum. production items for nondestructive and visual examinations.
6.2 Thickness and Adhesion Specimens— If separate speci-
5. Sampling
mens for thickness and adhesion tests are required, they shall
5.1 Lot—An inspection lot is defined as a collection of
be strips approximately 25 mm wide, 100 mm long, and 1 mm
finished articles that are of the same kind, that have been
thick.
produced to the same specification, that have been coated by a
6.3 Corrosion Resistance Specimens— If separate speci-
single supplier at one time or at approximately the same time
mens for corrosion resistance tests are required, they shall be
under essentially identical conditions, and that are submitted
panels not less than 150 mm long, 100 mm wide, and
for acceptance or rejection as a group.
approximately 1 mm thick.
5.2 Selection—ArandomsampleofthesizerequiredbyTest
6.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement Specimens— If specimens are
Method B602 shall be selected from the inspection lot (see
required, the configuration shall be that specified by the
5.1). The articles in the lot shall be inspected for conformance
purchaser.
to the requirements of this specification and the lot shall be
classifiedasconformingornonconformingtoeachrequirement
7. Significance and Use
according to the criteria of the sampling plans in Test Method
B602. 7.1 Electrodeposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and
ferrous alloys are produced where it is desired to obtain
NOTE1—TestMethodB602containsthreesamplingplansthataretobe
atmosphericcorrosionresistance.Depositsofleadandlead-tin
used with nondestructive test methods and a fourth to be used with
alloys on steel have shown to have excellent corrosion protec-
destructivetestmethods.Thethreemethodsfornondestructivetestsdiffer
inthequalityleveltheyrequireoftheproduct.TestMethodB602requires
tive qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-
use of the plan with the intermediate quality level unless the purchaser
coated by a thin deposit of copper (or nickel).Applications of
specifies otherwise. The purchaser should compare the plans with his
lead and lead-tin alloy deposits include the following: protec-
needsandstatewhichplanistobeused.IftheplansinTestMethodB602
tion from dilute sulfuric acid; lining of brine refrigeration
do not serve the needs, additional ones are given in Guide B697.
NOTE 2—When both destructive and nondestructive tests exist for the tanks; chemical apparatus; and parts for storage batteries; and
measurement of a characteristic, the purchaser needs to state which is to
for coating bearing surfaces. In this last application, lead is
be used so that the proper sampling plan is selected. Also, a test may
electroplated alone, or as an alloy and coated with another
destroy the coating in a noncritical area; or, although it destroys the
metal, such as indium. The indium may be diffused into the
coating, the tested article might be reclaimed by stripping and recoating.
lead or lead alloy by heat treatment. See Appendix X1.
The purchaser needs to state whether the test is to be considered
destructive or nondestructive.
8. Ordering Information
5.3 Separate Specimens—If separate specimens are to be
used to represent the finished articles in a test, the specimens
8.1 Whenorderingarticlestobeelectroplatedinaccordance
shall be of the nature, size, number, and be processed as
with this specification, the purchaser shall state the coating
required in 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and 6.4.
designation (see Section 4), the minimum thickness on signifi-
cantsurfaces,inadditiontotheASTMdesignationnumberand
6. Specimen Preparation
year of issue.
6.1 Electroplated Parts or Separate Specimens—When the
8.2 If necessary, the purchaser shall include on his part,
electroplated parts are of such form, shape, size, and value as
drawings, or purchase order the following:
to prohibit use thereof, or are not readily adaptable to a test
8.2.1 Electroplating application to high-strength steel, if
specifiedherein,orwhendestructivetestsofsmalllotsizesare
specified (see 9.2.2).
required, the test shall be made by the use of separate
8.2.2 Location of significant surfaces, to be shown on part
specimens plated concurrently with the articles represented.
drawing, or by the provision of a suitably marked sample.
The separate specimens shall be of a basis metal equivalent to
8.2.3 Hydrogen embrittlement test, if required (see 6.4).
that of the articles represented. “Equivalent” basis metal
8.2.4 Sample size for inspection, if other than specified (see
incudes chemical composition, grade, condition, and finish of
Section 5).
surface prior to electroplating. For example, a cold-rolled steel
8.2.5 Supplementary requirements, if applicable (see
surface should not be used to represent a hot-rolled steel
Supplementary Requirements).
surface.Duetotheimpracticalityofforgingorcastingseparate
8.2.6 Separate test specimens, if permitted (see 6.1).
test specimens, hot-rolled steel specimens may be used to
8.2.7 Certification, if required (see Section 13).
representforgedandcast-steelarticles.Theseparatespecimens
mayalsobecutfromscrapcastingswhenferrousalloycastings 8.3 The manufacturer of the basis metal parts should pro-
are being electroplated. These separate specimens shall be vide the supplier of the coating facility, with the following
introduced into a lot at regular intervals before the cleaning data:
B200−85(Reapproved2009)
8.3.1 Hardness or tensile strength of steel parts (see 9.2.2 necessary, the significant surfaces shall be indicated on the
and 9.2.3). drawings of the parts, or by the provision of suitably marked
8.3.2 Heat treatment for stress relief, whether or not it has samples.
been performed or is required.
NOTE4—Whensignificantsurfacesareinvolvedonwhichthespecified
thickness of finish cannot be readily controlled, it will be necessary to
9. Coating Requirements
apply greater thickness on the more accessible surfaces, to use special
racking, or both. The thickness requirements of this specification are
9.1 Composition—The coating compositions shall be as
minimum, (see Table 2). Variation in the finish thickness from point to
specified in Table 1.
point on a coated article is inherent in electroplating.Therefore, the finish
thickness will have to exceed the specified value at some points on the
9.2 Process—Lead and lead-tin alloy coatings shall be
significant surfaces to ensure that it equals or exceeds the specified value
producedbyelectrodepositioninaqueoussolutionofsalts.For
at all points. In most cases, the average finish thickness on an article will
the preparation of ferrous metal surfaces necessary to assure
be greater than the specified value; how much greater is largely deter-
good deposit, adhesion, and quality, see Practices B183, B242,
mined by the shape of the article (see Practice B507) and the character-
istics of the plating process. In addition, the average finish thickness on
B320, and B322.
articleswillvaryfromarticletoarticlewithinaproductionlot,Therefore,
9.2.1 A copper or nickel strike, 2.5 µm thick, may be
if all of the articles in a production lot are to meet the thickness
employed and is desirable (see X1.1.2).
requirement,theaveragefinishthicknessfortheproductionlotasawhole
9.2.2 Steel parts with ultimate tensile strengths greater than
will be greater than the average necessary to assure that a single article
1050 Mpa (approximately 32 HRC) and that have been meets the requirement.
machined, ground, cold-formed, or cold-straightened shall be
9.5 Corrosion Resistance—Lead and lead-tin coatings shall
stressrelievedbeforeprocessingbyheattreatingfor5hat190
show neither corrosion products of lead (or lead-tin) nor basis
6 15°C. Steel parts having an ultimate tensile strength greater
metal corrosion products at the end of the test period, (see
than 2350 MPa (approximately 50 HRC) shall not be coated
Table 2), when tested by continuous exposure to salt spray in
with lead or lead-tin alloys by electrodeposition.
accordance with 11.4. The appearance of corrosion products
9.2.3 Steel parts with ultimate tensile strengths greater than
visible to the unaided eye at normal reading distance shall be
1125 MPa (approximately 35 HRC) and greater, shall be heat
cause for rejection except that corrosion products at the edges
treated within 4 h after plating to remove hydrogen embrittle-
of specimens shall not constitute failure.
ment. The heat treatment shall be at least for3hat190 6
NOTE5—Corrosionisdefinedasthepresenceofmorethan66rustspots
15°C.
persquaremetre,ormorethantworustspotsinanarealessthan3square
9.2.4 Defects and variations in appearance in the finish that
decimetres, or rust spots larger than 1.6 mm in diameter.
arise from surface conditions of the substrate (for example,
scratches, pores, roll marks, inclusions, etc.) and that persist in 10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
the finish despite the observance of good metal-finishing
10.1 Thesurfaceoftheelectroplatedarticleshallbeuniform
practices shall not be cause for rejection.
in appearance and free of visible coating defects, such as
NOTE 3—Applied finishes generally perform better in service when the blisters, pits, roughness, nodules, burning, cracks, or unplated
substrate over which they are applied is smooth and free of torn metal,
areas, and other defects that will affect the function of the
inclusions, pores, and other defects. It is recommended that the specifi-
coating. However, superficial staining that results from rinsing
cations covering the unfinished products provide limits for these defects.
or slight discoloration from any drying or baking operation to
Ametalfinishercanoftenremovedefectsthroughspecialtreatmentssuch
relieve hydrogen embrittlement, shall not be cause for rejec-
as grinding, polishing, abrasive blasting, chemical etching, and electrop-
olishing. However, these are not normal in the
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