ASTM D3161/D3161M-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)
Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation is made in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.
5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scope when representative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and conditioned as specified before testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep slope roofing products that results from the product's rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.
1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surface of the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance. Consequently, this method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes or mechanically seamed metal roof panels).
1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to acknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind resistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fall under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles.
1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm [16 in.].
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Apr-2020
- Technical Committee
- D08 - Roofing and Waterproofing
- Drafting Committee
- D08.02 - Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2023
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2018
- Effective Date
- 15-Dec-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2013
- Effective Date
- 15-May-2011
- Effective Date
- 15-May-2011
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2009
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2008
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2008
Overview
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20: Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method) is an internationally recognized standard developed by ASTM International. This test method specifies procedures for evaluating the wind resistance of a wide range of discontinuous, air-permeable steep slope roofing products. Using a fan-induced method, the test simulates wind conditions on roofing materials applied at a defined slope, ensuring that roofing products meet specific performance criteria for wind resistance.
This standard is applicable to various roofing materials, including asphalt shingles, polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles, when installed according to the manufacturer's guidance. The test does not apply to continuous, non-permeable systems such as membrane roofs or mechanically seamed metal panels.
Key Topics
- Scope and Applicability: Focuses on roofing products used on steep slopes (slope ≥ 2:12 or 17%) where air permeability and product rigidity contribute to wind resistance, either with or without sealants or mechanical interlocks.
- Test Procedure: Utilizes a calibrated fan to direct airflow across installed test panels at specified velocities to assess tab lifting, mechanical interlocking, and damage.
- Classification of Roofing Products:
- Class A: Passes at 97 km/h (60 mph) wind velocity
- Class D: Passes at 145 km/h (90 mph)
- Class F: Passes at 177 km/h (110 mph)
- Performance Evaluation: Assesses roofing assemblies for tab lifting, separation of interlocks, detachment, or any permanent damage after the test.
- Limitations: The method does not simulate all natural wind variations and does not address factors like building height, exposure category, or importance, nor does it measure structural or uplift performance.
- Test Panel Preparation: Samples are prepared per manufacturer’s instructions, conditioned to specific temperatures, and oriented for airflow exposure. Special provisions exist for products with or without sealants.
- Recording and Reporting: Detailed documentation is required, including manufacturer, product description, test conditions, outcomes, and photographic evidence.
Applications
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 is widely used by:
- Product Manufacturers: To certify wind resistance for shingles, tiles, and other steep slope roofing products, demonstrating regulatory and marketplace compliance.
- Certification Bodies and Testing Laboratories: For standardizing performance assessments and supporting product claims regarding wind-resistant roofing.
- Roofing Contractors and Designers: To select appropriate roofing materials with verified wind resistance for specific geographic regions and building requirements.
- Building Codes and Regulatory Agencies: As a reference in code compliance and permitting processes, ensuring materials meet established performance standards.
- Quality Assurance and Research: For comparative studies, research and development, and quality control during the manufacture of roofing products.
The practical value of this standard lies in its ability to benchmark wind resistance under controlled, repeatable conditions. While it does not cover every in-service factor, it is a recognized baseline for product evaluation and project specification.
Related Standards
Professionals working with ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 may also reference:
- ASTM D1079 – Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
- ASTM E230/E230M – Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
Other relevant standards in roofing and building envelope performance testing include:
- ASTM D7158 – Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Uplift Force/Uplift Resistance Method)
- ASTM E108 – Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof Coverings
- FM 4473 – Specification Test Standard for Impact Resistance Testing of Rigid Roofing Materials
Keywords: steep slope roofing, wind resistance, fan-induced method, ASTM D3161, asphalt shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, photovoltaic shingles, roofing standards, product certification, building code compliance, roofing test methods.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation is made in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor. 5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scope when representative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and conditioned as specified before testing. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep slope roofing products that results from the product's rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions. 1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surface of the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance. Consequently, this method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes or mechanically seamed metal roof panels). 1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to acknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind resistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fall under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles. 1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm [16 in.]. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation is made in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor. 5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all of these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scope when representative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and conditioned as specified before testing. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep slope roofing products that results from the product's rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions. 1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surface of the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance. Consequently, this method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes or mechanically seamed metal roof panels). 1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to acknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind resistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fall under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles. 1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm [16 in.]. 1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D3161/D3161M-19a, ASTM E230/E230M-23a, ASTM E230/E230M-23, ASTM D1079-20, ASTM D1079-18e1, ASTM D1079-18, ASTM D1079-16, ASTM D1079-13, ASTM D1079-13e1, ASTM E230/E230M-11e1, ASTM E230/E230M-11, ASTM D1079-10, ASTM D1079-09, ASTM D1079-08a, ASTM D1079-08. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D3161/D3161M-20 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3161/D3161M −20
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-
Induced Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable,
with the standard.
steep slope roofing products that results from the product’s
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
down the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
withorwithoutcontributionfromsealanttohelpholddownthe
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
leading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. The
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
manufacturer’s instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
exposed surface of the test specimens. This method does not
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
measure structural performance, and does not provide a mea-
sure of uplift resistance. Consequently, this method is not
2. Referenced Documents
applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or cov-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
erings (such as membranes or mechanically seamed metal roof
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
panels).
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive
1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance
Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
ofAsphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to
acknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep
3. Terminology
slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
resistance of those products for many years by several testing
method, refer to Terminology D1079.
and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
fall under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt
3.2.1 seal—as it relates to steep slope roofing products, is
shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles,
the bonding that results from the use of sealant.
concrete tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic
shingles.
3.2.2 sealant—asitrelatestosteepsloperoofingproducts,is
defined as factory-applied or field-applied material designed to
1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing
help hold down the leading edge of the tabs.
product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm [16 in.].
3.2.3 sealed—the condition of the products after they are
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.2.4 steep slope roofing product, n—a unit having a maxi-
mum width of 1321 mm [52 in.] and a maximum exposure of
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on Steep
Roofing Products and Assemblies. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approvedin1972.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2019asD3161/D3161M – 19a. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3161/D3161M − 20
410 mm [16 in.] designed for use as a roof covering in an air brated airflow measuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflow
permeable system on a steep slope roof. anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at a
minimum of three evenly spaced locations across the duct
3.2.5 steep slope, adj—in wind-resistance testing of steep
orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more
roofing products, having a slope equal to, or greater than 2:12
than 65 mph from the target test velocity selected to achieve
(17 %).
the desired class of product.
3.2.6 tab, n—a discrete section of the exposed portion of a
6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.
steep slope roofing product.
6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room,
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Typically, the exposed portion of an
having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m
asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steep
[50-in.] wide by 1.68-m [66-in.] long, or larger test panel on a
slope roofing products consist of a single tab per unit.
slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the
product manufacturer’s installation instructions, and of main-
4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Products
taining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60 °C [135 to 140 °F].
4.1 Products are of three classes:
4.1.1 Class A—Pass at a test velocity of 97 km/h [60 mph].
7. Test Samples
4.1.2 Class D—Passatatestvelocityof145km/h[90mph].
7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched
4.1.3 Class F—Pass at a test velocity of 177 km/h
sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not
[110 mph].
less than 1.27 by 1.68 m [50 by 66 in.] in size. They are to be
of such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normal
5. Significance and Use
handling, or vibrate from the wind velocity during the test.
5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demon-
7.2 Apply products with multiple tabs to duplicate panels,
strated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in
parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal
use. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity,
manner recommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails
duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the
or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned
means of this test to simulate. The results of this test do not
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, to fasten
directlycorrelatetowindspeedsexperiencedinservice,andno
the product to the test panel.Apply products with single tabs to
accommodation is made in this test method for building height,
duplicatepanels,paralleltotheshortdimensionof the panel, in
building exposure category, or building importance factor.
such a manner that there is at least one full shingle in each
5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep
course. Use roofing nails or other fasteners as specified by the
slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature,
manufacturer, positioned in accordance with the manufactur-
time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and
er’s instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Do not
fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are mis-
apply sealant to fasten down tabs unless required by the
aligned or misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealant
manufacturer’s installation instructions. Do not apply pressure
adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this
to the product either during or after application unless required
test method to address all of these influences. This test method
by the manufacturer’s instructions.
is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as
7.3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional two
described in the scope when representative samples are applied
panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in
to test panels in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
tions and conditioned as specified before testing.
7.4 Secure the exposed portion of any partial product tab
6. Apparatus
with face nailing or stapling such that the partial product tabs
6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream
will remain in place for entire duration of the test.
of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm [36 in.] wide and
7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8 °C [80 6 15 °F] and
305 mm [12 in.] high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h
maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest
[60 mph]. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h [110 mph],
slope recommended in the product manufacturer’s installation
it is permissible to add a duct section to the equipment to lower
instructions, during application of the product.
the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm [6 in.]. The
machine shall be equipped with an adjustable stand to receive
8. Conditioning of Product Test Panels
a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any
8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the
desiredslope,atanyhorizontaldistancefromtheloweredgeof
lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturer’s
the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind
installation instructions, and at a temperature of 27 6 8 °C [80
direction.
6 15 °F] until beginning heat conditioning.
6.1.1 Calibration—As a minimum, at the start of each test
day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air 8.2 For a product with sealant to h
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3161/D3161M − 19a D3161/D3161M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-
Induced Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable, steep slope
roofing products that results from the product’s rigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading
edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking, with or without contribution from sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the
tabs, or any combination thereof. The products are applied to a test panel in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and
tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.
1.2 This method evaluates wind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across the exposed surface
of the test specimens. This method does not measure structural performance, and does not provide a measure of uplift resistance.
Consequently, this method is not applicable to continuous, non-permeable roof systems or coverings (such as membranes or
mechanically seamed metal roof panels).
1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised to
acknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steep slope roofing products and has been used to evaluate the wind
resistance of those products for many years by several testing and certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products that fall
under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphalt shingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles, concrete
tiles, clay tiles, metal shingles, and photovoltaic shingles.
1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofing product applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm [16 in.].
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on Steep
Roofing Products and Assemblies.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019May 1, 2020. Published November 2019May 2020. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as
D3161/D3161M – 19.D3161/D3161M – 19a. DOI: 10.1520/D3161_D3161M-19A.10.1520/D3161_D3161M-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3161/D3161M − 20
3.2.1 seal—as it relates to steep slope roofing products, is the bonding that results from the use of sealant.
3.2.2 sealant—as it relates to steep slope roofing products, is defined as factory-applied or field-applied material designed to
help hold down the leading edge of the tabs.
3.2.3 sealed—the condition of the products after they are subjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.
3.2.4 steep slope roofing product, n—a unit having a maximum width of 1321 mm [52 in.] and a maximum exposure of 410
mm [16 in.] designed for use as a roof covering in an air permeable system on a steep slope roof.
3.2.5 steep slope, adj—in wind-resistance testing of steep roofing products, having a slope equal to, or greater than 2:12 (17 %).
3.2.6 tab, n—a discrete section of the exposed portion of a steep slope roofing product.
3.2.6.1 Discussion—
Typically, the exposed portion of an asphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steep slope roofing products consist
of a single tab per unit.
4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Products
4.1 Products are of three classes:
4.1.1 Class A—Pass at a test velocity of 97 km/h [60 mph].
4.1.2 Class D—Pass at a test velocity of 145 km/h [90 mph].
4.1.3 Class F—Pass at a test velocity of 177 km/h [110 mph].
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demonstrated wind resistance by this test have also performed well in use.
Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this
test to simulate. The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommodation is
made in this test method for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.
5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steep slope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof
slope, contamination by dirt and debris, and fasteners, both appropriate and inappropriate, that are misaligned or misplaced, or
over- or under-driven, and sealant adhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all of
these influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products as described in the scope when
representative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and conditioned as specified
before testing.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm [36 in.] wide and 305
mm [12 in.] high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h [60 mph]. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h [110 mph], it is permissible
to add a duct section to the equipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm [6 in.]. The machine shall be
equipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at any
horizontal distance from the lower edge of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction.
6.1.1 Calibration—As a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air velocity
shall be calibrated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, or the test panel with the candidate
product to be tested. With the panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured using calibrated airflow
measuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at a minimum of three evenly
spaced locations across the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more than 65 mph from the target test
velocity selected to achieve the desired class of product.
6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.
6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m [50-in.]
wide by 1.68-m [66-in.] long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product
manufacturer’s installation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60 °C [135 to 140 °F].
7. Test Samples
7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not less than
1.27 by 1.68 m [50 by 66 in.] in size. They are to be of such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normal handling, or
vibrate from the wind velocity during the test.
7.2 Apply products with multiple tabs to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal manner
recommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails,nails or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in
D3161/D3161M − 20
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Apply products with single tabs to duplicate
panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in such a manner that there is at least one full shingle in each course. Use
roofing nails,nails or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, positioned in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Do not apply sealant to fasten down tabs unless required by the manufacturer’s
installation instructions. Do not apply pressure to the product either during or after application unless required by the
manufacturer’s instructions.
7.3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional two panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions.
7.4 Secure the exposed portion of any partial product tab with face nailing or stapling such that the partial product tabs will
remain in place for entire duration of the test.
7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8 °C [80 6 15 °F] and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope
recommended in the product manufacturer’s installati
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