ASTM D5459-95(2012)

Standard Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Elastic recovery is related to the ability of a package to resume its original shape after being distended during its use cycle.
Elastic recovery also relates to the tightness or snugness of a package.
Stress retention is related to the tightness or snugness of a package.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of recovery from extension, permanent deformation, and stress retention of stretch wrap film.
1.2 Several levels of extension are included to ascertain the effect of both small and large extensions.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2012
• ICS: 55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
• Technical Committee: D10 - Packaging
• Drafting Committee: D10.25 - Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5459 − 95 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Test Method for
Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent
Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap Film
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of recovery
from extension, permanent deformation, and stress retention of
3. Terminology
stretch wrap film.
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis-
1.2 Several levels of extension are included to ascertain the
tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
effect of both small and large extensions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.1 elastic recovery—the percentage of a given deforma-
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
tion that behaves elastically, after 180 s when subjected to the
information only.
extensions prescribed in this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2 permanent deformation—the increase in length, ex-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pressed as a percentage of the original length, by which an
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
elastic material fails to return to original length after subjected
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to the extensions prescribed in the test procedure in this
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
method.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.3 stress retention—the percentage of stress retained 60 s
or 24 h, or both, after application.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
4. Summary of Test Method
Sheeting
4.1 Elastic properties of the films are determined by sub-
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
jecting specimens to known extensions and by measuring the
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
quantity of recovery and the permanent change with respect to
ments
the original dimensions.
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
5. Significance and Use
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
Lot or Process
5.1 Elastic recovery is related to the ability of a package to
resume its original shape after being distended during its use
1 cycle.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing
5.2 Elastic recovery also relates to the tightness or snugness
and Unitizing of Loads.
of a package.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5459 – 95 (2007).
5.3 Stress retention is related to the tightness or snugness of
DOI: 10.1520/D5459-95R12.
2 a package.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 6. Apparatus
the ASTM website.
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, with a reversible chart, com-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. plying with the requirements listed for Method A of Test
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5459 − 95 (2012)
Methods D882 with grips satisfactory for the purpose. Refer to
section on grips in Test Methods D882.
6.2 Specimen Cutter, capable of producing nick-free 1 6
0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm) testing strips, with a precision of
1 6 0.001 in. (25.4 6 0.03 mm).
6.3 Micrometer, capable of measuring the thickness of
specimens to 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) as described in 8.9.1.1 of
Specification D2103.
7. Sampling
7.1 Acceptance Sampling—Sampling shall be in accordance
with Practice D1898.
7.2 Sampling for Other Purposes—The sampling and the
number of test specimens depend on the purposes of the
testing. Practice E122 is recommended. Test specimens are
taken from several rolls of film, and when possible, from
several production runs of a product. Strong conclusions about
a specific property of a film cannot be based on a single roll of
FIG. 1 Determination of the Elastic Properties of Films
product.
major causes of non-linearity of the early part of the load-extension
8. Specimen Preparation
curves.
8.1 Cut five strips parallel to the machine direction that are
11.3.1 When testing materials of unknown response, inves-
1.0 in. (25.4 mm) wide and long enough to provide for an
tigate a series of times for recovery.
initial grip separation of 5 in. (127 mm).
11.4 Return the crosshead to the original grip separation,
8.2 Measure the thickness of each specimen at five equally
simultaneously reversing the chart. (In Fig. 1, curve GCA is
spaced points in the area that will be between the grips to the
generated.)
nearest 0.001 in. (0.003 mm) and record the values.
11.5 Wait 180 s.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
11.6 Re-elongate the specimen to the same extension as
9.1 Select a load range so that the scans cover approxi-
used originally in 11.2. (In Fig. 1, curve ADX is generated.)
mately two-thirds of the chart width.
11.7 Repeat the procedure described in 11.1 – 11.6 on the
9.2 Calibrate the strain gage as directed by the manufacturer
other four specimens.
of the machine. Set the rate of grip separation at 5 in./min (127
12. Calculation (See Fig. 1)
mm/min) and the initial grip separation at 5 in. (127 mm).
12.1 Determine the length of AD and AE in chart units.
10. Conditioning
Calculate the permanent deformation in percent using Eq 1:
10.1 Sample Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at
permanent deformation,% 5 ~AD/AE! 3100 (1)
the standard atmospheric condition for not less than 24 h prior
12.2 Determine the lengths of DE and AE in chart units.
to testing, as described in Practice E691.
Calculate the elastic recovery in percent using Eq 2 (see Note
10.2 Test Conditions—Testing shall be conducted under the
2):
condition specified for specimen conditioning in 10.1.
elastic recovery,% 5 ~DE/AE! 3100 (2)
NOTE 2—Percent of permanent deforma
...