ASTM D4521-96
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction of Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard (Withdrawn 2001)
Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Static Friction of Corrugated and Solid Fiberboard (Withdrawn 2001)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of static friction of corrugated and solid fiberboard or of the materials used to make such board.
1.2 This test method contains the following two methods:
1.2.1 Horizontal Plane Method -The horizontal instrument requires some means of movement of the specimen in relation to the surface upon which it rests. The coefficient of friction is measured directly from the resistance to that force and the applied weight (see 7.1).
1.2.2 Inclined Plane Method -The incline plane is raised until sliding begins. The coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the angle at which sliding begins (see 7.2).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4521 – 96
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Coefficient of Static Friction of Corrugated and Solid
1
Fiberboard
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4521; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ronments are found in Terminology D 996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coef-
3.2.1 coeffıcient of friction—the ratio of the frictional force
ficient of static friction of corrugated and solid fiberboard or of
resisting movement of the surface being tested to the force
the materials used to make such board.
applied normal to that surface (the weight of the material above
1.2 This test method contains the following two methods:
that surface).
1.2.1 Horizontal Plane Method—The horizontal instrument
3.2.2 kinetic coeffıcient—the ratio of the force resisting
requires some means of movement of the specimen in relation
motion of the surface once the motion is in progress.
to the surface upon which it rests. The coefficient of friction is
measured directly from the resistance to that force and the
NOTE 1—Kinetic coefficient is not determined in this test method (see
applied weight (see 7.1).
Appendix XI).
1.2.2 Inclined Plane Method—The incline plane is raised
3.2.3 static coeffıcient—the ratio of the force resisting initial
until sliding begins. The coefficient of friction is equal to the
motion of the surface.
tangent of the angle at which sliding begins (see 7.2).
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4. Significance and Use
as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information
4.1 The coefficient of friction of corrugated and solid
only.
fiberboard indicates how containers made from that board will
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
perform in many critical applications. A high coefficient of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
friction of one surface of board to itself means that containers
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
having that surface will tend to resist sliding under material
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
handling conditions. A low coefficient may indicate potential
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
problems with the containers slipping from the load.
4.2 The coefficient of friction test is empirical. It describes
2. Referenced Documents
the condition of that surface at the moment of test. This may or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
may not relate to the condition of the surface in use. Its
D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of
condition will depend upon the treatment of the surface.
2
Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Products
Nevertheless, the test results are useful in determining the
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
properties of the surfaces tested. Measurement is not made
2
ments
until the third slide. Experience has shown that variability is
D 2534 Test Method for Coefficient of Kinetic Friction for
greatly reduced after the second slide, and friction measure-
3
Wax Coatings
ments are essentially constant for repeated slides.
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
2
Packaging Components for Testing
5. Test Specimens
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.1 From each test unit of a sample obtained in accordance
4
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
with Practice D 585, cut five specimens (see 5.3 for size).
3. Terminology
Carefully mark each specimen with its machine direction, on a
place that will not be the actual test area. For corrugated board
3.1 General definitions for packaging and distribution envi-
this will be perpendicular to the direction of the flute tips.
5.2 Cut and orient the specimens as follows:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on
5.2.1 If the specimens are from a container, carefully cut
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.17on Paper and
them from a flap area of the container. It is usually desirable to
Paperboard Products.
Current edition approved April 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originally
test a flap area since this is the area that normally comes in
published as D 4521 – 85. Last previous edition D 4521 – 91.
contact with the next container in pallet loads.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
3
5
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