prEN ISO 13165-2

Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021)

ISO 13165-2:2014 specifies the determination of radium-226 (226Ra) activity concentration in all types of water by emanometry. The method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended, and total 226Ra activity concentration in all types of water with soluble 226Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l−1. In water containing high activity concentrations of 228Th, interference from 220Rn decay products can lead to overestimation of measured levels.

Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren mittels Emanometrie (ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021)

Dieses Dokument legt die Bestimmung der Aktivitätskonzentration von Radium 226 (226Ra) in allen Arten von Wasser mittels Emanometrie fest.
Das beschriebene Verfahren eignet sich zur Bestimmung der Gesamtaktivitätskonzentration von löslichem, suspendiertem 226Ra in allen Arten von Wasser mit löslichen 226Ra Aktivitätskonzentrationen von mehr als 0,02 Bq l−1.
In Wasser mit hohen Aktivitätskonzentrationen von 228Th können Störungen durch220Rn Zerfallsprodukte zur Überbewertung der gemessenen Stände führen (siehe Bild A.2).
WARNUNG — Anwender dieses Dokuments sollten mit der üblichen Laborpraxis vertraut sein. Diese Internationale Norm gibt nicht vor, alle unter Umständen mit der Anwendung des Verfahrens verbundenen Sicherheitsaspekte anzusprechen. Es liegt in der Verantwortung des Arbeitgebers, angemessene Sicherheits- und Schutzmaßnahmen zu treffen und die Anwendbarkeit aller anderen Einschränkungen zu bestimmen.
WICHTIG — Es ist erforderlich, bei Untersuchungen nach diesem Dokument Fachleute oder Facheinrichtungen einzuschalten.

Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie (ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021)

L'ISO 13165-2:2014 spécifie la détermination de l'activité volumique du radium 226 (226Ra), dans tous types d'eaux par émanométrie.
La méthode spécifiée est applicable pour la détermination de l'activité volumique du 226Ra soluble, total et particulaire dans tous types d'eaux d'activité volumique en 226Ra supérieure à 0,02 Bq l−1.
Dans les eaux fortement chargées en 228Th, l'interférence due aux descendants du 220Rn peut conduire à une surestimation des niveaux mesurés.

Kakovost vode - Radij Ra-226 - 2. del: Preskusna metoda z emanometrijo (ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 230 - Water analysis
• Current Stage: 4599 - Dispatch of FV draft to CMC - Finalization for Vote
• Due Date: 29-Nov-2021
• Completion Date: 29-Nov-2021
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021 - Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021)

RELATIONS

• Revised: EN ISO 13165-2:2020 - Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO 13165-2:2014)
• Effective Date: 02-Dec-2020

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
01-julij-2021
Kakovost vode - Radij Ra-226 - 2. del: Preskusna metoda z emanometrijo (ISO/DIS
13165-2:2021)

Water quality - Radium-226 - Part 2: Test method using emanometry (ISO/DIS 13165-

2:2021)

Wasserbeschaffenheit - Radium 226 - Teil 2: Verfahren mittels Emanometrie (ISO/DIS

13165-2:2021)

Qualité de l'eau - Radium 226 - Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie (ISO/DIS

13165-2:2021)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 13165-2
ICS:
13.060.60 Preiskava fizikalnih lastnosti Examination of physical
vode properties of water
17.240 Merjenje sevanja Radiation measurements
oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 13165-2
ISO/TC 147/SC 3 Secretariat: AFNOR
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-05-28 2021-08-20
Water quality — Radium-226 —
Part 2:
Test method using emanometry
Qualité de l'eau — Radium 226 —
Partie 2: Méthode d'essai par émanométrie
ICS: 13.060.60; 17.240
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/

iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3,

Radioactivity measurements.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13165 series can be found on the ISO website.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13165-2:2014), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
 new common introduction

 introduction of the shortest coverage interval in accordance with the new ISO 11929 series

 modification of the test report.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

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© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/

iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3,

Radioactivity measurements.
A list of all parts in the ISO 13165 series can be found on the ISO website.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13165-2:2014), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
 new common introduction

 introduction of the shortest coverage interval in accordance with the new ISO 11929 series

 modification of the test report.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
Introduction

Radioactivity from several naturally-occurring and anthropogenic sources is present throughout the

environment. Thus, water bodies (e.g. surface waters, ground waters, sea waters) can contain

radionuclides of natural, human-made, or both origins.
40 3 14

 Natural radionuclides, including K, H, C, and those originating from the thorium and uranium

226 228 234 238 210

decay series, in particular Ra, Ra, U, U and Pb, can be found in water for natural

reasons (e.g. desorption from the soil and washoff by rain water) or can be released from

technological processes involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g. the mining and

processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizers production and use).

 Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium,

3 14 90

curium), H, C, Sr, and gamma emitting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters. Small

quantities of these radionuclides are discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities into the

environment as a result of authorized routine releases. Some of these radionuclides used for

medical and industrial applications are also released into the environment after use.

Anthropogenic radionuclides are also found in waters as a result of past fallout contaminations

resulting from the explosion in the atmosphere of nuclear devices and accidents such as those

that occurred in Chernobyl and Fukushima.

Radionuclide activity concentration in water bodies can vary according to local geological characteristics

and climatic conditions and can be locally and temporally enhanced by releases from nuclear installation

[1]

during planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations . Drinking water may thus contain

radionuclides at activity concentrations which could present a risk to human health.

The radionuclides present in liquid effluents are usually controlled before being discharged into the

[2]

environment and water bodies. Drinking waters are monitored for their radioactivity as recommended

[3]

by the World Health Organization (WHO) so that proper actions can be taken to ensure that there is no

adverse health effect to the public. Following these international recommendations, national regulations

usually specify radionuclide authorized concentration limits for liquid effluent discharged to the

environment and radionuclide guidance levels for waterbodies and drinking waters for planned, existing,

and emergency exposure situations. Compliance with these limits can be assessed using measurement

[13] [4]

results with their associated uncertainties as specified by ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and ISO 5667-20 .

Depending on the exposure situation, there are different limits and guidance levels that would result in

an action to reduce health risk. As an example, during a planned or existing situation, the WHO guideline

226
for guidance level in drinking water is 1 Bq/l for Ra activity concentration.

NOTE 1 The guidance level is the activity concentration with an intake of 2 l/d of drinking water for one year that

results in an effective dose of 0,1 mSv/a for members of the public. This is an effective dose that represents a very

[3]

low level of risk and which is not expected to give rise to any detectable adverse health effects .

[5]

In the event of a nuclear emergency, the WHO Codex Guideline Levels mentioned that the activity

concentrations might be greater.

NOTE 2 The Codex guidelines levels (GLs) apply to radionuclides contained in food destined for human consumption

and traded internationally, which have been contaminated following a nuclear or radiological emergency. These

GLs apply to food after reconstitution or as prepared for consumption, i.e. not to dried or concentrated foods, and

[5]

are based on an intervention exemption level of 1 mSv in a year for members of the public (infant and adult) .

Thus, the test method can be adapted so that the characteristic limits, decision threshold, detection limit

and uncertainties ensure that the radionuclide activity concentrations test results can be verified to be

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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)

below the guidance levels required by a national authority for either planned/existing situations or for

[6][7]
an emergency situation .

Usually, the test methods can be adjusted to measure the activity concentration of the radionuclide(s) in

either wastewaters before storage or in liquid effluents before being discharged to the environment. The

test results will enable the plant/installation operator to verify that, before their discharge,

wastewaters/liquid effluent radioactive activity concentrations do not exceed authorized limits.

The test method(s) described in this document may be used during planned, existing and emergency

exposure situations as well as for wastewaters and liquid effluents with specific modifications that could

increase the overall uncertainty, detection limit, and threshold.

The test method(s) may be used for water samples after proper sampling, sample handling, and test

sample preparation (see the relevant part of the ISO 5667 series).

This document has been developed to support the need of test laboratories carrying out these

measurements, that are sometimes required by national authorities, as they may have to obtain a specific

accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samples.

This document is one of a set of International Standards on test methods dealing with the measurement

of the activity concentration of radionuclides in water samples.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
INTERNATIOINAL STANDARD
Water quality — Radium-226 — Part 2: Test method using
emanometry

WARNING — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice.

This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its

use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to

determine the applicability of any other restrictions.

IMPORTANT — It is essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried

out by suitably qualified staff.
1 Scope
226

This document specifies the determination of radium-226 ( Ra) activity concentration in all types of

water by emanometry.
226

The method specified is suitable for the determination of the soluble, suspended, and total Ra activity

226 −1

concentration in all types of water with soluble Ra activity concentrations greater than 0,02 Bq l .

228 220

In water containing high activity concentrations of Th, interference from Rn decay products can lead

to overestimation of measured levels (see Figure A.2).
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 80000-10, Quantities and units — Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physics

ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples

ISO 11929-1, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the

coverage interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation — Fundamentals and application — Part 1:

Elementary applications

ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories

3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10 and the following

apply.
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved 1
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
3.1.1
reference measurement standard

measurement standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards for quantities of

a given kind in a given organization or at a given location
3.1.2
working measurement standard

measurement standard that is used routinely to calibrate or verify measuring instruments or measuring

systems

Note 1 to entry: A working measurement standard can be used as a solution of known activity concentration

obtained by precise dilution or dissolution of a reference standard.
3.2 Symbols

For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 80000-10 and the following apply.

226 -1
c Ra activity concentration in water Bq.l
c Decision threshold Bq.l
c Detection limit Bq.l

cc, Lower and upper limits of the probabilistically symmetric coverage interval Bq.l

cc,
Lower and upper limits of the shortest coverage interval Bq.l
222
f Correction factor for ingrowth of Rn in the bubbler
222
f Correction factor for the decay of Rn in the detection volume
n Number of counting cycle
Number of alpha-emitters present in the cell per becquerel of radon after a
n waiting time period between the filling time and the counting time of the cell
(n is approximately 3 at a waiting time of 3 h for 1 Bq of radon)
N Number of background counts
N Number of gross counts
t Counting time (common to N, N ) s
c 0
ti Time of the different steps of the measurement procedure, i = 0,1 and 2 s
U Expanded uncertainty calculated by U = ku(c ) with k = 2 Bq.l
u(c ) Standard uncertainty associated with the measurement result Bq.l
V Volume of the test sample, in litre l
total efficiency including degassing efficiency and counting efficiency of the
222
system for a count carried out with a radioactive equilibrium between Rn
and its short-lived decay products, in pulses per second per becquerel
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oSIST prEN ISO 13165-2:2021
ISO/DIS 13165-2:2021(E)
222 -1
λ decay constant of the Rn s
4 Principle
222

This test method is based on the emanation and scintillation counting of Rn, a gaseous daughter

226
product of Ra, from a solution (see Reference [8]).
226

The measurement of Ra activity concentration in water is carried out following two separate steps, the

sample preparation followed by the measurement of the test sample.
Preparation consists of:
— dissolution when total or particulate radium is to be assayed;
— filtration when soluble radium is to be measured.

It is followed by pre-concentration, if necessary, and an accumulation of decay products without an initial

separation.

After filtration and acidification, the test sample is placed in a bubbler (see Figure B.1) and stored for

222
ingrowth of Rn.

After a suitable ingrowth period, the radon gas is removed from the solution by purging with the radon-

free gas and transferring it to a scintillation cell, whose internal surface is coated with silver-activated

zinc sulfide, ZnS(Ag) (see Figure C.1)(see Reference [10]).
222 218 214

The alpha-particles produced by the decay of Rn and its short-lived decay products ( Po, Po)

transfer their energy as they pass through the scintillation medium. As they return to their ground state,

the excitation electrons in the scintillation medium emit photons from the ZnS(Ag) coating that can be

detected by a photomultiplier
...