ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)

Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for Location tracking Applications for Emergency Services (LAES) in disaster situations operating within the frequency range from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz

RTR/ERM-RM-264

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-May-2009
• Technical Committee: ERM WGRM - ERM Radio Matters
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Due Date: 27-May-2009
• Completion Date: 27-May-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

Technical Report
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for Location tracking Applications
for Emergency Services (LAES) in disaster situations
operating within the frequency range from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz

2 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)

Reference
RTR/ERM-RM-264
Keywords
emergency, location, radio, SHF, short range,
SRD, SRDoc
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ETSI
3 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
Status of pre-approval draft . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 10
5 Executive summary . 10
5.1 Background information . 10
5.2 Market information. 10
5.3 Technical system description . 11
5.4 Regulations . 11
5.4.1 Current regulations . 11
5.4.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 12
6 Expected ETSI actions . 13
7 Requested ECC actions . 13
Annex A: Detailed market information . 14
A.1 Range of applications . 14
A.2 Expected market size and value . 15
A.2.1 Markets covered . 15
A.2.2 Market forecast . 16
A.2.2.1 Fire Brigades . 16
A.2.2.1.1 Statistics for the UK . 16
A.2.2.1.2 Statistics for France . 17
A.2.2.1.3 Statistics for various European countries . 17
A.2.2.2 Police and civil protection . 18
A.3 Traffic and equipment density forecast . 18
Annex B: Technical information . 19
B.1 Detailed technical information . 19
B.2 Technical parameters and justifications for spectrum . 21
B.2.1 Transmitter parameters . 21
B.2.1.1 Operating Frequency. 23
B.2.1.2 Bandwidth . 23
B.2.1.3 Unwanted emissions . 23
B.2.2 Receiver parameters . 24
B.2.3 Channel access parameters . 24
Annex C: Expected sharing and compatibility issues . 26
C.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . . 26
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
C.2 Sharing and compatibility studies (if any). 26
History . 27

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
Introduction
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) technology enables a new generation of Location Tracking and Sensor devices and opens new
markets with very different applications. UWB radio location and sensor devices with an operating bandwidth of
several hundreds of MHz up to more than one GHz allow tens of centimetre-level localization and positioning even in
the presence of severe multipath effects caused by walls, furniture or any other harsh radio propagation environments.
The applications described in the present document are intended to become an essential part of the Public safety
operations.
The purpose of producing the present document is to lay a foundation for industry to quickly bring innovative and
useful products to the market.
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Status of pre-approval draft
The present document was developed by ERM_TG31C.
Target version Pre-approval date version
(see note)
V1.1.1 a S m Date Description
st
V1.2.1 0.1.0 First draft at TG31C mtg 15
February 21 2008
0.2.0 17 April 2008 Revised for TG31C mtg 16
0.3.0 18 April 2008 Revised at TG31C mtg 16
0.4.0 30 May 2008 Sent to TCF for review
0.5.0 02 June 2008 Sent to TG31C for review
V2.1.1 0.4.7 27 June 2008 ETSI internal enquiry version - with
rev marks
V2.1.1 0.4.8 27 June 2008 ETSI internal enquiry version - clean
copy
V2.1.1 0.4.9 21 August 2008 Incorporation of comments from
ETSI internal enquiry
V2.1.1 0.4.10 3 September 2008 Minor editorials
V2.1.1 0.4.11 3 September 2008 Clean version of v1.1.1_0.4.10.
V2.1.1 0.4.12 4 September 2008 Editorial on sentence above table 3;
Editorial also to harmonize use of
internal ETSI procedure to be an
"enquiry"
V2.1.1 0.4.13 4 September 2008 Clean version of v2.1.1_0.4.12 plus
deletion of extra "for" in sentence
above table 3
NOTE: See clause A.2 of EG 201 788 [i.14].
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
1 Scope
The present document defines the requirements for radio frequency usage for short range Ultra Wide Band (UWB)
location tracking devices to be used only by emergency services (e.g. fire workers, police, civil protection authorities) in
critical situations or in surveillance operations and operating within the frequency range from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz. A
licensing approach is suggested for these applications.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• detailed market information (annex A);
• technical information (annex B);
• expected compatibility issues (annex C).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] CEPT/ECC Report 64 (February 2005): "The protection requirements of radiocommunications
systems below 10,6 GHz from generic UWB applications"; Helsinki.
NOTE: Available at http://www.ero.dk/doc98/Official/pdf/ECCREP064.pdf.
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
[i.2] CEPT/ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 3 000 GHz". (Lisboa 02, Dublin 03, Kusadasi 04, Copenhagen 04,
Nice 07).
NOTE: Available at http://www.erodocdb.dk/docs/doc98/official/pdf/ErcRep025.pdf.
[i.3] Document TG3#7-19R0 (1-3 March 2005): "Effects of PSD limits on UWB positioning systems";
submitted to ECC TG3 meeting, Brest.
[i.4] FCC 03-33: "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding UWB Transmission
Systems".
[i.5] ECC/DEC/(06)04 of 24 March 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices using
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10,6 GHz.
[i.6] Revised Terms of reference for ECC TG3 (July 2006).
[i.7] ECC/DEC(06)04 - update June 2007, /DEC/(06)04 amended 6 July 2007: "ECC Decision of
24 March 2006 amended 6 July 2007 at Constanta on the harmonized conditions for devices using.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10,6 GHz".
[i.8] Commission Decision 2007/131/EC, 23rd Feb 2007 allowing the use of the radio spectrum for
equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonized manner in the Community.
[i.9] ECC/DEC/(06)12: "ECC Decision of 1 December 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices
using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology with Low Duty Cycle (LDC) in the frequency band
3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz".
[i.10] Draft ECC Recommendation (08)05 on the identification of frequency bands for the
implementation of Broad Band Disaster Relief radio applications in the 5 GHz frequency range.
[i.11] ECC Report 102 (January 2007): "Public protection and disaster relief spectrum requirements";
Helsinki.
[i.12] Report ITU-R Recommendation M.2033: "Radiocommunication objectives and requirements for
public protection and disaster relief".
[i.13] ETSI TR 102 491: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); TETRA
Enhanced Data Service (TEDS); System reference document".
[i.14] ETSI EG 201 788 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM)
Guidance for drafting an ETSI System Reference Document".
[i.15] ETSI EN 302 500 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra WideBand (UWB) technology; Location Tracking
equipment operating in the frequency range from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz.
[i.16] ETSI EN 302 435 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra WideBand
technology (UWB); Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment applications
operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz".
[i.17] ECC Decision (07)01: " ECC Decision of 30 March 2007on Building Material Analysis (BMA)
devices using UWB technology ".
[i.18] IEEE 802.15.4a: "IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific
requirements; Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs); Amendment 1: Add
Alternate PHYs".
[i.19] ECC Report 64: "The protection requirements of radiocommunications systems below 10,6 GHz
from generic UWB applications"; Helsinki, February 2005.
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: reflects the effective transmission time ratio
maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density: highest signal strength measured in any direction at any frequency within
the defined range
NOTE: The mean e.i.r.p. spectral density is measured with a 1 MHz resolution bandwidth, an RMS detector and
an averaging time of 1 ms or less.
maximum peak e.i.r.p.: highest signal strength measured in any direction at any frequency within the defined range
NOTE: The peak e.i.r.p. is measured within a 50 MHz bandwidth centred on the frequency at which the highest
mean radiated power occurs.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Toff the time interval between two consecutive bursts when the UWB emission is kept idle
Ton the duration of a burst irrespective of the number of pulses contained
δR Range resolution
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ABL Anchor Based Localization
AFL Anchor Free Localization
BBDR Broad Band Disaster Relief
BU Base Units
CEPT European Conference of Post and Telecommunications administrations
CU Control Unit
DAA Detect and Avoid
DBPSK Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying
DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government
DR Disaster Relief
DUs Usually Dropped Units
e.i.r.p equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
FHUWB Frequency-Hopping UWB
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positionning System
HSN High Speed Network
INS Inertial Navigation Systems
IR-UWB Impulse Radio UWB
ITU-R International Telecommunications Union - Radio sector
LAES LocationTracking Applications for Emergency Services
LBT Listen Before Talk
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LOS Line Of Sight
MU Mobile Units
NLOS Non Line Of Sight
PN Pseudo Noise
PP2 Public Protection situations
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
PPDR Public Protection and Disaster Relief
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
SSDI Social Security Disability Insurance
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UWB Ultra Wide Band
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
Comments received during the internal ETSI enquiry have been incorporated.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Background information
The present document describes new short-range location applications based on UWB technology which will be used in
emergency situations. For these systems, no fixed installations are available to perform the localization as the place of
events are not known in advance.
The system is composed of a set of nodes deployed as an ad-hoc network. It will provide accurate positioning
information of objects or persons which are inside the building which is affected by the event. This means that the
required signals necessarily demand a high bandwidth to provide the required accuracy which is better than one metre.
Two systems architecture can be used for such applications:
• Anchor Based Localization (ABL); and
• Anchor Free Localization (AFL).
For the systems based on Anchor Based Localization (ABL) at least three reference points which are inside or outside
the building located in the sensitive area are needed. For Anchor Free Localization (AFL) systems, there is no need of
reference points but a sufficient connectivity between the nodes inside the building is needed in order to obtain ranging
information between all nodes. This implies that a high signal power is required in order to enable the penetration of
obstacles (walls, etc.) and to enable a sufficient link distance between nodes inside the building. Based on these
requirements, an increased power compared to current regulations of the UWB devices that will be used in such
situation is needed and is discussed in the present document.
The users of the proposed system will be government agencies responsible for public safety primarily and so would be
clearly defined organizations. It is suggested in the proposed regulation that users should be licensed, but not sites, since
the equipment would only be operated when and where an emergency situation occurs. As described in [i.12],
applications are used temporarily by emergency services in all aspects of disaster situations, including disaster
prevention.
There is evidence that such a system will significantly enhance the security and sustainability of life of persons and
therefore will provide a socio-economic benefit.
5.2 Market information
The intended market for this equipment is government agencies responsible for public safety: primarily fire and rescue
services, but also including police and other services. (Note that the organization and names of these services vary
between European states.) The members of these services work in dangerous environments and put their own lives at
risk in order to protect the public, and being able to locate and track them makes their work safer. As a result of being
safer, these workers can be more effective at saving the lives of the public.
This enhanced protection for public safety workers yields benefits over the full range of emergencies, so the market is
potentially a large one.
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
The detailed market information are given in annex A.
5.3 Technical system description
The short-range location application described in the present document uses UWB waveforms with bandwidths of over
500 MHz within the frequency band 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz. The application calls for accurate positioning inside
buildings, where radio signals will suffer severe losses and multi-path. By using a very wide bandwidth, good range
measurement can be achieved even in such difficult environments. It has a position accuracy of objects or people inside
buildings of better than one metre.
The link distance that is required in-buildings by emergency services is about 50 m corresponding to a link distance of
500 m in LOS conditions.
As these systems are used in emergency situations, they do not require any infrastructure and so they operate as ad-hoc
networks with mesh networking capabilities.Two systems architecture can be used for such applications:
• Anchor Based Localization (ABL) systems for which Anchors are used in order to determine the location of
the nodes in the network. Usually, anchor nodes are equipped with GNSS in order to obtain an absolute
position.
• Anchor Free Localization (AFL) systems for which there is no need of anchors. For this solution real-time
ranging information are spread all over the network allowing to construct a relative 3D positioning of all
nodes. The peer-to-peer distance information are used to determine node coordinates even without any
referenced node. This solution can be used even if all nodes are in deep indoor environment preventing any
GNSS use.
The choice of system architecture is independent of the waveform that is used for the UWB devices. Many physical
layers can be applied such as Impulse Radio, chirp waveform or a frequency hopping technique in a large bandwidth.
In the present document two waveforms are detailed: the Impulse Radio based on IEEE 802.15.4a [i.18] standard and
the less conventional approach called Frequency-Hopping UWB (FHUWB).
The Impulse Radio solution has a typical data rate of 500 kbps which is needed especially for AFL system architecture
and to transmit small amount of data between users. For this solution an increased RF power compared to current
regulations is needed in order to compensate the losses implied by severe NLOS environments and to get the link
distance.
The other solution is to use a much less usual Frequency-Hopping UWB (FHUWB) signal with a very much reduced
data capacity (15 kb/s) in order to maximize the penetration for a given transmitted power level. However, as stated
previously, for AFL systems a greater amount of ranging data has to be exchanged and the data rate transmission has to
be increased.
In annex B, a detailed description of the localization techniques, the link budget and the UWB signals is given.
5.4 Regulations
5.4.1 Current regulations
The current regulation for generic UWB devices are included in ECC/DEC(06)04 as amended in July 2007 [i.7].
Table 1 summarizes the authorized power limits for generic licence free UWB devices.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Table 1: Current power limits for generic licence-free UWB devices
Frequency range Maximum mean e.i.r.p spectral Maximum peak e.i.r.p (measured
density (dBm/MHz) in 50 MHz)
Below 1,6 GHz -90 dBm/MHz -50 dBm
1,6 GHz to 2,7 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm
2,7 GHz to 3,4 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -36 dBm
3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz -80 dBm/MHz -40 dBm
3,8 GHz to 4,2 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
4,2 GHz to 4,8 GHz (see notes 1 and 2) -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
4,8 GHz to 6 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz -41,3 dBm/MHz 0 dBm
8,5 GHz to 10,6 GHz -65 dBm/MHz -25 dBm
Above 10,6 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm
st
NOTE 1: UWB devices placed on the market before 31 December 2010 are permitted to operate in the frequency
band 4,2 GHz to 4,8 GHz with a maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density of -41,3 dBm/MHz and a
maximum peak e.i.r.p of 0 dBm measured in 50 MHz.
NOTE 2: In case of devices installed in road and rail vehicles, operation is subject to the implementation of Transmit
Power Control (TPC) with a range of 12 dB with respect to the maximum permitted radiated power. If no
TPC is implemented, the maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density is -53,3 dBm/MHz.

The mitigation techniques such as LDC in the lower bands are included in ECC/DEC(06)12 [i.9]. Table 2 summarizes
the current decision on LDC in the lower band.
Table 2: Summary of ECC/DEC(06)12
Technical requirements for LDC in the band 3,4 GHz to
All kind of devices except:
- installations in vehicles; 3,8 GHz
- installations at fixed outdoor location; UWB devices implementing LDC will be permitted to operate
- installations in aircrafts. at a level of -41,3 dBm/MHz in the frequency band 3,4 GHz to
4,8 GHz with the following requirements:
- Ton max = 5 ms;
- Toff mean = 38 ms (averaged over 1 s);
- Σ Toff > 950 ms per second;
- Σ Ton < 5 % per second and 0,5 % per hour.

Concerning the use in vehicles as stated above, the updated ECC/DEC/(06)04 allowed the use with TPC implemented.
ECC/DEC/(06)04 includes location applications, and EN 302 500 [i.15] applies to such applications with emissions that
conform to the generic licence free UWB limits. Other non-communications applications of UWB have been considered
as "specific applications", with different frequency and emissions limits. ECC/DEC(07)01 and EN 302 435 [i.16] apply
to devices for building material analysis. Work is proceeding on object detection and classification, and while an ECC
report is in preparation.
5.4.2 Proposed regulation and justification
The following limits in table 3 are proposed for UWB devices used in emergency situations to provide precise
localization. An important point to be raised is that these devices will be used only in critical PPDR situations by users
that are clearly identified.
Indeed, users would be clearly defined organizations responsible for public safety. It is suggested that users should be
licensed, but not sites, since the equipment would only be operated when and where an emergency calls for it. Since the
usage of the system is considered mission critical, locally and temporary, this application would fit in the PP2 and DR
categories as defined in Report ITU-R Recommendation M.2033 [i.12]. However the proposed licensing will also
depend on the specific requirements and organizational structures of individual states.
Emergency management or disaster response/recovery agencies use the system to provide accurate indoor location and
tracking information. They will need this technology for emergency management and disaster services that are
characterized by a very low usage pattern during routine operations and high but localized usage patterns during major
disasters or events. Special operational needs include responding to an incident requiring specialized training for safe
and effective operations, such as a hazardous materials leak and/or spill remediation, mountain rescue and associated
technical rescue, collapse search and rescue, swift water rescue, blue water rescue, trench and confined space rescue,
and heavy rescue.
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Since the system is used to save lives and should have a rapid deployment, it is not appropriate for it to check for other
spectrum users before operating at all (as in "LBT" or some forms of "DAA").
However, it should be noticed that the activity factor of a single device will not exceed 1 % which should be sufficient
for the operation of the location tracking process itself and the transmission of a small amount of communication data.
As for LDC defined for generic applications, Ton max = 5 ms and Toff mean = 38 ms (averaged over 1 s).
Table 3: Proposed limits for UWB devices used in emergency situations
Frequency range Maximum mean e.i.r.p. Maximum peak e.i.r.p.
spectral density (measured in 50 MHz)
Below 1,6 GHz -90 dBm/MHz -50 dBm
1,6 GHz to 3,4 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm
3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz -21,3 dBm/MHz 20 dBm
Maximum Activity factor is 1 %
4,8 GHz to 6 GHz -70 dBm/MHz -30 dBm
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz -41,3 dBm/MHz 0 dBm
8,5 GHz to 10,6 GHz -65 dBm/MHz -25 dBm
Above 10,6 GHz -85 dBm/MHz -45 dBm

The increase of 20 dB for power with respect to current limits in the frequency range 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz will extend
the protection range but the size of operation is limited and the users will use it mainly in indoor and also in deep indoor
environment. The system proposed in the present document with this proposed regulation would help to save lives of
citizens and people involved in the action. As a number of lives can be saved with the system, it can be accepted that
civilian services in this band could be potentially degraded during the duration of the operation.
6 Expected ETSI actions
It is envisaged that a Harmonized Standard will be prepared in ERM TG31C, should the proposal contained in the
present document be adopted.
7 Requested ECC actions
ETSI requests ECC to consider the present document, which includes the necessary information to support the
co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European
Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).
ECC is requested to undertake studies on the proposal covered by the present document. A European harmonized
regulatory solution is envisaged that would also facilitate international circulation of this PPDR equipment and systems.
The creation of a new ECC recommendation or revision of an existing one is envisaged.
It is recommended that ECC deliverable be completed by middle of 2009 to allow manufacturers to have sufficient time
to have equipment on the market as of the beginning of 2010.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 102 496 V2.1.1 (2009-05)
Annex A:
Detailed market information
A.1 Range of applications
The proposed system will be used in situations where lives are at risk, from a small house fire up to major disasters.
Disasters, which call for Disaster Relief (DR) operations, can be caused by either natural or human activity. Natural
disasters include a earthquakes, major tropical storms, major ice storms, floods, etc. Examples of disasters caused by
human activity include industrial accidents, large-scale criminal incidences, or situations of armed conflict. Generally,
both the existing PP2 communications systems and special on-scene communications equipment brought by DR
organizations are employed. The applications are used temporarily by emergency services in all aspects of disaster
situations, including disaster prevention.
There can also be large-scale emergency events (e.g. large fire in a large city), or events that threaten public order, both
national and international (such as the G8 Summit and the Olympics).
Most deployments will be for the kind of small-scale emergencies that occur every day, and are dealt with by the
emergency services almost as a matter of routine. However, in such emergency situations, particularly within smoke
filled, partially or completely collapsed large buildings, communications with rescue personnel can be difficult. Safety
and coordination of the operations is hampered by a lack of knowledge of the location of emergency staff.
The use of Ultra-WideBand (UWB) radio, to allow the precise location of personnel to be measured and displayed in a
control centre, will make a real contribution to saving lives. It can also support an increase in the communication
between emergency personnel, where the system is able to handle localization and communications. The data carried
could range from the health and equipment status of individual personnel, to image data of particular disaster scenes
(thus providing the control centre staff with a better insight into the operation, enabling them to provide more informed
feedback and assistance to personnel on the ground).
UWB radio access technology offers the possibility of a reliable and pervasive wireless system by extending coverage
to these difficult propagation environments for both communication and localization purposes. Some solutions focus on
relatively low data rates (around 20 kbps), in order to ensure high reliability in urban/indoor environments, and carrying
mainly the system's internal data used for localization. Other solutions focus on higher data rates (up to 1 Mb/s with a
typical value of 400 kb/s) for data transmissions from fire-fighters to the Control Unit, coupled with high precision
localization. For these systems to achieve the required range a range, higher transmitted power is needed for
communication in the harsh environment, even if some mesh networking is implemented.
There are two main groups of applications for the solutions described in the present document to be used by emergency
services (fire workers, police, civil protection authorities, etc.):
• indoor positioning even in hazardous environments;
• wireless sensor networks for surveillance in critical situations.
The main benefits for these authorities who use them are:
• high indoor availability within buildings affected by disaster;
• high positioning accuracy even in this indoor environment;
• no fixed installations required (only ad-hoc reference stations);
• high positioning accuracy for sensor networks deployed in critical situations.
One scenario that is foreseen for fire-fighter users is a building that has collapsed due to fire (which will be the most
common case), terrorist attack or earthquake. Each emergency worker is equipped with a small unit which allows
transmission and reception of UWB signals and allows the localization of the rescuers even in indoor harsh
environment. The localization information can be displayed in a Control Unit in order to take quick decisions if some
people are in danger. In this scenario first the UWB devices are mainly used indoor.
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Figure A.1 illustrates this first scenario for fire-fighters.

Figure A.1: Fire-fighters in a building that has collapsed due to fire, terrorist attack or earthquake
The fire-fighter who is in danger can be precisely located in relative positioning thanks to the ranging information that
is transmitted in the UWB network. In order to have an absolute positioning, as explained in annex B several solutions
can be envisaged:
• With an Anchor Based Localization (ABL) system. In this case, anchor nodes can be put outside the building
in rescue vehicles or just at the entrance of the building if anchor nodes are dropped portable UWB units. The
absolute position can be obtain thanks to GNSS information.
• With an Anchor Free Localization (AFL) system. In this case, all rescuers have a relative 3D positioning. As
an example they are able to know if there is a fireman behind a wall and to rescue him if necessary.
For this first scenario, UWB devices are used mainly indoor. Fire-fighters need to go in a deep indoor environment in
which propagation is difficult and need to have localization information in all cases.
Another scenario would be the use of UWB devices in a sensor network application. In this application, UWB devices
will be used indoors and outdoors. This application is beneficial in order to secure critical installations such as oil and
chemical works. In this case some UWB Low Data Rate devices can be deployed in order to collect the information of
the various sensors (PIR, seismic, infra red cameras, etc.) in a Control Unit.
All together, based on figures from insurance agencies for several metropolitan areas in Europe, it can be forecast that
the application might save up to hundreds of lives per annum Europe-wide, taking into account fire-fighters and police
deaths, and also civilian deaths as fire-fighters would be able to go deeper in the indoor environment if they know that
they can be localized and quickly rescued in case of problems.
A.2 Expected market size and value
The volume of the European target addressable market is estimated to be in the range of 500 000 systems per year. Most
of this demand is for replacements of units lost or damaged in use, which will be a common occurrence in such
applications.
A.2.1 Markets covered
The primary market targeted is the EU market; UK, Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Netherlands expressed their
interest for these applications. Further discussions have already shown that there is high interest for this technology in
many other countries such as Singapore, USA and Australia and some regulatory provisions should also be put in place
in these countries for the use of UWB in emergency situations.
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Typical market segments have been chosen in order to clarify the numerous application possibilities. The market can be
divided into:
• fire brigades;
• police and civil protection.
A.2.2 Market forecast
A.2.2.1 Fire Brigades
Fire services in Europe are provided by a mixture of employed professional staff and part-time volunteers. However,
not only do the organization and responsibilities of these services vary between countries, but the statistics are also
collected and presented in different ways, which makes it difficult to aggregate them. Some examples from individual
countries are given here.
A.2.2.1.1 Statistics for the UK
Statistics for the UK (in practice England and Wales), from the relevant department (DCLG), distinguish primary,
secondary, and chimney fires, plus false alarms. "Primary" means there is a risk to life, or valuable property, or this
cannot be ruled out since the building or vehicle is or may be in use. However, "secondary" includes not just fires in
heathland and derelict vehicles, but also derelict buildings - presumably when fire-fighters arrive they make an
assessment of how abandoned the building is. In round numbers, in England each year, there are 350 000 fires, a similar
number of false alarms, and 150 000 non-fire incidents. The fires break down as: buildings fires 90 000, vehicles and
other outdoor 60 000, abandoned vehicles and rubbish, etc., 120 000, other secondary fires (some of which may actually
be quite dangerous) 80 000, road accidents 40 000, other non-fire 110 000.
Casualties from fires are about 1 death per 100 000 of population in the UK, and similar over most of Europe).
Fire-fighters' deaths are more erratic, and have been about 3 per year on average in the UK.
For the population of about 50 million as in the UK, there are about 30 000 professional fire-fighters, at 1 300 stations
(less than half of them manned full-time) with 3 000 "front-line" vehicles (depending on the definition of this term).
There are more volunteers (on "retained duty"), but as they are on stand-by and rarely called out the numbers are hard to
use.
Full-time fire stations are usually crewed by four shifts ("watches"), but allowing for other absences, roughly six staff
are needed for one fire-fighter on duty per watch. This leads to a figure of 5 000 on duty at a time. We might assume
one UWB equipment is needed per fire-fighter on duty, but in practice this is too low. The expected method of keeping
the terminals ready is to place them in a rack in the vehicle, which keeps their batteries charged, and for each
fire-fighter to take one, personalize it (with the equivalent of a personal SIM card), and put it in the appropriate place in
their clothing. As there are more places in vehicles than crew members on duty, because they have a choice of vehicle
suitable for different call-outs, the total of vehicle places is the higher, at about 10 000 rather than 5 000.
In order to reinforce the network connectivity between the fire fighters, some dropped units can also be used. Each
dropped unit is a UWB transceiver in a slightly different housing from the units that the fire-fighters placed in their
clothing. The dropped units will often not be recovered after use, and we can expect that twice of these dr
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