ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

Augmented Reality Framework (ARF); Executive Summary of the Virtual World Standards Landscape Report and the Virtual World Standards Recommendations Report

DGR/ARF-0012

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Technical Committee: ARF - Augmented Reality Framework
• Current Stage: 12 - Citation in the OJ (auto-insert)
• Due Date: 10-Dec-2025
• Completion Date: 28-Nov-2025

Standards Content (Sample)

GROUP REPORT
Augmented Reality Framework (ARF);
Executive Summary of the
Virtual World Standards Landscape Report and
the Virtual World Standards Recommendations Report
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the Augmented Reality Framework (ARF) ETSI Industry
Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.

2 ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

Reference
DGR/ARF-0012
Keywords
augmented reality, metaverse
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3 ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 11
3.1 Terms . 11
3.2 Symbols . 13
3.3 Abbreviations . 13
4 Context . 16
4.1 Emerging Virtual Worlds . 16
4.2 Objectives . 17
4.3 Usage . 17
5 Methodology . 17
5.1 Standards landscape development . 17
5.2 Development of recommendations . 20
6 Finding I: Current Virtual Worlds standardisation landscape . 20
6.1 Standardisation objectives and stakeholders . 20
6.2 Standards and reports by Virtual Worlds domain . 21
6.2.1 Key figures of the landscape . 21
6.2.2 Infrastructure . 22
6.2.3 Data management . 23
6.2.4 Artificial Intelligence . 23
6.2.5 Reality capture . 24
6.2.6 Human interface systems and devices . 24
6.2.7 Immersive experiences . 25
6.2.8 Virtual society . 26
6.2.9 Virtual economy . 26
6.2.10 Standards addressing multiple domains . 27
6.2.11 Industry-specific standards . 28
7 Finding II: Standardisation gaps, structural issues and strategic recommendations . 28
7.1 Active standards bodies, working groups, and ongoing activities per Virtual Worlds domain . 28
7.1.1 Key metrics in virtual worlds standardization efforts . 28
7.1.2 Infrastructure . 30
7.1.3 Data Management . 31
7.1.4 Artificial Intelligence . 32
7.1.5 Reality Capture . 33
7.1.6 Human Interface Systems and Devices . 34
7.1.7 Immersive Experiences . 35
7.1.8 Virtual Society . 36
7.1.9 Virtual Economy . 37
7.2 Virtual World standardisation gaps . 38
7.3 Structural and contribution issues of the Virtual Worlds standardisation system . 39
7.4 Recommendations . 42
7.4.1 Standardisation objectives . 42
7.4.2 Standardisation stakeholders . 43
7.4.3 Clusters of recommendations . 43
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7.4.4 Further recommendations . 46
7.4.5 New research and standardisation activities . 46
8 Conclusions . 48
8.1 Standardisation landscape . 48
8.2 Recommendations for the standardisation of Virtual Worlds . 49
8.2.1 Conclusions per Virtual Worlds domains . 49
8.2.2 Top ten recommendations . 49
Annex A: Fact sheet . 52
Annex B: Bibliography . 54
History . 59

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5 ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI IPR online database.
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
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BLUETOOTH is a trademark registered and owned by Bluetooth SIG, Inc.
Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) Augmented Reality
Framework (ARF).
The present document provides an executive summary of the ETSI GR ARF 010 [i.8] Standards Landscape report and
the ETSI DMI ARF 011 [i.9] Recommendations Report.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
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Executive summary
The present document consolidates insights from two reports focusing on Virtual Worlds standardisation processes,
standards and the role of standards for enhancing the European Virtual Worlds ecosystem. It provides an overview of
the current standards landscape covering 912 standards and 354 technical reports across eight Virtual Worlds domains.
The landscape report published by ETSI in 2025 [i.8] is the most extensive of its kind to date. While many standards
exist, adoption among major industry players remains low, limiting interoperability. A fragmented and poorly
coordinated standardisation system presents major challenges to improving future prospects for scalable Virtual Worlds
ecosystems. Structural issues such as power imbalances, overlapping mandates, and regulatory uncertainty hinder
progress. The study identified such barriers and, in its Recommendations Report [i.9], provided recommendations to
improve coordination, inclusivity, sustainability, and trust. If and when followed, the data-driven recommendations
provided to policymakers will foster stakeholder engagement, collaboration, and coordination of organizations and
working groups. Together, these can support growth of a secure, inclusive, and innovation-friendly European Virtual
Worlds economy.
Introduction
Virtual Worlds technologies are transforming how people work, interact, learn, and create within persistent, interactive
3D environments. These experiences, delivered through immersive interfaces, increasingly blur the boundaries between
physical and digital realities. As the European Commission emphasized in its 2023 communication on Virtual Worlds
[i.10], a thriving ecosystem will rely on the convergence of enabling technologies such as AI, 5G/6G, and IoT -
supported by open standards. However, limited interoperability, inconsistent data exchange, and weak integration of
existing protocols remain critical barriers to value creation and innovation. The research which the present document
summarises was initiated to examine these concerns and to guide public and private stakeholders toward coordinated,
standards-based solutions to addressing barriers.

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1 Scope
The present document distils findings from two previously prepared ETSI Reports. They document the current state of
Virtual Worlds standards and, based on standards and gaps, provide concrete recommendations. These reports are based
on the systematic analysis of information in public documents, interviews with subject matter experts, standards,
standardisation working group charters and documents, and reports of SDO activities about Virtual Worlds. The
objectives of the research included identifying all standards and technical reports, in order to reduce duplication,
conflicting initiatives, and to identify gaps in standards. Eight Virtual Worlds domains are defined and over
900 standards are examined for their technical coverage in the domains identified. Ongoing efforts, and coordination
status were also assessed. Research also evaluated how structural and institutional limitations affect the development of
standards and their adoption. Recommendations were framed around stakeholder groups including providers,
policymakers, researchers, and end-users.
For policymakers seeking to expand the European standards-based Virtual Worlds ecosystem with support for
innovation and through harmonized regulatory and technical approaches, the present document also summarises
recommendations.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long-term validity.
The following referenced documents may be useful in implementing an ETSI deliverable or add to the reader's
understanding, but are not required for conformance to the present document.
[i.1] 3GPP TS 26.566: "Immersive Audio for Split Rendering Scenarios".
[i.2] 3GPP TR 26.866: "Immersive Audio for Split Rendering Scenarios; Performance
characterization".
[i.3] AIMS - IP Media Experience (IPMX).
[i.4] CTA-2094: "HDR/XR metadata".
[i.5] CTA-2097: "XR experience comfort metrics".
[i.6] Eclipse Foundation: "Dataspace Protocol 2025-1", EDWG DSP, n.d.
[i.7] ETSI GS ARF 003: "Augmented Reality Framework (ARF); AR framework architecture".
[i.8] ETSI GR ARF 010 (V2.1.1): "Augmented Reality Framework (ARF); Virtual World Standards
Landscape Report".
[i.9] ETSI DMI/ARF 0011 (V0.0.2) (2025-06): "Augmented Reality Framework (ARF); Virtual World
Standards Recommendations Report Virtual World Standards Recommendations Report".
[i.10] COM(2023) 442/final: "Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the
Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions - An EU
initiative on Web 4.0 and virtual worlds: a head start in the next technological transition".
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[i.11] IEC 62629 (all parts): "3D display devices".
[i.12] IEC PWI 110-39: "Contact-lens-based AR displays", in progress.
[i.13] IEC PWI 110-36: "Electronic displays: Durability test methods of eyewear display".
[i.14] IEC TR 63340-3:2025: "Electronic displays for special applications - Part 3: Gaming and
e-sports".
[i.15] IEC TS 63528:2025: "Multimedia systems - Haptics - Haptics stimuli descriptors".
[i.16] IEC 63145 (series): "Eyewear display".
[i.17] IEC TR 63614-1: "Multimedia Systems and Equipment for Metaverse - Part 1: General".
[i.18] IEC TR 110-22: "Electronic Displays: Measurement Method of Volumetric Display".
TM
[i.19] IEEE P2957 : "Standard for a Reference Architecture for Big Data Governance and Metadata
Management".
TM
[i.20] IEEE P7030 : "Recommended Practice for Ethical Assessment of Extended Reality (XR)
Technologies".
TM
[i.21] IEEE P7016 : "Standard for Ethically Aligned Design and Operation of Metaverse Systems".
TM
[i.22] IEEE P2888.6 : "Standard for Holographic Visualization for Interfacing Cyber and Physical
Worlds".
TM
[i.23] IEEE 2048.x (all parts): "VR/AR Working Group (VRARWG)".
TM
[i.24] IEEE P3079.2 : "Standard for Mixed Reality (MR) Framework for Motion Training".
TM
[i.25] IEEE P3079.1 : "Motion to Photon (MTP) Latency in Virtual Environments".
TM
[i.26] IEEE P3079.3.2 : "Standard for a Framework for Privacy Protection through Identifiability
Management Arising from Avatar Interaction".
TM
[i.27] IEEE P3079.3.1-2025 : "IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Service Application Programming
Interfaces (APIs) for Digital Human Authoring and Visualization".
TM
[i.28] IEEE P2874-2025 : "IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Spatial Web Protocol, Architecture and
Governance".
TM
[i.29] IEEE P3079.4 : "Standard for the Visual Quality Assessment of Auto-Stereoscopic Displays".
TM
[i.30] IEEE P3322 : "Guide for Comfort Requirements for Extended Reality (XR) Devices".
[i.31] IETF RFC 9901: "Selective Disclosure for JSON Web Tokens".
[i.32] ISO 23353.3: "Blockchain and DLT - Auditing".
[i.33] ISO 23516.3: "Blockchain and DLT - Interoperability ".
[i.34] ISO 9241-313:2025: "Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 313: Optical measurement
methods for reflective displays".
[i.35] ISO/TS 16551:2025: "Health informatics — Reference model for virtual reality (VR)-based
clinical practice simulation".
[i.36] ISO/AWI TS 10303-1856: "Industrial automation systems and integration — Product data
representation and exchange — Part 1856: Annotated 3d model equivalence triangulated shape
module".
[i.37] ISO/AWI TS 10303-1857: "Industrial automation systems and integration — Product data
representation and exchange — Part 1857: Annotated 3d model equivalence display attribute
module".
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[i.38] ISO/IEC PWI 24931-2: "Information Technology — Metaverse — Part 2: Framework and
architecture".
[i.39] ISO/IEC PWI 24931-4: "Information Technology — Metaverse — Part 4: Reference model".
[i.40] ISO/IEC PWI 24931-5: "Information Technology — Metaverse — Part 5: Information model".
[i.41] ISO/IEC CD 20996.2: "Information technology — Cloud computing — Cloud service customer
business continuity and resilience".
[i.42] ISO/IEC DIS 20151: "Information technology — Cloud computing and distributed platforms —
Dataspace concepts and characteristics".
[i.43] ISO/IEC FDIS 23090-29: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 29: Video-based dynamic mesh coding (V-DMC)".
[i.44] ISO/IEC FDIS 23090-30: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 30: Low latency, low complexity light detection and ranging (LiDAR) coding".
[i.45] ISO/IEC 23090-32:2025: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 32: Carriage of haptics data".
[i.46] ISO/IEC 23093-3:2022: "Information technology — Internet of media things — Part 3: Media
data formats and APIs".
[i.47] ISO/IEC 23093-1:2025: "Information technology — Internet of media things — Part 1:
Architecture".
[i.48] ISO/IEC 23093-2:2022: "Information technology — Internet of media things — Part 2: Discovery
and communication API".
[i.49] ISO/IEC DIS 24931-1: "Information Technology — Metaverse — Part 1: Concepts, definitions
and terminology".
[i.50] ISO/IEC JTC 1: "WG 10 Internet of Things".
[i.51] ISO/IEC 22989:2022: "Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Artificial intelligence
concepts and terminology".
[i.52] ISO/IEC 23894:2023: "Information technology — Artificial intelligence — Guidance on risk
management".
[i.53] ISO/IEC 23090-1: "Coded Representation of Immersive Media — MPEG-I — Immersive Media".
[i.54] ISO/IEC 23090-27: "Coded Representation of Immersive Media — MPEG-I — Media, renderers,
and game engines for render-based systems and applications".
[i.55] ISO/IEC 23090-28: "Coded Representation of Immersive Media — MPEG-I — Interchangeable
scene-based media representations".
[i.56] ISO/IEC CD TR 23090-11: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 11: Network-based media processing implementation guidelines".
[i.57] ISO/IEC 23090-33:2025: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 33: Conformance and reference software for haptics coding".
[i.58] ISO/TR 9241-380:2022: "Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 380: Survey result of
HMD (Head-Mounted Displays) characteristics related to human-system interaction".
[i.59] ISO 9241-391:2016: "Ergonomics of human-system interaction — Part 391: Requirements,
analysis and compliance test methods for the reduction of photosensitive seizures".
[i.60] ISO/IEC DIS 27091: "Cybersecurity and Privacy — Artificial Intelligence — Privacy protection".
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[i.61] ISO/IEC PRF 21134: "Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and
environmental data representation — Benchmarking of integrated indoor localization and tracking
methods using dead reckoning".
[i.62] ISO/IEC CD 18038-2: "Computer graphics, image processing and environmental representation —
Sensor representation in mixed and augmented reality — Part 2: Information modelling".
[i.63] ISO/IEC PWI 22626: "Motion capture".
[i.64] ISO/IEC DIS 23090-39: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media —
Part 39: Avatar representation format".
[i.65] ISO/IEC 23090-23:2023: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media
— Part 23: Conformance and reference software for MPEG immersive video".
[i.66] ISO/IEC PWI 23554: "Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data
representation - Privacy Policy Requirements in Modelling and Simulation Environments".
[i.67] ISO/IEC DIS 20538: "Information technology — Computer Graphics, image processing and
environmental data representation — Human information data model for VR-based smart cities".
[i.68] ISO/IEC 18026:2025: "Information technology — Spatial reference model (SRM)".
[i.69] ISO/IEC AWI 23595: "Computer graphics, image processing and environmental data
representation - User Experience Design in AR/MR/VR".
[i.70] ISO/IEC PWI 23620-4: "Information technology - VR/AR/MR systems integration — Part 4:
Virtual human model".
[i.71] ISO/IEC TR 16088:2025: "Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and
environmental representation — Constructs for visual positioning systems in mixed and
augmented reality (MAR)".
[i.72] ISO/IEC PWI 26951: "Information technology — Computer graphics, image processing and
environmental data representation — Visual protection in the metaverse".
[i.73] ISO/IEC 9234:2025: "Information technology — Information modelling for virtual, augmented
and mixed reality based education and training systems".
[i.74] Recommendation ITU-T F.748.58: "Requirements and architectures of multimedia platform for
digital human services using edge cloud".
[i.75] Recommendation ITU-T F.748.50: "Framework and requirements of digital human access
interfaces".
[i.76] Recommendation ITU-T F.748.31: "Technical requirements and evaluation methods of 3D digital
human system based on smart mobile devices".
[i.77] OGC: "3D Tiles v1.1".
[i.78] OGC: "OGC City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) Part 1: Conceptual Model Standard".
[i.79] OGC: "OGC GeoPose 1.0 Data Exchange Standard".
[i.80] OMG: "Data Product Ontology (DPROD)".
[i.81] OMG: "DDS Extensions for Time Sensitive Networking (DDS-TSN)".
[i.82] OMG: "Pedigree and Provenance Model and Notation (PPMN)".
[i.83] oneM2M TR-0069: "Bridging Metaverse and Physical World via oneM2M system".
[i.84] oneM2M: "Supporting Metaverse Services via Standardized oneM2M IoT Platform". ®
[i.85] OpenID : "Digital Credentials Protocols (DCP) Working Group - Specifications". ®
[i.86] OpenID : "EAP Working Group - Specifications".
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®
[i.87] OpenID : "Self-Issued OpenID Provider".
[i.88] SVTA: "Resolving User-Experience Issues for VR/XR Content by Customizing Congestion
Control Logic to the VR/XR Service and to the Network".
[i.89] ToIP: "Authentic Chained Data Containers (ACDC)".
[i.90] ToIP: "Composable Event Streaming Representation (CESR)".
[i.91] Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality und immersive Technologien. ®
[i.92] W3C - Draft Community Group Report 18 November 2025: "VCALM v0.9 - A Verifiable
Credential API for Lifecycle Management". ®
[i.93] W3C Recommendation 15 May 2025: "Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0". ®
[i.94] W3C Candidate Recommendation Draft, 20 November 2025: "WebGPU". ®
[i.95] W3C : "First Public Working Drafts: WebXR Depth Sensing, Hit Test, DOM Overlays Modules". ®
[i.96] Khronos Group: "Kamaros Embedded Camera System API".
[i.97] ISO/IEC CD 11034: "Information technology — Cloud computing — Trustworthiness in cloud
computing".
[i.98] ISO/IEC FDIS 23093-6: "Information technology — Internet of media things — Part 6: IoMT
Media data formats and API for distributed AI processing".
TM
[i.99] IEEE P7000 : "IEEE Standard Model Process for Addressing Ethical Concerns during System
Design".
[i.100] ISO/IEC 23090-24: "Information technology — Coded representation of immersive media —
Part 24: Conformance and reference software for scene description".
[i.101] ISO/IEC 16248: "Health informatics — Categorial structure for terminological systems of human
anatomy".
[i.102] ISO/IEC PWI 24931-6: "Information Technology — Metaverse — Part 6: Metaverse governance".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
Artificial Intelligence (AI): technologies using computers and processors, including computer vision, machine
learning, natural language recognition, data processing, and generative algorithms, that perform tasks to produce, refine
and optimize elements of experiences in Virtual Worlds and, as a result, enrich and enhance the value to users
data management: processes, technologies, and policies for collecting, storing, processing, securing, and utilizing data
within Virtual Worlds environments and experiences
NOTE: Effective data management underpins the functionality, scalability, and ethical operation of Virtual
Worlds ecosystems.
human interface systems and devices: integrated systems of hardware and software components for acquisition of
context and delivery of immersive experiences to users
NOTE: Together, components create systems and devices that, when used with design principles or guidelines,
facilitate interaction with and immersion in virtual reality and augmented reality experiences.
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immersive experiences: enabling technologies and actors involved in generating and packaging assets and behaviours
for interactive, and digitally mediated activities or simulations within Virtual Worlds or mixed real-and-digital
environments
NOTE: These experiences engage users through sensory inputs (e.g. visual, auditory, haptic) and dynamic
interactions, offering opportunities for many use cases including economic activities, exploration,
learning, entertainment, or collaboration in digitally constructed and mixed digital-physical world
settings.
industry-driven standards development organization: independent entity formed and operating for the purpose of
developing standards to meet requirements of its members and based on contributions from any member organization,
including but not limited to private or publicly traded companies of any size, public agencies or institutes of higher
learning, who pay membership dues, or are invited, and agree to organization's terms and conditions
infrastructure: foundational systems, technologies, and frameworks that enable the seamless operation, scalability of
and interactivity within Virtual Worlds environments
NOTE: It encompasses the hardware, software, networking, and computational resources required to deliver
immersive, real-time experiences, ensuring high performance, low latency, and accessibility across
devices and platforms.
internationally mandated standards development organization: organization formed and operating for the purpose
of developing standards to meet requirements of its members who are themselves the standardisation bodies of national
member states, not based on payment of member dues
NOTE: Initiation of and contributions to activities are based on consensus of national bodies and their members,
regardless of size. These organizations are recognized by national governments and their results can be
the basis for national or muti-national legislation and regulations.
industry-driven standard: publication approved by membership of and released by an industry-driven standards
development organization
National Standards Body (NSB): organization established and financed by a government for the purpose of
developing, reviewing and publishing standards that are used in the government's jurisdiction
Open Standard: publicly available specifications and guidelines designed to ensure that different systems, software,
and technologies can communicate and operate seamlessly together
NOTE 1: Open Standards may be royalty-free or have royalties associated with their use.
NOTE 2: Open Standards and Open Source technologies differ in their approaches but often converge on their
goals.
reality capture: technologies for and processes of digitizing physical environments, objects, humans and their
interactions for further use in immersive, interactive, and virtual representations or by agents
NOTE: It involves the use of technologies to collect spatial, visual, and sensory data, enabling the seamless
integration of real-world elements into virtual and augmented reality experiences.
standard: document or other form of structured information containing a set of agreed-upon technical rules or
specifications that, when approved and implemented independently by two or more entities, ensure that different
technologies or products work together consistently and without transformation, such as for the exchange of data
standards working group: team of experts who collaborate to develop and document technical specifications or
guidelines for a specific domain or topic
Technical Report (TR): document that explains the details, such as use cases, requirements, background, or reasoning
behind a specific technical standard or group of standards
Virtual Economy: buying and selling, using systems of interconnected components that drive economic activities,
transactions, and business models, of goods and services within virtual environments, including both digital and
physical items within digital and mixed (digital-physical) environments
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Virtual Society: communities of individuals and organizations who share common interests, operates under social
norms, governance structures, and ethical frameworks and interact, collaborate, and engage in shared social activities
within immersive environments or in the real world with assistance of immersive interfaces
Virtual Worlds: technologies, tools, processes and content that enrich and support computer-assisted experiences for
users, blurring real and synthetic spaces and objects, enhancing and enriching in new and unpredictable ways the daily
lives of citizens while they are socialising, working, learning, making transactions, playing and engaging in creative
activities
NOTE 1: They encompass a wide range of digital experiences, from fully immersive Virtual Worlds to augmented
reality overlays on the physical world.
NOTE 2: They can be used for a variety of purposes such as designing, making simulations, collaborating, learning,
socialising, carrying out transactions or providing entertainment.
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
2D Two Dimensional
rd
3GPP 3 Generation Partnership Project
6G Sixth Generation Cellular Network
ACDC Authentic Chained Data Containers
AEC Architecture, Engineering and Construction
AfA Access for All
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIMS Alliance for IP Media Solutions
API Application Programming Interface
AR Augmented Reality
BIM Building Information Modeling ®
BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
BuildingSMART BuildingSMART International
CCPA California Consumer Protection Act
CD Committee Draft
CEI Central European Initiative
CEN European Committee for Standardisation (Comité Européen de Normalisation)
CESR Composable Event Streaming Representation
CTA Consumer Technology Association
DAO Decentralized Autonomous Organization
DCP Digital Credentials Protocol
DDS Data Distribution Service
DID Decentralized Identifier
DIF Decentralized Identity Foundation
DIS Draft International Standard
DLT Distributed Ledger Technology
DOI Digital Object Identifier
DOM Document Object Model
DPROD Decentralized Product Ontology (OMG)
DSP Digital Signal Processor
EAP Extension for Attribute Providers (OpenID)
EC European Commission
EDWG Eclipse Dataspace Working Group
EPRI Electric Power Research Institute
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU European Union
EUDI European Digital Identity
ETSI
14 ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

EUOS European Standards Observatory
FAIR Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, and Reuse
FG-MV Focus Group on Metaverse
GDPR General Data Protection Regulation
glTF graphic language Transmission Format
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPU Graphics Processing Unit
HDR High Definition
HIF Haptics Industry Forum
HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HL7 Health Level Seven International
HLIG High Level Internet Governance
HMD Head-Mounted Display
ICAID Industry Connections Activity Initiation Document
ICHOM International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ID Identifier
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IIoT Industrial Internet of Things
IMRA Industrial Metaverse Reference Architecture
IMVAAM Industrial Metaverse Virtual Application Assessment Model
IMVCMM Industrial Metaverse Virtual Capability Maturity Model
iOS Apple Operating System for mobile devices
IoT Internet of Things
IP Intellectual Property
IPMX Internet Protocol Media Experience
IPR Intellectual Property Rights
IPT Institute for Production Technology
ISAC Integrated Sensing and Communication
ISAR International Standards of Accounting and Reporting
ISO International Organization for Standardisation
ISO/IEC JTC 1 Joint Technical Committee 1 of ISO und IEC
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector
IVAS Immersive Voice and Audio Services
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
JSON Java Script Object Notation
JTC Joint Technical Committee
JTC1 Joint Technical Committee 1
JWG Joint Working Group
JWT JSON Web Token
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging ®
Linux Linux Foundation ®
NOTE: Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.
MIIT Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (China)
MML Metaverse Markup Language
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MPEG Motion Pictures Experts Group
MR Mixed reality
MTP Motion-to-Photon
NBMP Network-Based Media Processing
NEM New Digital Media Group (of NEM)
NFT Non-Fungible Token
NPC Non-Playable Characters
NQF National Quality Forum
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium
OMA3 Open Metaverse Alliance for Web3
OMG Object Management Group
OMI Open Metaverse Interoperability Group
ETSI
15 ETSI GR ARF 012 V1.1.1 (2025-11)

oneM2M oneM2M Partnership Project
Open3D Open3D Foundation
OpenID OpenID Foundation
OS Operating System
OSCAR4US Open Source Scalable and Continuous Augmented Reality Services for Urban Spaces
OWF OpenWallet Foundation
P2E Play-to-Earn
PII Personally Identifiable Information
PPMN Pedigree and Provenance Model and Notation
PRC PEREY Research & Consulting
PWI Proposed Work Item
QA Quality Assurance
REST Representational State Transfer
SAREF Smart Applications REFerence
SC SubCommittee
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SDK Software Development Kit
SDO Standards Development Organization
SIOP Self-Issued OpenID Provider
SLAM Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SOSA Sensor, Observation, Sample, and Actuator ontology
SRA Strategic Research Agenda
SVTA Streaming Video Technology Alliance
TC Technical Committee
TM Forum TeleManagement Forum
ToIP Trust over IP Foundation
TSN Time Sensitive Networking
TSP Trust Spanning Protocol
UI User Interface
UI/UX User Interface/User Interaction
UL Underwriters Limited
UN United Nations
UX User Experience
VC Verifiable Credentials
VC-API Verifiable Credentials Application Programming Interface
VDC Virtual Dimension Center
VFA Volumetric Format Association
VPS Visual Positioning System
VQEG Video Quality Experts Group
VR Virtual Reality
VRML Virtual Reality Modeling Language
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
WBAN Wireless Body Area Network
WebXR This is an abbreviation and the name of a standard
WG Working Group
WG9 Working Group 9
WIP Work in Progress
X3D Extensible 3D Graphics
XR Extended Reality
XR Extended Reality
ETSI
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