ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Evaluation of the inclusion of path loss based location technology in the UTRAN (3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9)

DTR/TSGR-0425907v901

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 08-Feb-2010
• Technical Committee: 3GPP RAN 4 - Specification for radio performance
• Current Stage: 12 - Completion
• Completion Date: 09-Feb-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
Technical Report


Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS);
Evaluation of the inclusion of path loss based
location technology in the UTRAN
(3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9)

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 1 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)



Reference
DTR/TSGR-0425907v901
Keywords
UMTS
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: [phone]  Fax: [phone]

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2010.
All rights reserved.

TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered
for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 2 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or
GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables.
The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under
http://webapp.etsi.org/key/queryform.asp.
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 3 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 2
Foreword . 2
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Definitions . 6
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 7
4 Overview . . 7
5 Feasibility of path-loss technologies for location on UMTS . 7
5.1 RF pattern matching . 7
6 Evaluated performance of path-loss technologies on UMTS . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 8
7 Network Architecture for Path-loss technologies on UMTS. 8
7.1 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 8
8 Summary comparison of path-loss technologies with currently standardized location technologies
on UMTS . . 8
9 Anticipated requirements for the standardization of path-loss technologies in 3GPP . 8
9.1 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 8
9.1.1 Modifications to TS 25.331 [5] (RRC Protocol Specification) and TS 25.453 [6] include: . 9
9.1.2 Anticipated Change Requests . 9
10 Conclusions . 9
10.1 RF pattern matching technologies . 9
Annex A (Informative): RF pattern matching . . 11
A.1 Overview . . 11
A.2 Feasibility of RF pattern matching technologies for location on UMTS . 11
A.2.1 General description of RF pattern matching technologies . 11
A.2.1.1 Data elements used in RF pattern matching location calculation . 12
A.2.1.1.1 Data necessary for operation of RF pattern matching . 12
A.2.1.1.1.1 Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) ([TS 25.215 [7] clause 5.1.1]) . 12
A.2.1.1.2 Data that would enhance the performance of RF pattern matching . 12
A.2.1.1.2.1 PRACH Propagation delay ([25.215 [7] clause 5.2.10]) . 12
A.2.1.1.2.2 UTRA carrier Received Signal Strength (RSS) ([25.215 [7] clause 5.1.3]) . 12
A.2.1.1.2.3 SFN-SFN observed time difference ([25.215 [7] clause 5.1.9]) . 12
A.2.1.1.2.4 Round Trip Time (RTT) ([25.215 [7] clause5.2.8]) . 12
A.2.1.1.2.5 UE Rx-Tx time difference ([25.215 [7] clause 5.1.10]) . 13
A.2.1.2 Air interface ramifications on RF pattern matching technologies . 13
A.2.1.2.1 UMTS-specific impacts on RF pattern matching . 13
A.2.1.2.2 Confirmation of UE neutrality with RF pattern matching technologies . 13
A.3 Evaluated performance of RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 13
A.3.1 Simulation methodology . 13
A.3.1.1 Overview . 13
A.3.1.2 Network model . 13
A.3.1.3 Location methods . 14
A.3.1.4 Error models . 14
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 4 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
A.3.2 CellID-RTT method . 16
A.3.3 RF pattern matching method . 16
A.3.3.1 Simulation tool inputs . 17
A.3.3.2 Detailed simulation flow . 17
A.3.4 Propagation models . 18
A.3.4.1 Hata propagation model . 18
A.3.4.2 COST231 propagation model. 18
A.3.5 Cramer-Rao lower bound formulation . 18
A.3.5.1 RSS measurement model . 18
A.3.5.2 RSS location algorithm – relative signal strength . 20
A.3.5.3 Derivation of the Fisher Information Matrix and Cramer Rao Lower Bound for path loss
measurement . 21
A.3.5.4 Derivation of Fisher Information Matrix for RTT measurement . 22
A.3.5.5 Information matrix for RTT measurement from a directional sector . 23
A.3.5.6 The Fisher Information Matrix and the CRLB for RTT measurement + path loss measurement . 24
A.5 Network architecture for RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 25
A.5.1 UMTS architecture for RF pattern matching technology . 25
A.6 Evaluated performance of RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS . 25
A.6.1 RF pattern matching accuracy evaluation . 26
A.6.1.1 Simulation results for evaluation scenarios . 26
A.6.1.1.1 Dense urban simulation . 26
A.6.1.2.1 Suburban simulation. 28
A.6.1.2.2 Rural simulation . 30
A.6.1.2.3 Mountain simulation . 30
A.6.2.1 Additional independent simulations - TeleCommunication Systems (TCS) . 31
A.6.2.1.1 Overview . 31
A.6.2.1.2 Simulation results . 32
A.6.2.2 Additional independent simulations - AT&T . 32
A.6.2.2.1 Overview . 32
A.6.2.2.2 Simulation results . 33
A.7 Anticipated requirements for the standardization of RF pattern matching technologies in 3GPP . 33
A.7.1 Modifications to TS 25.331 [5] (RRC Protocol Specification) include: . 33
A.7.2 Anticipated Change Requests . 34
A.8 Conclusions (RF pattern matching) . 34
Annex B: Change history . 35
History . 36

ETSI

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 5 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
Foreword
rd
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version x.y.z
where:
x the first digit:
1 presented to TSG for information;
2 presented to TSG for approval;
3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.
y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 6 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
1 Scope

Path-loss technologies cover a broad scope of specific location technologies, including: RSSI Trilateration technologies,
certain Enhanced Cell-ID technologies, and RF pattern matching technologies. For the purposes of this Study Item,
individual technology groups to be evaluated will be treated independently as Annexes to the TR.
In this TR, Annex.A should:
- Describe pattern matching and outline it's benefits and challenges.
- Illustrate the required messaging to support RF pattern matching technologies, as well as the projected
performance improvements associated with additional messaging/measurement support.
- Confirm the performance capability of RF pattern matching Technology on the UMTS air-interface, over all
environments. Both in terms of accuracy and location result latency:
- Dense Urban
- In-Building
- Rural
- Illustrate the Standardized architecture for RF pattern matching technologies as related to the UMTS and future
air interfaces.
- Provide an outline of anticipated standardization requirements for improved performance and interoperability of
RF pattern matching technologies.
- Provide a conclusion based on the information contained herein and a recommendation to the 3GPP regarding
standardization of RF pattern matching Technologies within the RAN.
2 References
[1] Weiss, A., "On The Accuracy of A Cellular Location System Based on RSS Measurements," IEEE
Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 52, pp. 1508 – 1518, Nov 2003.
[2] Catovic, A. and Sahinoglu, Z., "The Cramer–Rao Bounds of Hybrid TOA/RSS and TDOA/RSS
Location Estimation Schemes," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 8, pp. 626 – 8, Oct 2004.
[3] 3GPP TR 25.942: " Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Radio Frequency
(RF) system scenarios
[4] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[5] 3GPP TS 25.331: "Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification".
[6] 3GPP TS 25.453: "UTRAN Iupc interface Positioning Calculation Application Part (PCAP)
signalling".
[7] 3GPP TS 25.215: "Physical layer; Measurements (FDD)".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [4] and the following apply. A
term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [4].
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 7 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An
abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in
TR 21.905 [1].
4 Overview

Performance in field deployments and trials of Path-loss technologies indicates potential benefits, both in terms of
location accuracy and latency, in including some of these technologies in the Standards. Individual Path-loss
technologies will be evaluated thoroughly and objectively in this TR to assess which, if any, of these are sufficiently
promising so as to justify further consideration by the 3GPP.
5 Feasibility of path-loss technologies for location on
UMTS
5.1 RF pattern matching

pattern matching technologies represent a family of Path Loss based technologies that rely on matching the RF
environment (as experienced by the UE) to the known characteristics of the larger RF System in which the UE is
operating. Information from the UE, including measurements of neighbour cell signal strengths, time delay and other
network parameters form the basis of the RF environment to be compared to the established System RF Database. The
intent of this approach is to mitigate the negative impacts of anomalies within the RF environment that challenge the
accuracy of trilateration technologies (e.g. multipath and reflection).
The RF pattern matching positioning method is based on measurements made by the UE and Node B. The essential
measurement set required for this method is currently defined in [25.215] and necessary for the basic mobility
functionality and hence this method will work with existing mobiles without any modification.
6 Evaluated performance of path-loss technologies on
UMTS
6.1 General
and results are presented in Annex A >
- RF pattern matching provides a significant improvement in performance to Cell-ID with RTT
- Average simulated improvement was 47.3%
- Highest simulated improvement was 259%
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 8 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
6.2 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS
See Annex A.6.
7 Network Architecture for Path-loss technologies on
UMTS
7.1 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS

- Architecture shown is the currently approved 3GPP LCS architecture (no architecture changes are needed for RF
pattern matching)>
Abis
BTS BSC
MSC
Lb
Stand-Alone
SMLC
Iupc
SGSN
Node B RNC
Iub

Figure A.5.1: Overlay Architecture for RF pattern matching
8 Summary comparison of path-loss technologies with
currently standardized location technologies on
UMTS
Refer to Clauses A.3 and 10.1.
9 Anticipated requirements for the standardization of
path-loss technologies in 3GPP
9.1 RF pattern matching technologies on UMTS

ETSI

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 9 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)

9.1.1 Modifications to TS 25.331 [5] (RRC Protocol Specification) and
TS 25.453 [6] include:
The changes anticipated for this specification include the definition/addition of RF pattern matching to the UE
Positioning description section (8.6.7.19) and the inclusion of RF pattern matching in the defined UE positioning
procedures. Additionally, a PCAP group for "RF pattern matching" will be required in TS 25.453.
9.1.2 Anticipated Change Requests
- Inter-RAT
The ability to leverage Inter-RAT measurements in an overlay network will provide significant potential improvements
in location accuracy for RF pattern matching. It is anticipated that these measurements will be requested as an optional
parameter (at least for use in emergency service locations).
- IPDL
IPDL offers similar advantages to RF pattern matching to those that it gives to other location technologies (e.g.
OTDOA). To the extent that this capability is pursued for those technologies, it is intended that it will be used to benefit
RF pattern matching as well.
- Absolute Ec (Sector TX Power)
As RF pattern matching is a path-loss, based location technology, absolute Ec will allow for better definition of the
local UE environment and improved location accuracy. It is assumed that this measurement will be requested in the UE
positioning report for RF pattern matching.
- Round Trip Time (RTT)
Given the dynamic power management scenarios that are being used in the UTRAN, The measure of RTT has good
potential to improve the accuracy of any path-loss based location technology. Access to RTT as an optional parameter
has great benefit to RF pattern matching, as well as ECID and should be and it is anticipated that this measure will be
requested as an optional parameter.
10 Conclusions

10.1 RF pattern matching technologies
This section is reiterated in Annex A.8 and provides detailed information on the potential benefits, as well as the
implications, of the inclusion of RF pattern matching in the UTRAN. As a result of the evaluation contained herein, it
can be shown that:
- RF pattern matching provides a significant improvement in performance to Cell-ID with RTT
o Average simulated improvement was 47.3%
o Highest simulated improvement was 259%
- RF pattern matching operates with limited impact on the network or UE
o No network hardware requirements
o No UE modifications
- Anticipated Changes have benefit for other location methods
o IPDL – Also needed for OTDOA
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 10 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
o RTT – Also benefits Cell-ID, OTDOA and UTDOA
There are growing market segments for location services that require both location accuracy and user transparency
(Government Surveillance and Lawful Intercept); these services cannot be addressed with location technologies which
require UE support or modification (A-GPS, GNSS, OTDOA). Additionally, Emergency Service applications require a
level of location accuracy which has not been met with Cell-ID and RTT. The potential benefits of RF pattern matching
and and the relative ease with which this location method can be adopted in the UTRAN would indicate that it is
appropriate that the technology be included in the UTRAN in support of the services noted above, as well as for
cooperatve deployment with satellite-based systems (A-GPS, GNSS, etc.) in support of "Hybrid" location technology
for Location Based Services (LBS).
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
3GPP TR 25.907 version 9.0.1 Release 9 11 ETSI TR 125 907 V9.0.1 (2010-02)
Annex A (Informative):
RF pattern matching
A.1 Overview
RF pattern matching uses an established database of the network's RF characteristics and compares the RF parameters
that are seen by the UE to this database to determine the UE's location. One type of RF Pattern matching technology
(known as Wireless Location Signatures) has been widely deployed in 2G GSM networks in support of the US E-911
emergency services requirements. That RF pattern matching gas performed successfully in 2G does not necessarily
imply good performance in 3G. However, as this technology is not affected by channel bandwidth or most other
differences in air interfaces, it is reasonable to assume that this technology might present similar performance
characteristics in 3G UMTS. The primary goal on this annex will be to test this assumption and to determine if this
specific technology warrants further allocation of time and resources in the 3GPP.
This Annex should:
- Describe pattern matching and outline it's benefits and challenges.
- Illustrate the required messaging to support RF pattern matching technologies, as well as the projected
performance improvements associated with additional messaging/measurement support.
- Confirm the performance capability of RF pattern matching Technology on the UMTS air-interface, over all
environments. Both in terms of accuracy and location result latency:
o Dense Urban
o In-Building
o Rural
- Illustrate the Standardized architecture for RF pattern matching technologies as related to the UMTS and future
air interfaces.
- Provide an outline of anticipated standardization requirements for improved performance and interoperability of
RF pattern matching technologies.
- Provide a conclusion based on the information contained herein and a recommendation to the 3GPP regarding
standardization of RF pattern matching Technologies within the RAN.
A.2 Feasibility of RF pattern matching technologies for
location on UMTS
A.2.1 General description of RF pattern matching technologies
Pattern matching technologies represent a family of Path Loss based technologies that rely on matching the RF
environment (as experienced by the UE) to the known characteristics of the larger RF System in which the UE is
operating. Information from the UE, including measurements of neighbour cell signal strengths, time delay and other
network parameters form the basis of the RF environment to be compared to the established System RF Database. The
intent of this approach is to mitigate the ne
...