GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications (Release 3); Third Generation Satellite Packet Radio Service; Part 1: General specifications; Sub-part 2: Introduction to the GMR-1 family; GMR-1 3G 41.201

RTS/SES-00309-1-2

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Published
Publication Date
06-Jul-2009
Current Stage
12 - Completion
Due Date
22-Jun-2009
Completion Date
07-Jul-2009
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ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07) - GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications (Release 3); Third Generation Satellite Packet Radio Service; Part 1: General specifications; Sub-part 2: Introduction to the GMR-1 family; GMR-1 3G 41.201
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ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)
Technical Specification


GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications (Release 3);
Third Generation Satellite Packet Radio Service;
Part 1: General specifications;
Sub-part 2: Introduction to the GMR-1 family;
GMR-1 3G 41.201

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 2 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)




Reference
RTS/SES-00309-1-2
Keywords
GMPRS, GMR, MSS, mobile, earth station, MES,
satellite, GSO, 3G, GSM, radio
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ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 3 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 References . 8
2.1 Normative references . 8
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 16
3.1 Definitions . 16
3.2 Abbreviations . 16
4 GEO-Mobile Radio interface specifications (GMR-1) . 17
4.1 Scope of the GMR-1 family of specifications . 17
4.2 GMR-1 Release 1, Release 2 and Release 3 . 17
4.3 Contents of the GMR-1 document series . 17
4.4 Numbering of GMR-1 specifications . 18
4.5 Contents of GMR-1 family of specifications. 18
5 Terminology cross reference . 19
Annex A (informative): Contents of Release 1 of the GMR-1 family . 20
A.1 Contents of the 01-series . 20
A.2 Contents of the 02-series . 20
A.3 Contents of the 03-series . 21
A.4 Contents of the 04-series . 22
A.5 Contents of the 05-series . 23
A.6 Contents of the 06-series . 23
A.7 Contents of the 07-series . 23
Annex B (informative): Contents of Release 2 of the GMR-1 family (GMPRS-1) . 24
B.1 Contents of the 01-series . 24
B.2 Contents of the 02-series . 24
B.3 Contents of the 03-series . 24
B.4 Contents of the 04-series . 25
B.5 Contents of the 05-series . 25
B.6 Contents of the 07-series . 25
B.7 Contents of the 08-series . 25
B.8 Contents of the 09-series . 26
Annex C (informative): Contents of Release 3 of the GMR-1 family (GMR-1 3G) . 27
C.1 Contents of the 41-series . 27
C.2 Contents of the 42-series . 27
C.3 Contents of the 43-series . 28
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 4 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

C.4 Contents of the 44-series . 29
C.5 Contents of the 45-series . 30
C.6 Other relevant 3GPP specifications . 30
C.6.1 3GPP 30-series specifications . 30
History . 31

ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 5 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Satellite Earth Stations and
Systems (SES).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within TC-SES and may change following formal
TC-SES approval. Should TC-SES modify the contents of the present document it will then be republished by ETSI
with an identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version 3.m.n
where:
• the third digit (n) is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the specification;
• the second digit (m) is incremented for all other types of changes, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
The present document is part 1, sub-part 2 of a multi-part deliverable covering the GEO-Mobile Radio Interface
Specifications (Release 3) Third Generation Satellite Packet Radio Service, as identified below:
Part 1: "General specifications":
Sub-part 1: "Abbreviations and acronyms";
Sub-part 2: "Introduction to the GMR-1 family";
Sub-part 3: "General System Description";
Part 2: "Service specifications";
Part 3: "Network specifications";
Part 4: "Radio interface protocol specifications";
Part 5: "Radio interface physical layer specifications";
Part 6: "Speech coding specifications";
Part 7: "Terminal adaptor specifications".
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 6 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

Introduction
GMR stands for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) Mobile Radio interface, which is used for Mobile Satellite
Services (MSS) utilizing geostationary satellite(s). GMR is derived from the terrestrial digital cellular standard GSM
and supports access to GSM core networks.
The present document is part of the GMR Release 3 specifications. Release 3 specifications are identified in the title
and can also be identified by the version number:
• Release 1 specifications have a GMR 1 prefix in the title and a version number starting with "1" (V1.x.x).
• Release 2 specifications have a GMPRS 1 prefix in the title and a version number starting with "2" (V2.x.x).
• Release 3 specifications have a GMR-1 3G prefix in the title and a version number starting with "3" (V3.x.x).
The GMR release 1 specifications introduce the GEO-Mobile Radio interface specifications for circuit mode Mobile
Satellite Services (MSS) utilizing geostationary satellite(s). GMR release 1 is derived from the terrestrial digital cellular
standard GSM (phase 2) and it supports access to GSM core networks.
The GMR release 2 specifications add packet mode services to GMR release 1. The GMR release 2 specifications
introduce the GEO-Mobile Packet Radio Service (GMPRS). GMPRS is derived from the terrestrial digital cellular
standard GPRS (included in GSM Phase 2+) and it supports access to GSM/GPRS core networks.
The GMR release 3 specifications evolve packet mode services of GMR release 2 to 3rd generation UMTS compatible
services. The GMR release 3 specifications introduce the GEO-Mobile Radio Third Generation (GMR-1 3G) service.
Where applicable, GMR-1 3G is derived from the terrestrial digital cellular standard 3GPP and it supports access to
3GPP core networks.
Due to the differences between terrestrial and satellite channels, some modifications to the GSM or 3GPP standard are
necessary. Some GSM and 3GPP specifications are directly applicable, whereas others are applicable with
modifications. Similarly, some GSM and 3GPP specifications do not apply, while some GMR specifications have no
corresponding GSM or 3GPP specification.
Since GMR is derived from GSM and 3GPP, the organization of the GMR specifications closely follows that of GSM
or 3GPP as appropriate. The GMR numbers have been designed to correspond to the GSM and 3GPP numbering
system. All GMR specifications are allocated a unique GMR number. This GMR number has a different prefix for
Release 2 and Release 3 specifications as follows:
• Release 1: GMR n xx.zyy
• Release 2: GMPRS n xx.zyy
• Release 3: GMR-1 3G xx.zyy
where:
- xx.0yy (z = 0) is used for GMR specifications that have a corresponding GSM or 3GPP specification. In
this case, the numbers xx and yy correspond to the GSM or 3GPP numbering scheme.
- xx.2yy (z = 2) is used for GMR specifications that do not correspond to a GSM or 3GPP specification. In
this case, only the number xx corresponds to the GSM or 3GPP numbering scheme and the number yy is
allocated by GMR.
- n denotes the first (n = 1) or second (n = 2) family of GMR specifications.
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 7 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

A GMR system is defined by the combination of a family of GMR specifications and GSM and 3GPP specifications as
follows:
• If a GMR specification exists it takes precedence over the corresponding GSM or 3GPP specification (if any).
This precedence rule applies to any references in the corresponding GSM or 3GPP specifications.
NOTE: Any references to GSM or 3GPP specifications within the GMR specifications are not subject to this
precedence rule. For example, a GMR specification may contain specific references to the corresponding
GSM or 3GPP specification.
• If a GMR specification does not exist, the corresponding GSM or 3GPP specification may or may not apply.
The applicability of the GSM and 3GPP specifications is defined in the present document.
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 8 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

1 Scope
The present document gives a general introduction to the GEO-Mobile Radio interface (GMR) specifications in the
GMR-1 family.
The present document introduces both the Release 1 and the Release 2 specifications.
The GMR-1 specifications are organized into series that correspond to the organization of the ETSI GSM technical
specifications. Clause 4 of the present document defines the contents of each GMR-1 series and shows how the
individual GMR-1 specifications relate to their GSM counterparts. Clause 5 of the present document defines the
relationship between GMR-1 terminology and the GSM terminology.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[1] ETSI GMPRS-1 01.004 (ETSI TS 101 376-1-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 1: General specifications; Sub-part 1:
Abbreviations and acronyms; GMPRS-1 01.004".
NOTE: This is a reference to a GMR-1 Release 2 specification. See the introduction for more details.
[2] ETSI GMR-1 03.001 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 10: Functions
related to Mobile Earth Station (MES) in idle mode; GMPRS-1 03.022".
NOTE: This is a reference to a GMR-1 Release 1 specification. See the introduction for more details.
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 9 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] GSM 01.04 (ETSI TR 101 748): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+)
(GSM);Abbreviations and acronyms".
[i.2] GSM 01.60 (ETSI TR 101 186): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM);
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); Requirements specification of GPRS".
[i.3] GMR-1 3G 41.201 (ETSI TS 101 376-1-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 1: General specifications; Sub-part 2: Introduction
to the GMR-1 family".
[i.4] GMR-1 3G 41.202 (ETSI TS 101 376-1-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications;
Part 1: General specifications; Sub-part 3: General System Description".
[i.5] GMR-1 02.011 (ETSI TS 101 376-2-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications;
Part 2: Service specifications; Sub-part 1: Service Accessibility".
[i.6] GMR-1 03.002 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 2: Network Architecture".
[i.7] GMPRS-1 03.003 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 3: Numbering,
addressing and identification".
[i.8] GMR-1 03.008 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-4): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications;
Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 4: Organization of Subscriber Data".
[i.9] GMR-1 03.011 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-5): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications;
Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 5: Technical realization of Supplementary Services".
[i.10] GMR-1 03.012 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-6): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 6: Location Registration and Position Identification Procedures".
[i.11] GMR-1 03.013 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-7): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 7: Discontinuous Reception (DRX)".
[i.12] GMR-1 03.014 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-8): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 8: Support of Dual-Tone Multifrequency Signalling (DTMF)".
[i.13] GMR-1 03.020 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-9): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 9: Security related Network Functions".
[i.14] GMR-1 3G 43.022 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-10): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 10: Functions
related to Mobile Earth Station (MES) in idle mode".
[i.15] GMR-1 03.040 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-11): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 11: Technical realization of the Short Message Service (SMS)
Point-to-Point (PP)".
[i.16] GMR-1 03.041 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-12): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 12: Technical realization of the Short Message Service Cell
Broadcast (SMSCB)".
[i.17] GMR-1 03.045 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-13): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 13: Technical realization of group 3 facsimile using transparent
mode of transmission".
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 10 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

[i.18] GMR-1 03.050 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-14): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 14: Transmission Planning Aspects of the Speech Service in the
GMR-1 system".
[i.19] GMR-1 03.081 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-15): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 15: Line Identification supplementary service - Stage 2".
[i.20] GMR-1 03.088 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-16): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 16: Call Barring (CB) supplementary services - Stage 2".
[i.21] GMR-1 03.290 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-17): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 17: Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) -
Stage 2".
[i.22] GMR-1 03.296 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-18): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 18: Terminal-to-Terminal Call (TtT)".
[i.23] GMPRS-1 03.297 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-19): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 19: Optimal
Routing technical realization".
[i.24] GMR-1 03.298 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-20): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 20: Technical realization of High-Penetration Alerting".
[i.25] GMR-1 03.299 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-21): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 3:
Network specifications; Sub-part 21: Position Reporting services; Stage 2 Service description".
[i.26] GMR-1 04.001 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 1: Mobile Earth Station-Gateway Station System
(MES-GSS)".
[i.27] GMR-1 04.002 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 2: GMR-1 Satellite Network Access Reference
Configuration".
[i.28] GMR-1 04.003 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 3: Channel Structures and Access Capabilities".
[i.29] GMR-1 04.004 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-4): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 4: Layer 1 General Requirements".
[i.30] GMR-1 04.005 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-5): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 5: Data Link Layer General Aspects".
[i.31] GMR-1 04.006 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-6): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 6: Mobile earth Station-Gateway Station
Interface Data Link Layer Specifications".
[i.32] GMPRS-1 04.007 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-7): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2) General Packet Radio Service; Part 4: Radio interface protocol specifications;
Sub-part 7: Mobile Radio Interface Signalling Layer 3 General Aspects".
[i.33] GMR-1 3G 44.008 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-8): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 4: Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-
part 8: Mobile Radio Interface Layer 3 Specifications".
[i.34] GMR-1 04.013 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-9): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 9: Performance Requirements on the Mobile
Radio Interface".
[i.35] GMR-1 04.021 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-10): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 10: Rate Adaptation on the Access
Terminal-Gateway Station Subsystem (MES-GSS) Interface".
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 11 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

[i.36] GMR-1 04.022 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-11): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 4:
Radio interface protocol specifications; Sub-part 11: Radio Link Protocol (RLP) for Data
Services".
[i.37] GMR-1 05.001 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications (Release 1);
Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications; Sub-part 1: Physical Layer on the Radio Path:
General Description".
[i.38] GMR-1 3G 45.002 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 2: Multiplexing and Multiple Access; Stage 2 Service Description".
[i.39] GMR-1 3G 45.003 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 3: Channel Coding".
[i.40] GMR-1 3G 45.004 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-4): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 4: Modulation".
[i.41] GMR-1 3G 45.005 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-5): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 5: Radio Transmission and Reception".
[i.42] GMR-1 3G 45.008 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-6): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 6: Radio Subsystem Link Control".
[i.43] GMR-1 3G 45.010 (ETSI TS 101 376-5-7): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 5: Radio interface physical layer specifications;
Sub-part 7: Radio Subsystem Synchronization".
[i.44] GMR-1 06.001 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 1: Speech Processing Functions".
[i.45] GMR-1 06.010 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 2: Vocoder: Speech Transcoding".
[i.46] GMR-1 06.011 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 3: Vocoder: Substitution and Muting of Lost Frames".
[i.47] GMR-1 06.012 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-4): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 4: Vocoder: Comfort Noise Aspects".
[i.48] GMR-1 06.031 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-5): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 5: Vocoder: Discontinuous Transmission (DTX)".
[i.49] GMR-1 06.032 (ETSI TS 101 376-6-6): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 6:
Speech coding specifications; Sub-part 6: Vocoder: Voice Activity Detection (VAD)".
[i.50] GMR-1 07.001 (ETSI TS 101 376-7-1): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 7:
Terminal adaptor specifications; Sub-part 1: General on Terminal Adaptation Functions (TAF) for
Mobile Earth Stations (MES)".
[i.51] GMR-1 07.002 (ETSI TS 101 376-7-2): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 7:
Terminal adaptor specifications; Sub-part 2: Terminal Adaptation Functions (TAF) for Services
Using Asynchronous Bearer capabilities".
[i.52] GMR-1 07.003 (ETSI TS 101 376-7-3): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications; Part 7:
Terminal adaptor specifications; Sub-part 3: Terminal Adaptation Functions (TAF) for Services
Using Synchronous Bearer Capacities".
[i.53] GMR-1 3G 43.064 (ETSI TS 101 376-3-22): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 3: Network specifications; Sub-part 22: Overall
description of the GMPRS radio interface; Stage 2".
ETSI

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GMR-1 3G 41.201 12 ETSI TS 101 376-1-2 V3.1.1 (2009-07)

[i.54] GMR-1 3G 44.060 (ETSI TS 101 376-4-12): "GEO-Mobile Radio Interface Specifications
(Release 2); General Packet Radio Service; Part 4: Radio interface protocol specifications;
Sub-part 12: Mobile Earth Station (MES) - Base Station System (BSS) interface; Radio Link
Control/Medium Ac
...

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